The main aim of this thesis centred on what made effective professional development programs. As a particular case study data was collected on those programs sponsored by the Melbourne Catholic Education Office. Teachers from three schools in the North Western Metropolitan Zone of Melbourne, Australia, the principals from the three participating schools and training staff from the Catholic Education Office in Melbourne became the subjects of the study. The data collected from questionnaires was analysed in order to ascertain whether there were any common trends as to what the teachers thought was needed in effective professional development programs. The interviews with the participating principals and training staff were taped and later analysed in order to determine what they believed was the purpose of professional development and whether the programs currently being offered were effective. In addition, a list of characteristics of effective professional development was developed from the relevant research literature. The analysis of the above data was used to develop a model of effective professional development. The design of this model is cyclical. A main characteristic of the model promotes the reflection by both the participants and the training providers on what has occurred during the program and this process of reflection contributes in later development of programs in similar areas. It was also concluded that the needs and expectations from professional development of teachers and principals were different to what has been expected in past research projects. Both the teachers and principals expected that they would not be solely immersed in theory or in activities that may be used in the classroom. Instead they hoped to gain a knowledge of activities that are based on theory and develop an understanding of how these activities may be used and how they will assist in student learning. Hence, the link between the theory and its application was believed by teachers and principals to be of primary importance in professional development in order to maintain high teaching practices and in turn result in improved student learning.

Ever since its promulgation, in the late 1960s, the curriculum document entitled The Melbourne Religious Education Guidelines for Primary Students in the Archdiocese of Melbourne has attracted strong criticism from various members of the Roman Catholic community. This adverse criticism has prompted me to undertake an evaluation of the 1984 edition of this document. To enable me to analyze the document, both theologically and educationally, I have constructed classifications of theologies and education models. These classifications have been used to identify the dominant theological basis of the suggested curriculum and the religious education model used in its implementation. My analysis established that the theological basis of the document was Propositional, tempered by some of the characteristics of Heilsgeschichte theology. The content of the program contained both secular and religious material but, since they were not integrated, they gave the impression of two separate syllabi, used independently of each other. The methodology commenced with the students' experience but proceeded to the transmission of doctrinal religious knowledge. The language used in the expression of aims and goals contained characteristics of Heilsgeschichte theology and the Kerygmatic model of religious education. It was, therefore, seen to be in tension with the teaching methodology which emphasized transmission of doctrine, thus causing internal tensions and inconsistencies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status and treatment needs of elderly persons living in residential institutions in Melbourne. A total of 175 elderly persons aged 65 years and over were selected from 20 hostels located within a 10 km radius of the Melbourne GPO. A two stage field design was used to collect data. First, subjects were interviewed using a standard questionnaire, then clinical examinations were performed using a fiber optic light, plane mouth mirror, dental probe and periodontal probe. Coronal caries (DMFT), root caries (R-DF), periodontal status (CPITN), denture status, and treatment needs were assessed. The mean age of the subjects was 83.7 (sd 7.2) years. Eighty per cent were female and 20% were male.

The water industry in Melbourne is facing a range of challenges associated with a notoriously varying climate and population growth. As a response to this, new water entitlement arrangements were introduced in 2014, seeking to promote a more integrated water cycle management. Melbourne’s three water retail corporations and four regional urban water corporations were assigned so called Delivery Bulk Entitlements, giving each of them the right to an individually quantified volume of water and the responsibility to manage that water. As a part of this, it was also decided that the actors are allowed to trade water. According to economic theory, having a water market like this is likely to promote a more efficient water system – at least from an economic point of view. However, the overall aim of the water system management is not only to promote efficiency but also to provide affordable, secure water supplies and enable for a water system supporting liveability and sustainability while protecting the environment and public health. Recognising this and also the limited experiences from water trading in urban settings, the aim of the present study was to explore and review the risks (i.e. opportunities and threats) associated with the new water trading scheme in Melbourne. By performing interviews with industry representatives in combination with a literature review, features of water trading that could potentially affect the possibility to attain the objectives of the Melbourne water system management were identified. While confirming that the possibility to trade indeed offers an opportunity to improve allocative as well as productive and dynamic efficiency, it was also recognised that this brings about opportunities as well as threats in relation to liveability, environmental health, security and, potentially, affordability. For example, there could be ideological and/or religious opposition towards treating water as a commodity and considering the essentiality of the water services provided by the bulk entitlement holders, anything affecting their operations could be seen to affect the liveability and sustainability of Melbourne. However, there are currently little to no room for trading to directly affect the costumers’ costs for water since the prices are regulated and predetermined. By increasing efficiency, trading could potentially defer the next major water augmentation, which nevertheless would be positive in this regard. Furthermore, it offers a way to redistribute the available water after a disturbance, which is positive in relation to the water security. Currently, the lack of security frameworks guiding any trading activities is however problematic not only in relation to this but also since it basically keeps any trades from happening and thereby limits the scope for a market altogether. As regards the environment, trading brings with it an opportunity to solve a potential overallocation problem as well as a way for the environmental water holder to acquire additional water for the environment and to readjust its water holdings and get around delivery constraints. However, trading among other actors also potentially brings with it unwanted effects due to a change in quantity and/or quality of the water flows. Additionally, it may encourage entitlement holders to sell of water that would otherwise have been left unused. It should be emphasised that the present study did not seek to provide a complete risk assessment but to offer an initial mapping and understanding of opportunities and threats. From this, it also made some brief recommendations about how some of the identified barriers such as the low number of market participants and the current need for trades to get ministerial approval potentially could be overcome. All in all, although the scope for having a market in Melbourne could be questioned due to a number of factors (currently) keeping the low number of entitlement holders from trading, this study suggests that water trading could be both positive and negative in relation to the overall objectives of the water system government. Thus, the key is to develop a water market seeking to promote the identified opportunities while mitigating the threats, indeed giving the water corporations in Melbourne the possibility to use the new management tool for managing their respective demand and supply balances without compromising the level of service towards their customers. / Aktörerna som ansvarar för Melbournes vattenförsörjning står inför en rad utmaningar kopplade till ett mycket omväxlande klimat och en kraftig befolkningstillväxt. I ett försök att främja ett holistiskt och mer integrerat förhållningssätt där alla möjligheter tas i beaktande infördes under 2014 ett nytt sätt att organisera rättigheterna till vatten. De sju statligt ägda företag i Melbourne som distribuerar vatten till privatkunder och företag tilldelades så kallade ”Bulk Delivery Entitlements” som ger var och en av dem rätt till en individuellt kvantifierad mängd vatten och även ansvar för dess förvaltning. Som ett led i detta möjliggjordes även för aktörerna att handla med vattnet, något som enligt ekonomisk teori torde främja effektivitet – i alla fall utifrån ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Det övergripande målet för vattenförsörjningen gäller dock inte bara effektivitetsnivån utan tar även hänsyn till pris och säkerhet och söker främja beboelighet (”liveability”) och hållbarhet samtidigt som miljön och folkhälsan skyddas. Utifrån detta och med tanke på de begränsade erfarenheterna av vattenhandel i urban miljö var syftet med denna studie att undersöka och granska de risker (i form av möjligheter och hot) som kan associeras med att ha en vattenmarknad i Melbourne. Genom att genomföra intervjuer med företrädare för industrin och kombinera detta med en litteraturstudie identifierades aspekter kopplade till vattenhandel som kan komma att påverka potentialen att nå målen för hur Melbournes vattensystem ska förvaltas. Studien bekräftar att en vattenmarknad troligen verkligen erbjuder möjlighet till ökad allokativ, produktiv och dynamisk effektivitet, men identifierade också en rad möjligheter och hot i förhållande till (social) hållbarhet, miljö, säkerhet och kostnadsbild. Till exempel kan det finnas ideologiskt och/eller religiöst grundat motstånd mot att se vatten som en handelsvara. Dessutom, med tanke på hur fundamentala de tjänster som tillhandahålls av de inblandade företagen är, kan det argumenteras för att vad som än påverkar dessa företags verksamhet är relevant i förhållande till social hållbarhet. Det finns för närvarande dock inget direkt utrymme för vattenhandeln att påverka kundernas kostnader för vatten eftersom priserna är på förhand reglerade. Genom att öka effektiviteten kan en vattenmarknad dock vara delaktig i att skjuta upp nästa stora utbyggnad av vattenförsörjningen, vilket skulle vara positivt ur detta avseende. Därtill erbjuder en vattenmarknad ett sätt att omfördela det tillgängliga vattnet efter en störning, vilket är positivt med tanke på försörjningssäkerheten. För närvarande är dock bristen på säkerhetsföreskrifter i förhållande till handelsaktiviteter problematiskt inte bara i förhållande till säkerhetsnivån utan även med tanke på att det avhåller vattenföretagen från att genomföra någon handel alls och därmed begränsar möjligheten att omsätta både möjligheter och hot. När det gäller miljöhänsyn erbjuder vattenhandel en möjlighet att lösa en eventuell situation där för mycket vatten avleds från naturen till försörjningsnätet. Dessutom kan den aktör som ansvarar för det vatten som avsatts för miljöändamål förvärva ytterligare vatten, justera sitt vatteninnehav och komma runt fysiska leveransbegräsningar. Handel mellan andra aktörer medför dock hot om en förändring i kvantitet och/eller kvalitet hos vattenflöden, något som kan komma att ha negativ miljöpåverkan. Dessutom kan en vattenmarknad medföra att vatten som tidigare lämnats orört nu istället säljs för konsumtionsändamål. Det bör understrykas att denna studie inte gör något anspråk på att erbjuda en fullständig riskutvärdering utan snarare en första kartläggning av och förståelse för möjligheter och hot.  Utifrån detta formulerades även förslag på hur några av de identifierade barriärerna, bland annat det låga antalet marknadsdeltagare och det nuvarande kravet på att handelsavtal godkänns av en minister, skulle kunna övervinnas. Sammantaget föreslår denna studie att vattenhandel kan vara både positivt och negativt i förhållande till de övergripande målen för förvaltningen av vattensystemet, även om utrymmet för en marknad i Melbourne kan ifrågasättas med tanke på en rad faktorer som för närvarande medför att det låga antalet potentiella marknadsdeltagare faktiskt avstår från att handla. Nyckeln till att utveckla Melbournes vattenmarknad ligger i att främja möjligheterna och begränsa inverkan från hoten så att vattenföretagen i Melbourne verkligen kan utnyttja möjligheten att använda detta nya verktyg för att hantera sina respektive vattenbalanser, utan att äventyra servicenivån gentemot kunderna.

The thesis is in three major sections, plus a brief conclusion. The first section provides essentail background by describing the care of the mentally ill in England and New South Wales (including the Port Phillip district) in the period prior to the establishment of Yarra Bend Lunatic Asylum in 1848. The second section is a chronological history of Yarra Bend, particularly focusing on the period from its inception in 1848 until the Royal Commission of 1884; with some extension to describe the other psychiatric services within Victoria during the same period.The third section discusses at length a number of key issues identified within the chronological history.

In 1879 the British Colony of New South Wales hosted the first international exhibition in the Southern Hemisphere. This was immediately followed by the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880 in the colony of Victoria and the success of these exhibitions inspired the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, which was held in 1888 to celebrate the centenary of white settlement in Australia. My thesis is that these international exhibitions had a profound impact on the development of our cities, the evolution of an Australian ethos and the gaining of nationhood. The immense popularity and comprehensive nature of the exhibitions made them the only major events in late nineteenth-century Australia that brought the people together in an almost universally shared experience. The exhibitions conveyed official ideologies from the organising elites to ordinary people and encouraged the dissemination of new cultural sentiments, political aspirations, and moral and educational ideals. Many exhibition commissioners, official observers and ideologues were also predominantly involved in the Federation movement and the wider cultural sphere. The international exhibitions assisted the development of an Australian urban ethos, which to a large extent replaced the older pastoral / frontier image. Many of the more enduring ideas emanating from the exhibitions were physically expressed in the consequent development of our cities ??? particularly Sydney and Melbourne, both of which had achieved metropolitan status and global significance by the end of the nineteenth century. The new urban ethos, dramatically triggered by Sydney 1879, combined with and strengthened the national aspirations and sentiments of the Federation movement. Thus the exhibitions created an immediate connection between colonial pride in urban development and European and American ideals of nation building. They also created an increasing cultural sophistication and a growing involvement in social movements and political associations at the national level. The international exhibitions, more than any other single event, convinced the colonials that they were all Australians together and that their destiny was to be united as one nation. At that time, Australians began to think about national objectives. The exhibitions not only promulgated national sentiment and a new ethos, but also provided opportunities for independent colonial initiatives, inter-colonial cooperation and a more equal position in the imperial alliance. Thus they became a powerful impetus, hitherto unrecognised, for the complex of social, political and economic developments that made Federation possible.

The thesis studies history-making in Melbourne’s central civic sphere, from its emergence in the 1880s to its decline in the 1930s. It identifies public history’s major themes and forms, and the relationships between them, based on four main cases of history-making: the articulation of the past and history in Melbourne’s 1888 Centennial International Exhibition; the historical backgrounds, development, unveilings and partial after-lives of Sir Redmond Barry’s statue, unveiled in Swanston Street in 1887, and the Eight Hours’ Day monument, unveiled in Carpentaria Place in 1903; and history-making around Victoria’s 1934-1935 Centenary Celebrations, with special emphasis on the Shrine of Remembrance and a detailed study of Cooks’ Cottage.

This thesis aimed to study the perspectives of religious education coordinators’ in secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Melbourne regarding their management of a particular curriculum change in religious education. The change in question involved a “top down” (Morris, 1995) change to a “text-based curriculum” (Pell, 2001) directed by the Archbishop of Melbourne, who is responsible for religious education in Catholic schools throughout the Archdiocese. Situated within a qualitative paradigm this research utilised grounded theory as a means to identify and analyse the theory generated from interviews with religious education coordinators who were responsible for managing the change. The emergent categories were used to generate new theory in relation to how religious education coordinators managed the curriculum change. Key theories generated from this study included factors that impeded the change such as an inability to understand the theoretical position underpinning the curriculum innovation, and inadequate qualifications to teach religious education. It also generated theory about factors that assisted the management of this change such as time to reflect on practice, and support from school leadership teams. The theory generated was analysed against the existing knowledge about curriculum change in education, textbook use and leadership in religious education. A distinguishing aspect of this research is that it linked the general literature on educational change as it applies to curriculum change, with curriculum change in religious education.The study also proposed some recommendations for future directions and practices concerning the management of curriculum change in religious education in Catholic schools.

Melbourne was the obvious choice as a prototype of a nineteenth century colonial city in the following study in urban history. It succeeded early to a pre-eminent position within Victoria, indeed of the entire Australian continent and its position of supremacy went unchallenged until the twentieth century. It was never seriously threatened by the claims of rival cities such as Ballarat, Sandhurst or Geelong. In this respect, Melbourne was a classic primate city with a whole-state hinterland and was justly described as "the commercial metropolis of the South". Its favourable geographic location, centrally placed between eastern and western halves of the colony, together with its position at the northern end of Port Phillip Bay provided the logical point of convergance for a railway network spanning the reaches of the interior. This gave a nodal quality to the city which made it the sole effective input-output point for all commerce with the mainland interior.(For complete abstract open document)

This study considers how environmental concerns helped shape Melbourne's public parkland in the period 1850-1920, when Melbourne's first parks were developed and during which ecology began to replace natural history as the determinant of environmental thought. Theories propounded by such figures as Alexander von Humboldt and George Perkins Marsh profoundly influenced land management around the world during this period, and by relating specific parkland developments to professional and popular ideas about the environment the study aims to place the parkland in an international context. Previous research has given little thought to the effect of environmental thought on Melbourne's parks, except for Ferdinand von Mueller's development of the Melbourne Botanic Garden where the influence is evident. Such influence has not been considered in Clement Hodgkinson's contemporaneous development of the city's other parks and gardens even though, like Mueller, Hodgkinson was closely involved with environmental issues of the day. The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, of which Mueller was a member, has long been credited with influencing Wattle Park's development early in the 20th century, although there is little critical analysis of the extent to which it was able to bring popular concerns about the environment to bear on park design. The relationship between Mueller's environmental views and actions and his development of the Botanic Garden is discussed first. Connections are then made between Hodgkinson's early experiences as a surveyor, his later work as Victoria's foremost land manager, his association with Mueller, and his design of Melbourne's first parks and gardens. Finally, the FNCV's involvement in park development is examined while exploring the changing nature of environmental thought. Clearly, environmental thought did influence the development of some parkland, but only those reserves administered by Mueller and Hodgkinson and only while the two men remained in control. The success of the FNCV in influencing the future direction of any Melbourne park or garden is not so easily discernible, with little evidence that the Club played an important role in Wattle Park's development.