Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-19T14:55:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliadossantosmamede.pdf: 2733061 bytes, checksum: ef7843999c3eb8781f62c95f7de8f66e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-19T15:45:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliadossantosmamede.pdf: 2733061 bytes, checksum: ef7843999c3eb8781f62c95f7de8f66e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T15:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliadossantosmamede.pdf: 2733061 bytes, checksum: ef7843999c3eb8781f62c95f7de8f66e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O movimento dos animais é motivado pela necessidade de executar atividades em certos tipos de habitat em um tempo específico. As baleias-jubarte migram de áreas de alimentação, no verão, para áreas reprodutivas, no inverno. Sua distribuição é bem conhecida na costa brasileira, mas, a extensão de sua área de cria ainda não é clara. Compreender as relações entre fatores físicos ambientais, definindo o nicho de reprodução, e o cuidado parental é importante para efetivar planejamentos de Áreas Marinhas Protegidas destinadas a englobar habitats críticos. A partir da telemetria satelital, 41 fêmeas acompanhadas por filhote foram marcadas com transmissores (ARGOS), com o objetivo de caracterizar os movimentos de fêmeas e filhotes na costa brasileira e correlacionálos a variáveis ambientais. A distância em média percorrida foi de 1.005 km (±29,97) com a distância mínima 56 e máxima 4.050 km. Os pares fêmea - filhote se concentraram em distâncias a costa menores que 150 km e usaram em sua maioria profundidades menores que 100m. As freqüências mais elevadas de localizações foram associadas aos maiores buffers ao redor dos recifes de coral. A área de cria de baleias-jubarte no Atlântico Sul Ocidental está relacionada a águas rasas e costeiras, sendo mais ampla do que a distribuição de recifes de coral. As escolhas de uso de habitat das fêmeas em áreas reprodutivas é um balanço do gasto energético entre a movimentação e cuidado maternal. A disponibilidade de características ambientais favoráveis ao cuidado parental dificilmente é avaliada, podendo resultar em interpretações parciais dos fenômenos de distribuição e uso do espaço em cetáceos. / The movement of animals is motivated by the need to carry out activities in certain habitat types in a specific time. Humpback whales, migrate to feeding grounds in summer to breeding grounds in winter. Its distribution is well known in the Brazilian coast, but the extent of his nurse area is not yet clear. Understand the relationship between physical environmental factors defining the niche of reproduction and parental care is important for effective planning of marine protected areas to encompass critical habitats. The telemetry from the satellite 41 females accompanied by calf were marked with transmitters (ARGOS), aiming to characterize the movements of females and calves on the Brazilian coast and correlate them with environmental variables. The average distance traveled was 1.005 km (± 29.97) with a maximum 56 and minimum distance 4.050 km. The couple female - calf focused on distances less than 150 km coastline and use mostly shallower water than 100m. The higher frequencies of locations are associated with larger buffers around coral reefs. The nurse area of humpback whales in the South Atlantic is related to coastal and shallow waters, being broader than the distribution of coral reefs. The choices of habitat use of females in breeding areas are a balance of energy expenditure between the drive and maternal care. The availability of environmental characteristics conducive to parental care is rarely evaluated and may result in partial interpretations of the phenomena of distribution and use of space in cetaceans.

O trabalho teve como objetivo compreender o relacionamento entre a égua e o potro e a influência deste sobre o comportamento social e temperamento do potro, a partir do décimo primeiro dia de vida até após o processo de desmama do potro. Oito díades de éguas e potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador provenientes de um criatório situado na cidade de Amparo/SP foram avaliadas durante três etapas distintas. A primeira foi realizada para caracterizar o comportamento social do grupo de equinos e o relacionamento entre égua e potro durante os três períodos de desenvolvimento do potro (dependência, socialização e independência). Nessa etapa foram registradas: as interações agonísticas das éguas; episódios de mamada dos potros (tentativas e mamadas) e para o par égua e potro foram anotados os comportamentos afiliativos e a relação espacial. Ao final dessa etapa os potros foram classificados em dependentes e independentes e as éguas foram divididas de acordo com sua hierarquia. A segunda etapa constitui-se da avaliação das atividades e relação espacial dos potros durante o processo de desmama, para a caracterização do estresse dos potros. Na terceira etapa a relação social dos potros foi observada na ausência de suas mães, através do registro das interações e da relação espacial dos potros. Durante as três etapas foram aplicados quatro testes de avaliação dos aspectos do temperamento dos animais: teste de reatividade durante o manejo de escovação para a avaliação da reatividade ao manejo; teste de arena para avaliar a emotividade ao isolamento; teste de reatividade perante humano desconhecido e ativo para avaliar a reatividade ao humano; e teste da presença de estímulo sonoro desconhecido para avaliação da emotividade ao estímulo desconhecido. A hierarquia e a experiência da mãe interferiam no cuidado materno de aleitamento (P<0,05), entretanto, não influenciaram o cuidado de proteção (P>0,05). A frequência de permanência dos potros com sua mãe na distância de até 1 metro diminuiu ao longo dos períodos (P<0,05). As éguas não modificaram a frequência dos comportamentos afiliativos com seus potros ao longo dos períodos (P>0,05). As maiores frequências de comportamentos afiliativos dos potros com suas mães foram durante os períodos iniciais do desenvolvimento do potro (dependência e socialização, P<0,05). Potros dependentes apresentaram maior frequência e menor duração das mamadas quando comparado à frequência e duração dos potros independentes (P<0,05). A reatividade ao manejo e a emotividade ao isolamento dos potros foram maiores nos períodos da dependência, da socialização e durante a desmama (P<0,05). A reatividade ao humano e emotividade ao desconhecido apresentaram a tendência de diminuir ao longo dos períodos observados (P<0,05). Os potros dependentes apresentaram maior emotividade ao desconhecido e ao isolamento (P<0,05), além de maior estresse durante a desmama, quando comparado aos potros independentes. Todos os potros normalizaram suas atividades no decorrer do processo da desmama. Na ausência das mães os potros independentes foram os que iniciaram a maioria das interações entre os animais (P<0,05). O relacionamento entre a égua e o potro foi modificado devido às características maternas de hierarquia e experiência, além do nível de independência do potro e do seu temperamento. / The study aimed to understand the relationship between the mare and the foal and the influence of this on the social behavior and foal\'s temperament from the eleventh day of life until after the foal weaning process. Eight dyads of mares and foals Mangalarga Marchador from a farm situated in the city of Amparo/Brazil were evaluated during three different stages. The first stage was performed to characterize the social behavior of horses group and the relationship between mare and foal during the three foal developmental periods (dependency, socialization and independence). At the first stage the aggressive interactions of the mares were registered; episodes of sucking of foals (attempt and bout of sucking); and the pair mare and foal were noted the affiliative behaviors and spatial relationship. At the end of this stage the foals were classified as dependent and independent and mares were divided according to their hierarchy. In the second step we evaluated the activities and spatial relationship of foals during the weaning process, to characterize the stress of foals during this process. In the third stage the social relationship of foals was observed in the absence of their mothers, through the recording of interactions and the spatial relationship of the foals. During the three stages were applied four tests for assessing aspects of animal temper: reactivity test during brushing for evaluation of reactivity handling; arena test to evaluate the emotionality isolation; human reactivity test unknown and active to assess the reactivity to human; and test for the presence of unknown sound stimulus to evaluate the emotionality of the unknown stimulus. The hierarchy and the mother\'s experience interferes with maternal care of lactation (P<0.05), but did not influence the protective care (P>0.05). The frequency of stay of foals with mother at a distance of up to 1 meter decreased over the period (P<0.05). The mares do not change the frequency of affiliative behaviors with their foals (P>0.05). The highest frequency of affiliative behaviors foals with their mothers were during the early periods foal development (dependency and socialization; P<0.05). The dependent foals presented a higher frequency and shorter duration of sucking bouts when compared to the frequency and duration of foals independent (P<0.05). The reactivity handling and emotionality isolation of foals were higher in dependency periods, socialization and during weaning (P<0.05). The reactivity of human and emotionality of the unknown showed a tendency to decrease over the observed periods (P<0.05). The dependent foals showed larger emotionality to the unknown and isolation (P<0.05). The dependent foals showed greater emotionality to the unknown and isolation (P<0.05) as well as increased stress during weaning when compared to independent foals. All foals normalized its activities during the weaning process. After separation independent foals were those who started most interactions between animals (P<0.05). The relationship between the mare and the foal was modified due to maternal characteristics hierarchy and experience, beyond the temperament of foal and independence level of the foal.

Domestication has resulted in animals with broad variations between as well as within breeds, which allows for the selection and breeding of animals for preferred traits. This selection has affected both the genotypes and phenotypes of animals. In dogs, it has allowed for breeding for different purposes, such as companionship or the performance of specific tasks, e.g., herding, hunting, searching and protecting. Each of these types of working dogs has specific traits that are, in part, controlled by genes; however, genes are not solely responsible for the variations in the traits of an individual. The environment also plays a role, which has been studied in rodents and primates in recent decades. For instance, it has been shown that the amount of maternal care that a rat receives as a pup affects its temperament later in life; the more maternal care, i.e., licking, grooming and arched-back nursing (LG-ABN), that a rat receives, the more stress resistant, less reactive and more explorative it will be as an adult. However, the question is whether this is also true for dogs, and the investigation of how temperament in dogs is affected by environmental factors early in life is the main objective of this thesis. Three of the studies presented in this thesis focused on investigating the general parameters, particularly maternal care, that influences offspring behaviour to contribute to the understanding of temperament development in military working dogs. One of these studies concentrated on the environmental factors that influence dogs early in life, and the results indicated that some factors, such as parity, litter size and birth season, affect temperament later in life. Another study investigated how females take care of their young, and the results demonstrated that females consistently vary in their maternal style during the first three weeks postpartum and that this variation affects the temperament of the offspring. The third study focused on factors in the home environment, and the results showed that dogs approved through the evaluative temperament test were significantly associated with being hyperactive or restless and having difficulty settling down in the home environment. However, those dogs were also left home alone for more hours in a day than non-approved dogs. To be able to operate functionally, a military working dog needs to possess certain traits, or a certain temperament, and a vital characteristic is the way it responds to and copes with stress. This was investigated during an evaluative temperament test used to select dogs suitable for further training. Surprisingly, the results showed that the dogs approved for further training had significantly higher levels of salivary cortisol both before and after the test compared with the non-approved dogs. These findings may be of profound importance for understanding individual variations in behaviour and improving breeding schemes for working dogs. / För över 15 000 år sedan började våra anfäder avla på vargar och lade då grunden för den uppsjö av olika hundraser vi ser idag. Exakt hur den här processen såg ut, när eller vart den startade vet vi faktiskt inte med säkerhet, men att vargen/hunden var det första djur att påbörja en sådan förändring, det vet vi. Att aktivt välja ut och avla på önskvärda egenskaper påverkar och förändrar gradvis djuret. Den här förändringen styrs i hög grad av gener, vilket medför att ett djurs s.k. genotyp förändras. Den här förändringsprocessen, där ett djur gradvis anpassas till ett liv som tamdjur, kallas för domesticering och innebär inte bara att djuret förändras genetiskt, utan också att den ändrar utseende och beteende, dvs. djurets fenotyp ändras också. Det är därför vi bl. a. ser så många olika hundraser som vi gör idag, allt från en liten hårlös Chihuahua till en stor raggig St. Bernard. Alla är de hundar, men de ser väldigt olika ut och har delvis olika egenskaper eller temperament. Det medför att de passar till att göra olika saker och därför också kan vara till stor nytta i samhället i allt från sällskapshunden som kan lära sig leta kantareller, till olika typer av tjänstehundar. Bra ledarhundar åt synskadade, polishundar som söker försvunna människor och narkotika, och försvarsmaktens tjänstehundar som kan förhindra angrepp eller terrorverksamhet genom att leta efter t ex. bomber och vapen - alla kan i förlängningen innebära ökad livskvalité och räddade människoliv. Men för det krävs att hunden passar för jobbet. Det är både generna, arvet och olika miljöfaktorer i den tidiga uppväxten som avgör egenskaperna hos en individ. Det är något som har visat sig gälla till exempel för råttor och primater. Studier på råttor har exempelvis pekat på att mängden omvårdnad en råtta får som liten (t ex hur mycket mamman slickar sina barn) påverkar dess egenskaper som vuxen. Och att ju mer omvårdnad de fått, desto mer stresståliga, mindre nervösa och mer nyfikna blev de. Även i studier på människor pekar resultaten i samma riktning. Men gäller detta även för våra hundar? För att öka kunskapen om och förståelsen för hur tidiga erfarenheter påverkar temperament, stress och arbetsförmåga hos våra blivande tjänstehundar i försvarsmakten har därför en rad olika studier på området genomförts. Den här avhandlingen fokuserar således på att undersöka vilka generella tidiga erfarenheter och faktorer i den tidiga uppväxtmiljön som tycks kunna vara med och påverka temperamentet hos våra tjänstehundar. Specifikt undersöker den hur tikens omvårdnad påverkar vissa egenskaper. Avhandlingen undersöker vidare hur stresståliga våra hundar är och hur detta yttrar sig i samband med de lämplighets test som hundarna genomgår i syfte att bedöma vilka individer som bör gå vidare till fortsatt träning efter ett och ett halvt års ålder. Resultaten i en studie visar att de hundar som bedömts som lämpliga vid lämplighetstestet något oväntat uppvisade ett högre påslag av stresshormonet kortisol, och i en annan studie att lämpliga hundar bedömts vara hyperaktiva/rastlösa och ha vissa svårigheter att ta det lugnt i hemmiljö. Detta samtidigt som de uppvisade en önskvärd temperamentsprofil vid uttagningsprovet, vilket kan antyda att dessa hundar är mer flexibla och motståndskraftiga mot stress, vilket skulle kunna vara resultatet av en lyckad avel. Vidare visade resultaten att det finns generella faktorer i den tidiga uppväxtmiljön, såsom tikens tidigare erfarenhet av att vara mamma, kullstorlek och när på året kullen föds, som är med och påverkar olika egenskaper. Den visar också att tikarnas sätt att ta hand om sina valpar varierade men var konsekvent under den första omvårdnadstiden på tre veckor och att det finns en koppling mellan mammans omvårdnads-stil och hur deras valpar blir som vuxna. Sammantaget visar avhandlingen att det finns faktorer i den tidiga uppväxtmiljön som påverkar temperamentet senare i livet på våra tjänstehundar. / <p>The ISBN <strong>987</strong>-91-7685-945-2 in the thesis is incorrect. Correct ISBN is <strong>978</strong>-91-7685-945-2.</p>

Background: Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) and its complications contribute to a significant burden of disease both in developed and developing countries of the world. Unfortunately, PIH has no cure, the delivery of the baby and the placenta is required. Early detection of pregnancy induced hypertension and close monitoring remains the key to achieving a favourable outcome. This study aimed to determine the quality of care given to women diagnosed with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) within a care pathway spanning peri-urban primary and urban secondary level facilities. Methods: This was a retrospective clinical audit of medical records of patients diagnosed with PIH. It was conducted in the Wesfleur -New Somerset Hospital drainage area, using a locally validated data extraction tool, based on the South African Maternal Care Guidelines. The data were analyzed using descriptive methods to report on the frequencies and proportions of the variables, and analyzed to report on statistical significance of correlations. Results: The prevalence rate of pregnancy induced hypertension in this study was 12%. The overall pregnancy induced hypertension complication prevalence in the study for mothers was 7.7%, and that of babies was 30.7%. Facilities generally performed well according to the audit indicators detailing structures and processes that should be followed, as outlined by the standard guidelines used. Two process indicators were correlated with adverse outcomes: 66.1% of patients were appropriately referred, resulting in statistically better foetal outcomes (p = 0.059); and those who booked early in the pregnancy had less PIH-induced complications than those who booked late (p = 0.012) Conclusion: This study followed a standardized audit methodology and found that the quality of care in this peri-urban area is of a good standard and identified areas for quality improvement and further enquiry to ensure continual improvement in maternal and fetal outcomes.

Trots att mödravården i höginkomstländer är relativt säker upplever uppemot 20 % av kvinnorna i Sverige förlossningsrädsla. Denna rädsla påverkar välbefinnandet före, under och efter graviditeten samt har konsekvenser för kvinnors relationer till bebis, partner och familj. Fenomenet har i mångt och mycket studerats ur ett individuellt perspektiv, men få studier undersöker relationen mellan kvinnors uppfattning om sjukvården och förlossningsrädsla. En experimentell studie med mellangruppsdesign har utförts med avsikten att se om fokus på brister i förlossningsvården orsakar högre nivå av förlossningsrädsla och lägre nivå av tillit till förlossningsvården hos kvinnor i åldern 18–45 (N=210). Vidare har det undersökts om tillit till förlossningsvården har ett negativt samband med förlossningsrädsla. Resultaten visar att fokus på brister i förlossningsvården inte har någon effekt på förlossningsrädsla eller tillit till förlossningsvården. Ett negativt samband föreligger mellan tillit till förlossningsvården och förlossningsrädsla. Orsaken till sambandet är ännu inte klarlagt och framgent behövs fler studier för att kunna fastställa hur relationen mellan förlossningsrädsla och tillit till sjukvården ser ut. / Despite the fact that maternity care in high-income countries is relatively safe, up to 20 % of women in Sweden experience fear of childbirth. This fear affects well-being before, during and after pregnancy and has consequences for women’s relationships with their baby, partner and family. The phenomenon has largely been studied from an individual perspective, but few studies examine the relationship between women’s perception of healthcare and fear of childbirth. A between-subjects experiment has been conducted to see if focusing on deficiencies in maternity care causes a higher level of fear of childbirth and a lower level of trust in the maternity care, in women aged 18–45 (N=210). Furthermore, it has been investigated whether trust in the maternity care has a negative correlation with fear of childbirth. The results show that focusing on deficiencies in maternity care has no effect on fear of childbirth or trust in the maternity care. The study shows a negative correlation between trust in the maternity care and fear of childbirth. The cause of the correlation has yet to be determined and future studies are needed to shed light on the relationship between fear of childbirth and trust in the maternity care system.

Following decades of research on stress and its impact on behaviour, it is now widely accepted that selective psycho-pathologies, in particular clinical depression are more prevalent in humans with prior history of life-stress events. Interest in stress has led to questions about how it might affect the physiology and behaviour of animals exposed indirectly during gestational development. Not unexpectedly gestational stress has been shown to affect the offspring in several ways: endocrine responses to stress are elevated, fear, arousal and affective disturbances are all subject to vary if the pregnant animal is subjected to periods of aversive stimulation. Beginning in 1997, Michael Meaney of McGill University produced a series of publications suggesting that peri-natal events influence offspring and infant development, not via physical discomfort or physiological disturbance, but does so through modifications of maternal behaviour. Highly nurturant mothers (those who engage in active arched-back nursing (ABN), and spend more time licking and grooming (L/G) their pups), programme their offspring with improved cognitive abilities, decreased anxiety and fear, and reduced HPA axis hormone secretion. Low-nurturant mothers, who engage in less ABN and less L/G, tend to programme the opposite responses in their offspring. Our initial foray into this field was to investigate if gestational stress might also produce responses in the offspring via changes in maternal behaviour, and indeed ABN and L/G were reduced in dams which were subjected to gestational stress. We queried why stressed Dams would be less maternal towards their infants, and tested gestationally-stressed Dams in the Porsolt test for depressive-like behaviour. Our results suggested that these stressed Dams were actually depressed and this resulted in less maternal behaviour. Human mothers with depression are also less maternal and have been shown to divest themselves of infant care much like our prenatally-stressed Dams. On this basis we have proposed that gestational stress induced decrements in maternal behaviour represent a novel rat model for postnatal depression with face and construct validities. In the present work we have attempted to replicate the findings of Smythe¿s group (Smith et al., 2004), and have investigated the potential for antidepressants to alter the influence of gestational stress on maternal behaviours and depressive-like response, and whether or not the offspring¿ are modified by maternal treatment with ant-depressants. Approximately 140 time-mated, lister hooded rats were generated in house, and subjected to gestational stress on days 10-20 (1hr restraint/day) or remained undisturbed in their home cages. Following birth, cohorts of control and stressed Dams were administered vehicle or an antidepressant (imipramine 15mg/kg; or sertraline 10mg/kg) once daily until postnatal day 10. We assessed maternal Porsolt activity, nurturance (ABN, L/G, nest building) and anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Representative offspring of each Dam¿s treatment conditions were maintained post weaning and assessed in the Porsolt and EPM to determine if any changes in maternal behaviour elicited by the antidepressants altered their behavioural programming. Our findings confirm that Dams show depressive-like symptoms following gestational stress, and that administration of antidepressants to the Dams reduces depressive-like behaviour and increased maternal care. We propose that rat gestational stress is a putative model for human postnatal depression. Prenatal stress effects on maternal behaviour in the rat Dam represent a novel, and innovative model for human postnatal depression. / Ministry of Defence, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences and the Saudi Culture Bureau

<p dir="ltr">In the US, dogs are considered members of the family by many people. Dogs may be obtained from multiple sources, but many in the US originate from commercial breeding kennels (CBKs). Prioritizing adult dogs’ welfare while they are housed in these kennels is essential for their well-being not only while residing there, but throughout the rest of their lives in new environments for those who are rehomed after their breeding careers end. However, the research conducted in this population is scarce. Therefore, evaluating dogs’ overall welfare states and factors that may affect them in this population is crucial.</p><p dir="ltr">Maternal factors are one of many that may affect puppies’ welfare states. This topic has never been directly explored in US CBKs and has been understudied in all domestic dogs. Therefore, this dissertation sought to explore associations between maternal factors and puppy welfare indicators, and related topics.</p><p dir="ltr">Chapter 2 aimed to explore changes in indicators of dams’ welfare states (<i>n</i>= 74), such as behavioral responses to a mild stressor and stress-related physiology, throughout the peri-parturient period in 8 CBKs. The changes observed were most likely due to natural biological changes associated with the peri-parturient period, and no worrisome indicators of welfare were detected. Additionally, Chapter 3 sought to investigate the relationship between dams’ levels of fear and stress (<i>n</i>= 90), as indicated by behavior and stress-related physiology, and metrics indicative of their puppies’ welfare states (<i>n</i>= 390), such as behavior, stress-related physiology, and physical health, in 12 CBKs. Findings suggest some associations between dams’ fear and stress and their puppies’ behavioral responses to isolation, physiology, and physical health. To further explore these associations, Chapter 4 examined the relationships between dams’ (<i>n</i>= 79) and puppies’ (<i>n</i>= 291) behavioral responses to novel social and non-social stimuli in 11 CBKs. No significant associations between dams’ and puppies’ responses were discovered, and possible reasons such as kennel management practices, puppies’ mobility and hazard avoidance, and differences between dams’ and puppies’ early life experiences were discussed. Finally, as the type and level of maternal care dams provide may be indicative of their welfare and may also be related to puppy welfare, Chapter 5 aimed to characterize maternal behaviors in a CBK (<i>n</i>= 12) and working dog population focused on detection work (<i>n</i>= 8). This study uncovered common maternal behaviors in each population, such as nursing and licking puppies. It also revealed that the behaviors observed were consistent with those reported for other dog populations, and found that factors such as day, time of day, litter size, and whelping type may influence their expression.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, results from these studies suggest that there were no worrisome changes in dams’ welfare states throughout the peri-parturient period. Additionally, dams’ levels of fear and stress may affect potential indicators of their puppies’ welfare states, such as stress-related physiology, behavioral responses to stressors, and physical health. Findings highlight the importance of closely monitoring dams throughout the peri-parturient period for consistent displays of fear and stress, and abnormal behaviors. Doing so may not only affect dams’ welfare but that of their puppies as well. Further, the characterization and exploration of factors that may affect maternal care in various populations provides the basis for future work to explore maternal care as a mechanism behind the significant associations between dam and puppy welfare. The results also provide a foundation for breeders and caretakers to monitor maternal care, and make breeding selection and management interventions as needed to best support dam and puppy welfare. Altogether, findings from this research may have salient implications for dam’s welfare states throughout the peri-parturient period, and puppies’ welfare states while housed with their dams and into adulthood.</p>

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jena Hanay Mestrado.pdf: 812173 bytes, checksum: 7a222eb2e0e54ef627cdc9bbeae075ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-13 / This study aims to investigate, know and describe the daily experiences of mothers of enuretic children, considering: everyday care with their children, the emotional experiences of mothers and families, the type of help they search, the difficulties they find when trying to help their children and the social aspects involved. The technique used for collecting the data was clinical interviewing. It was a qualitative analysis, using the psychoanalytical referential as a support. The research was performed with a low-income population in Campinas/SP. The results confirmed the enuresis as an uncomfortable factor, which generates social and family stigmas and harm the psychosocial development of the child. However, it is not the main concern of mothers regarding their children, as the major issue was their apprehension about the basic survival of their families. Among the conflicts faced by mothers regarding enuresis are the feeling of unease caused by urine, the experience of enuresis in the childhood, the difficulties in the relationship with their children, as well as marital and family problems. In addition, there is a great anguish concerning the mother figure, a fantasy about being good or bad mothers. The defense mechanisms used are: projection of aspects regarded as hostile, denial and schism, disassociation and polarization of affection. The unconscious psychic dynamics detected in the mothers may cause an inconsistent behavior in their attitudes towards their children, since they are punishing and impatient at times, and tolerant and permissive at other times, making it hard for the child to internalize the concept of limits. This kind of behavior may interfere with the emotional development of the child, reinforcing the enuresis. It is necessary to shelter and counsel these mothers, so that they can better organize themselves and acknowledge their limitations and conflicts, in order to help their children handle their problems. The research shows the need for preventive measures as well as health promoting actions adapted to that population group. / Este estudo visa investigar, conhecer e descrever as viv?ncias cotidianas de m?es de crian?as enur?ticas, considerando: os cuidados di?rios com os filhos, as viv?ncias emocionais da m?e e da fam?lia, o tipo de ajuda procurada, as dificuldades encontradas na ajuda aos filhos e os aspectos sociais envolvidos. A t?cnica utilizada para a coleta dos dados foi a entrevista cl?nica. A an?lise foi qualitativa, tendo como suporte o referencial psicanal?tico. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma popula??o de baixa renda em Campinas/SP. Os resultados mostram que a enurese confirma-se como um fator desconfort?vel, que gera estigmas sociais e familiares, prejudicando o desenvolvimento psicossocial da crian?a. Contudo, n?o ? o principal alvo de preocupa??o das m?es com os filhos, sendo o assunto central a apreens?o quanto ? sobreviv?ncia b?sica da fam?lia. Dentre os conflitos percebidos nas m?es, com rela??o ? enurese, est?o: a sensa??o de mal estar que a urina provoca, a experi?ncia de enurese na inf?ncia, a dificuldade na rela??o com os filhos, problemas conjugais e familiares. Al?m desses aspectos, existe uma ang?stia quanto ? figura de m?e, havendo uma fantasia de ser uma m?e boa ou m?. Os mecanismos de defesa utilizados s?o: proje??o dos aspectos considerados como hostis, nega??o e cis?o, dissocia??o e polariza??o dos afetos. A din?mica ps?quica inconsciente percebida nas m?es pode gerar uma conduta inconsistente em suas atitudes com os filhos, pois s?o punitivas e impacientes em algumas ocasi?es, ou tolerantes e permissivas em outras, o que faz com que a crian?a, por sua vez, tenha dificuldades de internalizar a no??o de limites. Este tipo de conduta pode interferir no desenvolvimento emocional da crian?a, refor?ando assim a enurese. ? necess?rio acolher e orientar essas m?es, para que elas se organizem melhor e aprendam a reconhecer suas limita??es e conflitos, a fim de ajudar os filhos a lidar com as suas dificuldades. A pesquisa mostra a necessidade de a??es preventivas e de promo??o da sa?de, que sejam adaptadas a essa popula??o.