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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia. / El objetivo que perseguimos en la presente tesis, es intentar demostrar la existencia de un mito que nace de la lucha desplegada por el movimiento Mau Mau de Kenya, en contra de la administración colonial. Paradojalmente, en este movimiento de liberación parecen interactuar dos mitos que surgen de la realidad socio cultural del país. Uno de ellos nace desde la propaganda ejercida por la autoridad colonial -y nativos que la apoyan-, temerosa de perder sus prerrogativas y que por lo mismo busca destacar los aspectos más negativos del grupo, postura que se mantendrá, por razones similares, con los gobiernos post independentistas.

Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 2007

Diss. Univ. München, 2007.

The rise of the Mau Mau secret society can be attributed to underlying political, social, and economic causes. Politically, it was caused by lack of training of Africans in democratic methods of government and lack of legitimate outlets for political activities. Socially, it was caused by the clash of the old and new civilizations in Kenya; the disruption of tribal institutions and authority; the inadequate educational facilities for Africans; and above all, the pronounced racial discrimination, both legal and customary, dominating society in the Colony. Economically, it was caused by land-hunger, urbanization, poverty and destitution of the African people. The Emergency legislation of October 20, 1952, was passed for the purpose of suppressing the Mau Mau Society and restoring law and order. By 1958, though law and order had been restored, most of the Emergency legislation was still in effect and though some attempts had been made to alleviate the underlying causes of the disturbances, fundamentally the situation had not changed. The main grievances of the African people have not been dealt with courageously, with the result that the present situation is full of potential danger. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The outbreak of Mau Mau hostilities in Kenya was the culmination of a series of grievances which had developed among the more politically conscious Africans. The lack of political opportunities and the inability to promote economic and social integration fomented frustration and antagonism among these Africans. Yet, the violence and the imposition of the Emergency restrictions failed to disrupt the country's political, economic, and social development of the post-World War Two period. The struggle between the Colonial Office, the European settler, and the African nationalist in the nineteen-fifties, won political concessions for the Africans, divided the European political movement, and created a dilemma for the Colonial Office, particularly following the independence of Ghana. Throughout the Emergency it was apparent that the Colonial Office had seriously underestimated the rapid growth and strength of the nationalist movement in East Africa. By 1959, constitutional advancement in Tanganyika foretold a change in British policy in Kenya. As a consequence, African nationalism triumphed and the European hope for a 'white man's country' was dashed forever. While the political evolution of the African continued, Kenya enjoyed its greatest economic development during the nineteen-fifties. Social institutions also experienced a similar period of expansion. By the nineteen-sixties, owing to adverse weather conditions, poor world markets, and a loss of investment capital arising out of the growth of African nationalism, the country's economy collapsed. At the same time, the political disruption of the early nineteen-sixties brought a sharp rise in unemployment, and a shortage of educators and medical practitioners, which hampered the transition of the African from his traditional society to the modern world. With independence came some economic recovery, but continued recovery will be dependent on the maintenance of political stability and national unity. For Kenya's leaders the need to create a new unifying force to replace the old nationalism, built on a common anti-white hostility, is their most urgent task. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This dissertation argues that works of literature offer a valuable critical supplement to historical and legal accounts of colonial violence, due to the common investment of literary texts in thematizing moral complexity and complicity, and by drawing attention to intimate and social forms of harm that might otherwise go unaccounted for. Following the recent successful lawsuit against the British government by elderly Kenyans who survived torture in the 1950s, as well as recent historical scholarship on the colonial government's brutal counterinsurgency, I argue that the paradigmatic anticolonial event commonly referred to as the “Mau Mau” uprising has been reframed in terms of a series of grave human rights abuses. I examine the diverse ways in which the Mau Mau struggle has been figured in narrative fiction, focusing on works by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye, and the white supremacist Robert Ruark. The dissertation shows literary texts to be sites of distinct forms of knowledge concerning the harms of political violence. My readings demonstrate that fictions of Mau Mau have figured that crisis as both a crime that demands urgent redress and an event whose damage is permanent and irreparable, each text staging in distinct ways the structuring paradox of historical reparation as an impossible ethical demand that must nonetheless be insisted upon. I think of reparations claims as radical decolonizing demands, countering recent critiques of the “politics of reparations” as a liberal departure from properly emancipationist thinking.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-25T12:18:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Romulo Ribeiro Mahado.pdf: 1385525 bytes, checksum: e1ff65e882b87ac3d19f9c4654c3ea3d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-25T12:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Romulo Ribeiro Mahado.pdf: 1385525 bytes, checksum: e1ff65e882b87ac3d19f9c4654c3ea3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-02 / The general objective of this dissertation is to describe the treatment given by the students of the 1st year class of the Technical Course of Middle Level in the Integrated Form in Agropecu?ria (1st AGRO) of the Federal Institute of Education of Amazonas (IFAM), Campus Mau?s (CMA) at Representations of the identity of the citizen belonging to the Sater?-Maw? people that is present in the urban and rural zone of the city of Mau?s, Amazonas. The guiding questions were: From what sources of information and knowledge are the Sater?-Maw? people described in local society? What is the socioeconomic profile of the 1st AGRO class and their perception of the ethnic-racial identity of the citizen belonging to the Sater?-Maw? people? How do they address this ethnic-racial issue? To answer these questions, this research followed a methodology of qualitative research from the perspective of cultural studies. To meet the general objective, an exploratory, bibliographical and documentary research was carried out. This study is divided into two chapters. The first, entitled Sater?-Maw?, brings the history and culture of this people, presenting this ethnicity and how their identity is intertwined with guaran?, trying to show how it is presented by researchers and memorialists, with the intention of situating the reader in the context regional. In addition, there is also the vision of the society and economy of the city of Mau?s, as well as the history of the IFAM and the CMA in the socio-historical context, citing relevant aspects of the Technical Course in Agriculture. In the second chapter, The indigenous identity in the school space, is the description of the profile of the 1st AGRO class and how it perceives the Sater?-Maw? people. From questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, these representations of identity were presented, that is, how the students see and treat the citizen belonging to this people. The perceptions were chosen and analyzed from subjects related to stereotypes and prejudices. Finally, in the Final Considerations, there are notes on the paths that have been and may be followed by the IFAM CMA on issues relevant to the local scenario, in addition to the doubts and new ideas that emerged throughout the research, as well as referrals to Other studies within the researched sphere / O objetivo geral dessa disserta??o ? descrever o tratamento dado pelos alunos da turma de 1? Ano do Curso T?cnico de N?vel M?dio na Forma Integrada em Agropecu?ria (1? AGRO) do Instituto Federal de Educa??o do Amazonas (IFAM), Campus Mau?s (CMA) ?s representa??es da identidade do cidad?o pertencente ao povo Sater?-Maw? que se faz presente na zona urbana e rural da cidade de Mau?s, Amazonas. As quest?es norteadoras foram: A partir de quais fontes de informa??o e de saberes o povo Sater?-Maw? ? descrito na sociedade local? Qual o perfil socioecon?mico da turma 1? AGRO e a sua percep??o da identidade etnicorracial do cidad?o pertencentes ao povo Sater?-Maw?? Como eles tratam essa quest?o etnicorracial? Para responder ?s estas quest?es, esta pesquisa seguiu uma metodologia de investiga??o qualitativa na perspectiva dos estudos culturais. Para atender ao objetivo geral, foi realizada uma pesquisa explorat?ria, bibliogr?fica e documental. Este estudo est? divido em dois cap?tulos. O primeiro, intitulado Sater?-Maw?, traz a hist?ria e a cultura deste povo, apresentando esta etnia e como sua identidade est? entrela?ada com o guaran?, buscando mostrar como ela ? apresentada por pesquisadores e memorialistas, com o intuito de situar o leitor no contexto regional. Al?m disso, h? tamb?m a vis?o da sociedade e da economia da cidade de Mau?s, bem como a hist?ria do IFAM e do CMA no contexto s?cio-hist?rico, citando aspectos relevantes do Curso T?cnico em Agropecu?ria. No segundo cap?tulo, A identidade ind?gena no espa?o escolar, est? a descri??o do perfil da turma 1? AGRO e como ela percebe o povo Sater?-Maw?. A partir de question?rios e entrevistas semiestruturadas, apresentou-se essas representa??es de identidade, ou seja, como os discentes veem e tratam o cidad?o pertencente a este povo. As percep??es foram escolhidas e analisadas a partir de assuntos relacionados a estere?tipos e preconceitos. Por fim, nas Considera??es Finais, est?o apontamentos sobre os caminhos que foram e poder?o vir a serem seguidos pelo IFAM CMA no tocante a quest?es relevantes para o cen?rio local, al?m das d?vidas e novas ideias que surgiram ao longo da pesquisa, al?m de encaminhamentos para outros estudos dentro da esfera pesquisada

The Kikuyu, the largest ethnic group in Kenya, resisted colonial authority, which culminated into what became known as Mau Mau, led by the Kenya Land Freedom Army. During this time, the British colonial government imposed laws limiting their access to land, politics, and independence. The turbulent 1950s in Kenyan history should be considered a revolution because of its violent nature, the high level of participation, and overall social change that resulted from the war. I compared many theories of revolution to the events of the Mau Mau movement. Then, I explained the contention for land in the revolution, the role of women, and the place of Mau Mau in modern historiography. I concluded that Mau Mau should be considered a revolution even though its representation during the war and misunderstandings after independence did not classify it as such.

This thesis examines the lives of Senior Chief Koinange wa Mbiyu and his eldest son, Peter Mbiyu Koinange. It joins with the growing rise of biographical work within African Studies. It challenges the historical understanding of late colonial rule in Kenya and the role of official myth in pre- and post-independence historical narratives. Koinange wa Mbiyu was the patriarch of one of the most respected, wealthy, and politically influential Kikuyu families of Kenya's colonial and post-colonial period. His eldest son, Peter Mbiyu, received a prestigious education abroad and returned to Kenya where he became a prominent leader for African independent education African political action. Koinange and Peter bear frequent mention in academic discussions of collaboration, discontent, nationalism, and militancy in Kenya's colonial era. This thesis challenges the widely held narrative that Koinange and Peter embraced militant politics opposing colonial rule during the 1940s. While fitting larger understandings of decolonisation, it is not an honest depiction of the Koinange's political actions. As a result, this thesis is intentionally a work of revisionist history that looks to the profound changes in the culture and nature of colinal rule during the 1940s, rather than a political shift in the Koinanges. In addition to challenging the prevalent understanding of Koinange and Peter's political action, this thesis raises a number of areas - gender, wealth, elite and family dynamics, to name a few - where the Koinange family history would further illuminate the historical understanding of the colonial era. This thesis is a dual biography, crafted as a work of narrative history. It challenges a breadth of current scholarship, utilizing the largest collection of pre-Mau Mau archival records to date. This thesis engages with a number of historiographical challenges related to biography, the individual, the family, and the challenges of oral history shaped in the crucible of cultural crisis.