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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

O ensino de graduação médica na comunidade: vivências e percepções de alunos da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP

Uliana, Maria Regina Pires [UNESP] 17 May 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 uliana_mrp_me_botfm.pdf: 695188 bytes, checksum: 17b48afac4878d2d5f8fb272e5e0bb88 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-Unesp há 40 anos desenvolve práticas de ensino de graduação médica na comunidade, no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde. Essa experiência se fez sob distintas influências, dentre as quais se podem destacar os movimentos de reforma médica da Medicina Integral e da Medicina Comunitária, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Já nos anos 1990 o ensino foi influenciado pelo Programa UNI e, na última década, exerceram papéis relevantes as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os cursos de medicina e o papel indutor do Ministério da Saúde, por meio dos programas de incentivo às mudanças curriculares: Promed e Pró-Saúde. Nesse contexto, em 2003, a Faculdade Medicina de Botucatu implanta experiência de ensino na comunidade para alunos do 1º ao 3º ano de graduação - o Programa de Interação Universidade, Serviço e Comunidade (IUSC), que é orientado pelos princípios da integralidade e humanização e por inovações pedagógicas. Este estudo tem por objetivo compreender os significados e percepções de alunos que cursaram o IUSC e caracterizar sua proposta pedagógica à luz dos movimentos mais recentes de reforma na educação médica. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo de natureza qualitativa com a primeira turma de alunos que cursaram o IUSC, quando já estavam no 6º ano médico, por meio de três grupos focais, e pesquisa documental a respeito do projeto e operacionalização do IUSC. Os conteúdos obtidos nos grupos focais foram transcritos e submetidos a análise temática. O estudo documental do IUSC mostrou sua criação sob influência de políticas públicas de indução de reorientação da educação médica no país, as quais viabilizaram, em parte, a sustentação financeira e política do programa. Sua operacionalização fez-se adotando-se como modelo pedagógico a problematização. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, para... / For 40 years the Medical School of Botucatu-Unesp has been developing teaching practices of medical graduation in the community concerning the primary health care. This experience has been influenced by different factors such as the movements of medical renovation of Comprehensive Medicine and Community Medicine, in the 60s and 70s. UNI Program influenced this practice in the 90s; in the last decade two programs played an important role in the medical courses: the National Curriculum Directions and the inducing role of the Health Ministry, through programs which motivated curricula changes like Promed and Pro-Saúde. In such context, in 2003, the Medical School of Botucatu implemented the experience of community teaching for students of the first and third years of graduation – the Program Interaction University, Service and Community (IUSC), guided by the principals of comprehensiveness and humanization and by pedagogical innovations. This study aimed to understand meanings and perceptions of students who studied the IUSC and to characterize its pedagogical proposal regarding recent movements of medical education renovation. This is a qualitative study with the first group of students who have done the IUSC, when they were in the sixth year, through three focus groups and documental research regarding the IUSC project and operation. The narrative obtained in the focus groups were transcribed and submitted to thematic analysis of content. The documental study of UISC showed its development under influences of public policies of induction of medical education reorientation in the country what provided the partial financial and political support of the program. Its operation adopted the problematization as the pedagogical model. The results show that, for the students, the familiar visit was the most significant practical activity experienced during the course; however, there ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
252

O papel das estatinas e da angioplastia percutânea renal no tratamento da doença renovascular aterosclerótica : estudo observacional /

Silva, Vanessa dos Santos. January 2008 (has links)
Resumo: Clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo. / Abstract: Click electronic access below. / Orientador: Luis Cuadrado Martin / Coorientador: Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco / Banca: Fábio Cardoso de Carvalho / Banca: José Nery Prakides / Banca: Luis A. Bortolotto / Banca: Armando Nogueira / Doutor
253

Cepas do complexo Candida parapsilosis de origem animal: classificaÃÃo taxonÃmica, sensibilidade antifÃngica e atributos de virulÃncia in vitro / Candida parapsilosis complex from animals and its antifungal susceptibility and virulence attributes

Terezinha de Jesus Santos Rodrigues 29 October 2013 (has links)
MudanÃas importantes na epidemiologia das infecÃÃes fÃngicas nas Ãltimas dÃcadas tÃm resultado no isolamento frequente de leveduras do gÃnero Candida. As leveduras do complexo Candida parapsilosis, por exemplo, tÃm sido apontadas tanto como agentes de infecÃÃes como componentes da microbiota de animais. Diante disso, os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar a identificaÃÃo molecular de cepas do complexo C. parapsilosis, isoladas de fontes veterinÃrias e mantidas no Centro Especializado em Micologia MÃdica; assim como avaliar seus atributos de virulÃncia e perfil de sensibilidade a antifÃngicos, in vitro. Para tanto, foram utilizados 28 cepas do complexo C. parapsilosis obtidos de cÃes, psitacÃdeos, rapinantes e camarÃo. Inicialmente foi realizada a fenotipagem das cepas, com base na anÃlise de suas caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas, que as ratificou como C. parapsilosis (lato sensu). A identificaÃÃo molecular das espÃcies foi realizada por PCR-REA. A fim de analisar o perfil de sensibilidade das cepas, empregou-se o teste de microdiluiÃÃo em caldo com anfotericina B, itraconazol, fluconazol, voriconazol e caspofungina, segundo metodologia padronizada pelo M27-A3. CLSI (2008). No tocante aos atributos de virulÃncia, a capacidade da produÃÃo de fosfolipases foi avaliada pelo mÃtodo de cultivo em Ãgar gema de ovo, a produÃÃo de proteases foi analisada atravÃs de cultivo em Ãgar albumina bovina e a formaÃÃo de biofilme foi em microplaca de poliestireno com 96 poÃos. A anÃlise genotÃpica evidenciou 13 C. parapsilosis (stricto sensu), 10 C. orthopsilosis e 05 C. metapsilosis. As concentraÃÃes inibitÃrias mÃnimas (MICs) variaram de 0,125 a 1 μg/mL para anfotericina B, de 0,5 a 16 μg/mL para fluconazol, de 0,03125 a 0,5 μg/mL para itraconazol, de 0,03125 a 0,25 μg/mL para voriconazol e de 0,0625 a 2 μg/mL para caspofungina. Foi observada resistÃncia em 03 cepas de C. parapsilosis (stricto sensu) ao fluconazol e 01 cepa apresentou MIC elevado (2 μg/mL) para caspofungina. No que tange aos isolados de C. orthopsilosis, notou-se que 05 isolados apresentaram MICs elevados (2 μg/mL) para a caspofungina. Enquanto que, 02 isolados de C. metapsilosis revelaram-se resistentes ao fluconazol. Quanto à virulÃncia, todas as cepas foram capazes de formar biofilmes, sendo, 20, 7 e 01, classificadas como produtoras moderadas, fortes e fracas respectivamente. Observou-se, ainda que 23/28 isolados apresentaram atividade proteolÃtica. Por outro lado, nenhuma foi capaz de produzir fosfolipases. Estes dados sinalizam que padrÃes de virulÃncia, patogenicidade sensibilidade antifÃngica, in vitro, podem variar entre as espÃcies do complexo C. parapsilosis. / In the past decades, important changes in the epidemiology of fungal infections have resulted in the frequent isolation of yeasts of the genus Candida. Yeasts of the Candida parapsilosis species complex, for example, have been pointed out as infectious agents and components of the microbiota of animals. Thus, the work aimed at identifying molecularly the strains of the C. parapsilosis species complex recovered from veterinary sources and maintained at the Specialized Medical Mycology Center, as well as evaluating their in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile and attributes of virulence. For such, 28 strains of the C. parapsilosis species complex, recovered from dogs, psittacines, raptors and prawn were assessed. Initially, the strains were phenotypically identified, based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics, which confirmed their identification as C. parapsilosis lato sensu. The molecular identification of the strains was then carried out through PCR-REA. In order to analyze the in vitro antifungal susceptibility, the broth microdilution assay was performed, according to the document M27-A3 of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2008, using amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole and caspofungin. Concerning the virulence attributes, the ability of producing phospholipase was evaluated on egg yolk agar, while protease production was assessed on bovine serum albumin agar, and biofilm formation was tested in 96-well polystyrene microplates. The genotypical analysis identified 13 C. parapsilosis stricto sensu, ten C. orthopsilosis and five C. metapsilosis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations varied from 0.125 to 1 μg/mL foramphotericin B, from 0.03125 to 0.5 μg/mL, for itraconazole, from 0.03125 to 0,25 μg/mL for voriconazole, from 0.5 to 16 μg/mL for fluconazol and from 0.0625 to 2 μg/mL for caspofungin. Fluconazole resistance was observed in three strains of C. parapsilosis stricto sensu and two of C. metapsilosis, while one strain of C. parapsilosis stricto sensu and five C. orthopsilosis presented high MIC values for caspofungin (2 μg/mL). As for the virulence attributes, none of the tested strains produced phospholipases, while 23/28 presented proteolytic activity, and all of the strains produced biofilm, with one weak producer, 20 moderate producers and seven strong producers. These data show that the in vitro antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence attributes vary among species of the C. parapsilosis species complex, which can lead to differences in pathogenicity and therapeutic response.
254

Estudos dos fungos dimÃrficos Coccidioides posadasii e Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum: caracterizaÃÃo laboratorial com Ãnfase no perfil de sensibilidade ao sesquiterpeno farnesol, in vitro / Study of dimorphic fungi Coccidioides posadasii and Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum: laboratory characterization with emphasis in the susceptibility to sesquiterpene farnesol, in vitro.

Rita Amanda Chaves de Lima 13 December 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os fungos dimÃrficos Coccidioides spp. e Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, sÃo os agentes causadores da coccidioidomicose e da histoplasmose, respectivamente, sendo capazes de acometer o homem e outros animais. A genÃtica das populaÃÃes H. capsulatum var. capsulatum tÃm sido caracterizadas mundialmente. Contudo, para Coccidioides spp. ainda hà escassez de estudos de variabilidade genÃtica, especialmente em isolados do Brasil. De modo geral, a terapia antifÃngica contra essas micoses à efetiva, embora em quadros crÃnicos ou disseminados, o tratamento seja muitas vezes, prolongado e difÃcil de tolerar. Ademais, casos refratÃrios e recidivos jà foram descritos. Recentemente, foi demonstrada a capacidade de H. capsulatum de formar biofilme. Pouco se sabe sobre qual o papel desse mecanismo na patogÃnese da histoplasmose e nenhum relato sobre a sensibilidade à antifÃngicos de H. capsulatum em biofilme, foi descrito atà o momento. Na busca por novos compostos com atividade antifÃngica, o sesquiterpeno farnesol tem se destacado por seu efeito inibitÃrio sobre o crescimento de bactÃrias e fungos. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a caracterizaÃÃo molecular de isolados brasileiros de C. posadasii, bem como, determinar o efeito in vitro do farnesol ante aos fungos dimÃrficos C. posadasii e H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, avaliando sua atuaÃÃo sobre o crescimento fÃngico, sensibilidade aos antifÃngicos, permeabilidade celular, produÃÃo de ergosterol e sobre o crescimento em biofilme. Para tanto, cepas de C. posadasii foram avaliadas por meio das tÃcnicas de RAPD e M13-fingerprinting. O mÃtodo de macrodiluiÃÃo foi utilizado para determinar a concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃnima (CIM) de farnesol isolado em combinaÃÃes com antifÃngicos. C. posadasii tambÃm foi submetido quantificaÃÃo do ergosterol apÃs a exposiÃÃo concentraÃÃes sub-inibitÃrias de farnesol. Ademais, a atividade do farnesol ante C. posadasii tambÃm foi avaliada na presenÃa de estresse osmÃtico, induzido por adiÃÃo de NaCl ao meio de cultura, durante os ensaios de sensibilidade. Por fim, cepas de H. capsulatum foram avaliadas na fase filamentosa e na fase leveduriforme, pelo mÃtodo de microdiluiÃÃo com farnesol isolado e em combinaÃÃo com antifÃngicos. A sensibilidade antifÃngica destas drogas tambÃm foi avaliada ante H. capsulatum sob a forma de biofilme. Os resultados de RAPD e M13-fingerprinting mostraram perfis eletroforÃticos semelhantes, mostrando poucos polimorfismos entres os isolados. O farnesol exibiu valores de CIMs baixos, variando de 0,0078-0,0616 ÂM para C. posadasii e de 0,0078-0,0312 para H. capsulatum. As combinaÃÃes de farnesol com antifÃngicos mostraram efeitos sinÃrgicos (FICI ≤ 0,5) em ambas as espÃcies. A quantificaÃÃo de ergosterol, mostrou que a exposiÃÃo a concentraÃÃes sub-inibitÃrias de farnesol diminuiu a quantidade de ergosterol extraÃdo das cÃlulas fÃngicas e CIMâs mais baixos foram encontrados para o farnesol quando as cepas foram submetidas a estresse osmÃtico, indicando que esse composto atua na membrana fÃngica. As combinaÃÃes de farnesol com itraconazol e com anfotericina B apresentaram as maiores porcentagens de reduÃÃo do crescimento fÃngico em biofilme. Em conclusÃo, o farnesol apresentou resultados promissores como agente antifÃngico ante C. posadasii e H. capsulatum, apresentando tambÃm aÃÃo adjuvante aumentando a sensibilidade aos antifÃngicos in vitro. Ademais, este estudo contribuiu para caracterizaÃÃo do perfil de sensibilidade do biofilme de H. capsulatum in vitro, bem como para caracterizaÃÃo genÃtica dos isolados de C. posadasii do Brasil.
255

Estudos de aspectos psicologicos e culturais de familiares de um grupo de pacientes esquizofrenicos frente a doença

Silva, Miguel Antonio de Mello 30 June 1998 (has links)
Orientador: Egberto Ribeiro Turato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T18:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MiguelAntoniodeMello_M.pdf: 6869556 bytes, checksum: 51d9e9efb7bcbc7b93797deb97f18d5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Objetivos: Geral: Aferir e discutir elementos relacionados às informações, atitudes e crenças a respeito da esquizotrenia dentre 11 familiares de pacientes esquizotrênicos atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNlCAMP. Objetivos Específicos: a) averigüar se os familiares estavam adequadamente informados sobre o diagnóstico nosológico, bem como sobre possível etiologia, curso, terapêutica e prognóstico; b) discriminar se as atitudes e crenças deles foram construídas a partir das informações médico-científicas e/ou elementos de fantasias pessoais ou ainda de elementos míticos e culturais; c) agregar material que pudesse ser útil aos profissionais de saúde mental no sentido de proporcionar melhor aconselhamento familiar bem como estimular a criação de associações dedicadas a trabalhar especificamente com famílias que tenham problemas parecidos. Método: Clínico qualitativo com o uso da técnica de entrevistas semi-dirigidas de questões abertas. Foi entrevistada uma amostra quantitativamente não-representativa, numericamente definida por saturação, de 11 familiares de paciente esquizotrênico, selecionada de acordo com o seguintes critérios: 1) ser um parente próximo por pelo menos 1 ano que compartilhe da vida diária do paciente; 2) ser maior de! 8 anos; 3) mostrar condições intelectuais-emocionais mínimas para a entrevista. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi categorizado levando em consideração tanto a trequência como a relevância das partes do discurso. Resultados: 1) Os dados indicam que os profissionais de saúde do campo pesquisado não tinham por prática informar sobre as características da doença e nem sobre demais formas de tratamento além da medicamentosa; 2) os familiares não buscavam informações científicas em outras fontes (literatura médica, por exemplo) e não cruzaram os limites do âmbito mítico de compreensão da doença; 3) A maioria deles ignorava a etiologia e o curso da doença; 4) a etiologia era atribuída fTequentemente aos excessos de: estudo, prática religiosa, pesar, quedas, "choques" alimentares e outros elementos com conotações míticas dentro do meio cultural deles. 5) Os familiares davam importância ao uso de medicações quando elas eram eficazes desde o início dos atendimentos; sendo que quando os pacientes respondiam mal a eles, ocorria um fortalecimento de suas crenças místicas; 6) A psicoterapia não foi mencionada; 7) O aconselhamento familiar de como lidar com o paciente na vida diáJ;ia bem como seu ajuste psicossocial eram escassos e inadequados. Conclusões: É muito provável que os pacientes esquizofTênicos e seus familiares eram mal-conduzidos no campo estudado uma vez que elementos importantes como o aconselhamento familiar sobre a doença e as formas de tratamento eram negligenciados / Abstract: Aims: General: The general aim was to assess and discuss elements related to the informatio~ attitudes and beliefs on schizophrenia among 11 family members of patients at UNICAMP. The specific aims were: a) to assess if the family members had been adequately informed on nosological diagnostic and possible ethiology, course, therapeutics and prognosis; b) to discriminate attitudes and beliefs on schizophrenia were constructed ffom medical-scientific information and/or elements of personal fantasies or also ITom mythic and cultural elements; c) to aggregate helpful material for professionals in mental health field to be able to perform better family counseling and to stimulate the creation of associations dedicated to work especifically with akin families which have similar problems to cope. Method: Clinical-qualitative method, using the technique of semi-g!lided interview with open-ended questions. One quantitative non-representative sample of 11 subjects was interviewed, numerically defined by saturation, in which every subject was a family member of a schizophrenic patient, selected according to the following criteria: 1) to be a dose relative daily coping with the patient for at least one year; 2) to be maj()r-aged (18 years old); 3) to show minimum intellectual and emotional conditions for the interview. The content of interviews were categorized considering. both ffequency and relevance of the discourse.'" Results: 1) Doctors neither inform the members of the families on the diagnostic ofthe disturb in many cases or on other forms oftreatments; 2) family members did .not search for sources of scientific information (medical literature, as an example) neither crossed the boundaries oftheir mythic comprehension. 3) Most ofthem ignored the ethiology and course of the disease; 4) the ethiology was was ffequently attributed, by the subjects, to excesses of study, religion practice, grief, falIs, temperature and foods "shocks" and other elements that may have special mythical conotations in their natural environment; 5) thesubjects used to give more importance to medication when they were efficient since the beginning of the treatments and when the patients did not show better condition, their mythical conceptions were reinforced; 6) Psychotherapy was not mentioned; 7) Family counseling on how to cope with the patient in daily life as welI as their psycho-social adjustment were scarce and inapropriate. Conclusions: . It's very probable that the schizophrenics and their family members were .misconducted in the field of study since importante elements such as family counseling on the disease and the forms of treatments were negJected. They were not enough informed on treatments available and could only spontaneoulsy recognize the importance of drugs on the treatment when they were etfective since the beginning of medical care (some less responsive cases to medication helped to create beliefs of mythical means of treatment). Psychotherapy as a mean of social adiustment was not mentioned. Family counseling how to cope with the patient daily were scarce and . inadequate. Conclusions: It's probablé that schizophrenic patients are misconducted at the field studied since important elements like family counseling on the disturbance and treatment are neglected / Mestrado / Mestre em Saude Mental
256

Estudo do polimorfismo dos genes das citocinas TNFα, IFNγ, TGFβ, IL-6, E IL-10 em hansenÃase / Study of polymorphism of genes of cytokines TNFa, IFN, TGFβ, IL-6, IL-10 in leprosy

Luana Nepomuceno Gondim Costa Lima 09 January 2009 (has links)
As citocinas desempenham um papel importante na resposta imune do hospedeiro contra o M. leprae. Polimorfismos de genes de citocinas tÃm sido implicados como um fator do hospedeiro influenciando a susceptibilidade para doenÃas infecciosas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relaÃÃo entre a hansenÃase e os polimorfismos dos genes TNFα (fator de necrose tumoral-α) -308 G→A; IFNγ (interferon-γ) +874 T→A; IL-6 (interleucina-6) -174 G→C; IL-10 -1082 A→T, -819 C→T, -592 A→C e TGFβ (fator de crescmento tumoral-β) cÃdon 10 e cÃdon 25. O estudo foi realizado com moradores do municÃpio de Sobral com 15 anos ou mais, no Estado do CearÃ, durante o perÃodo de marÃo de 2006 a julho de 2008. Os indivÃduos foram divididos em trÃs grupos. O grupo caso Ãndice foi composto por 46 indivÃduos com hansenÃase. Controles internos foram 110 contactantes que residiam no domicÃlio do caso Ãndice e os controles externos foram 83 indivÃduos que nÃo residiam no mesmo domicÃlio do caso Ãndice. Desses indivÃduos foram coletados 3ml para extraÃÃo de DNA atravÃs do âGenomic Prep Blood DNA Isolation Kitâ (GE Healthcare) e para tipificaÃÃo dos polimorfismos dos genes das citocinas atravÃs do âkitâ da âOne-Lambdaâ (Canoga Park, CA, EUA). TambÃm forma coletados 4,9ml de sangue para detecÃÃo de anticorpos IgM para PGL-I utilizando um teste ELISA. Os dados epidemiolÃgicos e clÃnicos foram obtidos a partir de um questionÃrio aplicado à todos participantes, padronizado para o projeto âEpidemiologia da hansenÃase no CearÃ: aprofundamento dos estudos imuno-epidemiolÃgicosâ, ao qual esse estudo està vinculado. Assim, nÃo foram observadas associaÃÃes significantes entre os polimorfismos dos genes das citocinas estudados e a susceptibilidade à hansenÃase. Em relaÃÃo ao gene IL-10, os indivÃduos com o genÃtipo GCC/GCC apresentaram uma tendÃncia a desenvolver a hansenÃase mais precocemente. Em relaÃÃo aos SNPs do gene IFNγ e TGFβ encontramos uma associaÃÃo do genÃtipo T/T do IFNγ e do genÃtipo T/T G/G do TGFβ com uma predisposiÃÃo à doenÃa em indivÃduos vacinados, podendo ser que indivÃduos com esses genÃtipo nÃo sejam beneficiados com a vacina. Em relaÃÃo aos SNPs do gene IL-6 do grupo de controles internos foi observada uma associaÃÃo entre um considerÃvel aumento do genÃtipo C/C e a positividade para o anti-PGL-I. Dessa forma, o estudo do polimorfismo dos genes das citocinas traz um melhor esclarecimento da relaÃÃo entre a genÃtica do hospedeiro e a hansenÃase, complementando estudos sobre a sua transmissÃo e fatores intra e extra-familiares em suas caracterÃsticas imunolÃgicas.
257

Analise quantitativa dos resultados de escleroterapia com o uso de fotografia digital e um programa de computador

Rocha, Eduardo Faccini 18 December 2001 (has links)
Orientador : João Poterio Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T13:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_EduardoFaccini_M.pdf: 18624948 bytes, checksum: c49eb1713f7d947ed162e9ba7263e95c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Foi desenvolvido um método para avaliação dos resultados da escleroterapia de membros inferiores utilizando-se fotografias digitais para obtenção de imagens. A análise dos resultados foi feita por seis médicos vasculares e por um programa de computador especialmente desenvolvido para quantificar as teleangiectasias. Foram estudados 20 pacientes (23 áreas estudadas) com idade média de 37,5 (21 a 59) anos, todos do sexo feminino, com teleangiectasiasde coxas e classificação de pele de I a III de Fitzpatrick. As fotografias pré e pós-tratamento foram padronizadas quanto a distância, exposição à luz e tempo de abertura do diafragma. A região a ser fotografada foi demarcada em 49cm2 com quatro pontos de tintura que permaneceram durante todo o período em estudo. As sessões de escleroterapia foram feitas com glicose 75% com uma a cinco sessões, no máximo, para cada região demarcada. As fotografias iniciais e finais foram julgadas quanto ao grau de clareamento das teleangiectasias por seis observadores, e as notas foram comparadas com a nota dada por um programa de computador. Não houve diferença estatística entre esses dois tipos de avaliação pré e pós-tratamento. Concluímos que o programa de computador foi adequado em determinar o grau de melhora das teleangiectasias / Abstract: A method of lower-limb sclerotherapy results assessment was developed using digital photos for obtaining images.The results analysis were performed by six vascular doctors and by a computer program uniquely developed for quantifying the telangiectasias. Twenty patients (23 areas), with an average age of 37.5 (21 - 59) years old, were assessed, all women, with thigh telangiectasiaand Fitzpatrick skin types I to III. The photos of the pre and post treatment were standardized as to their distance, light exposure, aperture time and covered a 49 sq cm area assigned by four ink dots, which remained throughout the analysis period. The sclerotherapy sessions were made with 75% glucose, one to tive sessions maximum for each assigned area. The initial and final photos were judged according to the clearing degree of the telangiectasias, by six observers and those degreeing compared to a dregreeing supplied by a computer program. There was no statistical difference between these two types of pre and post-treatment assessment. We concluded that the computer program developed for assessing standardized photos of lower-limb telangiectasia treatment was appropriate to determine the improvement degree of those vessels / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia
258

Cardamonin induces apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via mitochondrial death pathway mediated by caspase-3 and caspase-8 activation, independent of caspase-9 signalling responses

Chiang, Michelle January 2016 (has links)
Nasopharyngeal cancer lies in the upper part of throat behind the nose and near the base of the skull called the nasopharynx. It is more commonly diagnosed in parts of Asia, particularly in the southern China. Five local edible plants from different families; namely curry leaf (Murraya koenigii), temu kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda), spring onion leaf (Allium cepa), mushroom bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and bunga kantan (Phaeomeria imperialis) were macerated to obtain methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane crude extracts. Each crude extract was tested against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HK-1) and normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NP-69) cell lines. All crude extracts from temu kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda) were found to contain flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols. Both methanolic and hexane crude extracts were found to exhibit cytotoxic effects against HK-1 cells but non-toxic against NP-69 cell line. Of all the bioactive compounds previously extracted from B. Rotunda, we have selected four commercially available flavonoids and polyphenols to narrow down our search to one potential anticancer agent. These compounds were tested against HK-1 and NP-69 cell lines for cytotoxicity and it was found that cardamonin exhibits highest cytotoxic effect against HK-1 cells with IC50 of 22 μg/mL. Cardamonin, a naturally occurring chalcone from the rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda (locally known as temu kunci) was found to induce apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HK-1) cell line in vitro. It exhibits a significant cytotoxic effect against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line without affecting normal immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line (NP-69) in MTT assay. Based on these results, HK-1 cell line was treated with IC50 22 μg/mL in time-dependent manner 24, 48 and 72 hrs to further investigate the mechanisms of apoptosis. Apoptotic cells induced by cardamonin were illustrated by change in cellular morphology, increase in G2/M phase population and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, up-regulation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities substantiated the induction of apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathway. Cardamonin leads to a decrease in overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption in mitochondrial membrane potential and drop in intracellular ATP level in HK-1 cells. Present study also revealed up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax and apoptotic signalling factor, cytochrome c resulting in down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. There was no fold change in caspase-9 gene expression level suggesting that HK-1 cellular apoptosis occurred independent of caspase-9. Activation of caspase-3 was directly regulated by caspase-8 and does not require caspase-9. Current findings on the mode of actions of cardamonin suggested its potential application as an anticancer agent against nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Unlocking the potential of novel taxa : a study on Actinoallomurus

Cruz, João Carlos Santos January 2016 (has links)
The discovery of antibiotics has played a significant role in raising public health standards and improving the outcomes for patients with bacterial infections. Unfortunately, drug discovery efforts have not kept pace with emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. This project is part of a discovery programme designed to assess the metabolic potential of Actinoallomurus, a recently described genus within the Actinobacteria. The schedule of work included small-scale fermentations (from 200 strains) followed by bioactivity testing. The most promising positive samples were then subjected to a combination of bioassays with chemical analyses to determine the chemical identity of the active compounds, with the objective of finding novel antibiotics. The Results section is organized in four different but closely related chapters. These present Actinoallomurus as a potential new source for active metabolites. Firstly, by showing, in a sample of around 200 strains, over 40% inhibited antimicrobial growth in the conditions tested but also by adding to the elevated quantity of positive hits a high degree of diversity, with the major biosynthetic pathways being identified whether in the molecules screened or also in the genomes analysed. To illustrate not only the type of metabolites produced by Actinoallomurus, but also the multidisciplinary of Drug Discovery expeditions three chapters characterizing new compounds are presented followed by a genomic characterization of four Actinoallomurus Strains. These three chapters show how the delivery of new potential drug candidates demands an always broader set of diverse tools to be applied. While the three new molecules support not only the ability of Actinoallomurus to produce interesting active metabolites, but also the importance that a proper strain library plays in drug discovery, the genomic analyses predict, as for many other actinomycetes, an even brighter future, since the genetic potential for producing bioactive molecules surpasses the compounds that can be detected under routine cultivation conditions.
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Design and development of novel 'off the shelf' small diameter helical electrospun graft

Parikh, Vijay January 2016 (has links)
There is an acute clinical need for small-calibre (<6 mm) vascular grafts for surgery, but unlike their large counterparts they still fail in long-term clinical application. The failures of small diameter grafts are primarily due to the early formation of thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. Dynamics of blood flow leading to wall shear rate and blood flow pattern and their effect on the endothelial cell proliferation along with other anomalies, have been identified as one of the major deciding factors for the efficiency of grafts. Research has showed that intimal hyperplasia and associated complications which leads to the failure of graft develop preferentially in regions where there is disturbed blood flow haemodynamics which leads to uneven shear stress and turbulence in the flow, followed by flow stagnancy in the periphery of the graft. On the basis of these findings and the established advantages of swirling physiological blood flow, a new graft design having a swirling flow inducer on the inner surface of the graft throughout the axis has been proposed. Initially, different swirling profiles have been analysed using final elemental analysis and compared with conventional or plain grafts. The numerical analysis has revealed that the proposed design could indeed produce the swirling blood flow with much better haemodynamics. These analyses have shown that compared to plain graft, in swirling graft, blood flow velocity near the vessel walls significantly enhanced with uniform distribution of shear stress and thus could theoretically enhance performance of the grafts by providing a "wash away" effect and prevent the plaque formation. Electrospinning has been used to fabricate the proposed design and prototype samples have been produced using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatine. After cross linking, prototype grafts have been tested as per standard protocols and various tests such as; uniaxial tensile tests, bursting strength tests and suture retention test were carried out and results were evaluated and compared with the conventional grafts. Human coronary artery, endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human cardiac myocytes (HCM) were seeded on the helical and plain grafts using surface seeding technique. At various time intervals cell proliferation, viability and morphology were observed in the presence of static and circulating media and results were compared with their conventional counterpart kept under the same conditions. Results obtained showed considerable amount of difference in cell spreading and cell viability in the helical graft as compared to the conventional graft which provided the advantage edge. Also, in the case of helical graft more uniformly in arranged HCAEC were observed with elongated morphology. Pressure myography studies were performed on both grafts and after endothelization, the helical graft proved to be more reliable and capable of withstanding the pressure as compared to conventional counterparts. It is therefore suggested, that the electrospun helical graft designed and fabricated in this work may be an attractive candidate for use as a potential small diameter vascular graft for implantation. This is based on its ability to better regulate haemodynamics of blood flow and support endothelization, albeit in vivo studies are required to fully substantiate the in vitro results.

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