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Complex phenotypes are traits which are influenced by many factors, and not just a single gene, as for classical Mendelian traits. The brain, and its resultant behaviour, gives us a large subset of complex phenotypes to examine. Variation in these traits is affected by a range of different influences, both genetic and environmental, including social interactions and the effects of parents. Systems-genetics provides us with a framework in which to examine these complex traits, seeking to connect genetic variants to the phenotypes they cause, through intermediate phenotypes, such as gene expression and protein levels. This approach has been developed to exploit and analyse massive data sets generated for example in genomics and transcriptomics. In the first half of this thesis, I combine genetic linkage data from the BXD recombinant inbred mouse panel with genome-wide association data from humans to identify novel candidate genes, and use online gene annotations and functional descriptions to support these candidates. Firstly, I discovered MGST3 as a novel regulator of hippocampus size, which may be linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Secondly, I identified that CMYA5, MCTP1, TNR and RXRG are associated with mouse anxiety-like phenotypes and human bipolar disorder, and provide evidence that MCTP1, TNR and RXRG may be acting via inter-cellular signalling in the striatum. The second half of this thesis uses different cross-fostering designs between genetically variable BXD lines and the genetically uniform C57BL/6J strain to identify indirect genetic effects and the loci underlying them. With this, I have found novel loci expressed in mothers that alter offspring behaviour, novel loci expressed in offspring affecting the level of maternal care, and novel loci expressed in offspring, which alter the behaviour of their nestmates, as well as the level of maternal care they receive. Further I provide evidence of co-adaptation between maternal and offspring genotypes, and a positive indirect genetic effect of offspring on their nestmates, supportive of a role for kin selection. Finally, I demonstrate that the BXD lines can be used to investigate genes with parent-of-origin dependent expression, which have an indirect genetic effect on maternal care. In conclusion, this thesis identifies a number of novel loci, and in some cases genes, associated with complex traits. Not only are these techniques applicable to other phenotypes and other questions, but the candidates I identify can now be examined further in vitro or in vivo.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / The oviposition site selection may influence both offspring development and female fitness. Females of the harvestman Bourguyia hamata exhibit maternal care and oviposit almost exclusively inside the epiphytic bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis in the Cardoso Island, SP. In the present study, I examined whether the morphological structure of the individuals of A. nudicaulis influences B. hamata oviposition site selection in a sandy coastal forest at Cardoso Island, SP, Brazil. Data about the presence of the egg-batches inside the bromeliads, the length of the rosettes (which are tubular), the bromeliad angle in relation to the soil and the amount of debris inside the bromeliads were obtained along a 700 m transect from February 2005 to January 2006. Additionally, I used data collected in 2001 about water volume inside the rosettes, as well as the variation in the humidity inside bromeliads with long (30-32 mm) and short (18-20 mm) rosettes, as well as in the external environment. The frequency of egg-batches was greater in individuals with angles among 90º to 150º, for which the amount of debris accumulated inside the rosettes was smaller. Longer rosettes were preferred as oviposition site by the B. hamata females. Moreover, bromeliads with longer rosettes accumulated more water inside them, keeping the humidity variation inside the bromeliads lower than the external environment. Females of B. hamata selected a single bromeliad species and also chose morphological characteristics of A. nudicaulis individuals. Females oviposited predominantly in bromeliads that accumulate more water and have small amounts of debris inside the rosettes, probably because these characteristics may promote a more adequate microhabitat for offspring development. / A escolha do sítio de oviposição pode ter várias implicações no desenvolvimento da prole e na aptidão da fêmea. As fêmeas do opilião Bourguyia hamata exibem cuidado maternal e utilizam exclusivamente a bromélia Aechmea nudicaulis como sítio de oviposição na Ilha do Cardoso, SP. Neste estudo investigou-se se características arquiteturais de A. nudicaulis podem influenciar sua escolha como sítios de oviposição por B. hamata na restinga da Ilha do Cardoso, SP. Dados sobre a presença de desovas no interior das bromélias, o comprimento das rosetas (em forma tubular), o ângulo da inclinação das bromélias em relação ao solo e a quantidade de detritos acumulada no interior das bromélias foram obtidos ao longo de um transecto de 700 m entre fevereiro de 2005 a janeiro de 2006. Adicionalmente, foram usados dados coletados em 2001 sobre o volume de água no interior da roseta, assim como sobre a variação de umidade ao longo do dia no interior de bromélias grandes (30-32 mm) e pequenas (18-20 mm) e também no ambiente externo. A freqüência de desovas foi maior em indivíduos com inclinações entre 90º e 150º, para os quais a quantidade de detritos no interior da bromélia foi menor. Rosetas maiores foram mais usadas como sítio de oviposição por fêmeas de B. hamata. Além disso, bromélias maiores acumularam mais água no seu interior, de forma que a variação da umidade relativa foi menor dentro das bromélias grandes quando comparada com o ambiente externo. Fêmeas de B. hamata, além de escolherem apenas uma espécie de bromélia, conseguem acessar também características estruturais dos indivíduos de A. nudicaulis. As fêmeas ovipuseram predominantemente nos indivíduos que acumularam mais água e possuíam menos detritos nas rosetas, provavelmente porque essas características devem promover um microhabitat mais adequado para o desenvolvimento da prole. / Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais

As the statistics for maternal mortality have declined all over the world, it has also been rising in the US for the past two decades. The data clearly shows that the group with the highest risk for maternal mortality are black women, whilst white women are the group with the lowest risk. This study aims to investigate three policys related to maternal care: Affordable Care Act, Preventing Maternal Deaths Act and Improving Access to Maternal Care Act. By using Carol Bacchi's What’s the Problem Represented to Be-method of analysis, the study looks deeper into what underlying presumptions and assumptions the policys carry, and what consequences these have. Together with intersectionality as a theoretical framework, the study was able to uncover issues between the policies that are currently in place, and the categories and power positions within the people involved in the policy process and the people affected by the policies. The results show that the underlying assumptions and presumptions is that women work as a homogenous group and that the policies are focused on low-income individuals within that group. This results in continuous disparities in maternal mortality for black women, with concerning consequences. There is a great need for research, not only for accurate data surrounding maternal mortality (on deeper levels, not for women as a homogenous group), but also for development of policies and health care.

Introduction: One of the most significant current discussions in maternal health is the rising burden of non-communicable diseases. The development of accessible non-communicable diseases prevention intervention is an important strategy to reduce the impact of mental and physical health problems on adverse child and maternal health. Despite all the knowledge on good lifestyle intervention practices, the lifestyle change after pregnancy remains rather challenging. This study aims to describe the perspectives of women in relation to lifestyle support experiences after pregnancy. Methods: Qualitative study design with six semi-structured in-depth interviews was used to collect the data among beneficiaries who received the support in physical activity, diet and stress. Manifest and latent content analysis methods were used to analyze the data.  Results: Multicomponent lifestyle intervention utilizing motivational interviewing approach was experienced as flexible, considerate, and inclusive.Maternal struggles profoundly contributed to relapse, which appeared to be a common reoccurrence. Mobilizing family support helped to battle the maternal struggles and to facilitate healthy lifestyle behavior, thereby promoting individual and family wellbeing.  Conclusion: Multicomponent lifestyle support in combination with person and family centered care approach has a great potential to help women during their transition into motherhood.