Evidências de estudos genético-epidemiológicos têm demonstrado a existência de um fator de risco genético para o desenvolvimento da esquizofrenia. Na presente Tese, um total de 245 pacientes com esquizofrenia e 834 controles foi selecionado com o objetivo de investigar a diferença na distribuição de alelos e genótipos de seis polimorfismos de quatro diferentes genes do sistema dopaminérgico nesses dois grupos: 1. TaqI A1/A2 do DRD2 - rs1800497; 2. -141C (Ins/Del) do DRD2 - rs1799732; 3. Ser-9-Gly do DRD3 - rs6280; 4. VNTR da região 3´ não-codificadora do SLC6A3; 5. A1343G do SLC6A3 - rs6347; 6. A/G da região 3´ não-codificadora do COMT - rs165599. Os resultados mostraram associação dos polimorfismos -141C (Ins/Del) do DRD2 (rs1799732) e A1343G do SLC6A3 (rs6347) com esquizofrenia na amostra investigada. / Evidences from genetic epidemiological studies have demonstrated the existence of a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. In the present work a total of 245 schizophrenic patients and 834 controls were selected to investigate differences in the allelic and genotypic distribution of six polymorphisms from four different genes of the dopaminergic system between the groups: 1. TaqI A1/A2 of the DRD2 - rs1800497; 2. -141C (Ins/Del) of the DRD2 - rs1799732; 3. Ser-9-Gly of the DRD3 - rs6280; 4. VNTR in the 3\'-untranslated region of the SLC6A3; 5. A1343G of the SLC6A3 - rs6347; 6. A/G in the 3\'-untranslated region of the COMT - rs165599. The results have found an association of the polymorphisms -141C (Ins/Del) of the DRD2 (rs1799732) and A1343G of the SLC6A3 (rs6347) with schizophrenia in the investigated sample.

Evidências de estudos genético-epidemiológicos têm demonstrado a existência de um fator de risco genético para o desenvolvimento da esquizofrenia. Na presente Tese, um total de 245 pacientes com esquizofrenia e 834 controles foi selecionado com o objetivo de investigar a diferença na distribuição de alelos e genótipos de seis polimorfismos de quatro diferentes genes do sistema dopaminérgico nesses dois grupos: 1. TaqI A1/A2 do DRD2 - rs1800497; 2. -141C (Ins/Del) do DRD2 - rs1799732; 3. Ser-9-Gly do DRD3 - rs6280; 4. VNTR da região 3´ não-codificadora do SLC6A3; 5. A1343G do SLC6A3 - rs6347; 6. A/G da região 3´ não-codificadora do COMT - rs165599. Os resultados mostraram associação dos polimorfismos -141C (Ins/Del) do DRD2 (rs1799732) e A1343G do SLC6A3 (rs6347) com esquizofrenia na amostra investigada. / Evidences from genetic epidemiological studies have demonstrated the existence of a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. In the present work a total of 245 schizophrenic patients and 834 controls were selected to investigate differences in the allelic and genotypic distribution of six polymorphisms from four different genes of the dopaminergic system between the groups: 1. TaqI A1/A2 of the DRD2 - rs1800497; 2. -141C (Ins/Del) of the DRD2 - rs1799732; 3. Ser-9-Gly of the DRD3 - rs6280; 4. VNTR in the 3\'-untranslated region of the SLC6A3; 5. A1343G of the SLC6A3 - rs6347; 6. A/G in the 3\'-untranslated region of the COMT - rs165599. The results have found an association of the polymorphisms -141C (Ins/Del) of the DRD2 (rs1799732) and A1343G of the SLC6A3 (rs6347) with schizophrenia in the investigated sample.

Stress has been reported to activate the locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system. In this study, corticosterone (CORT) was orally administrated to rats for 21 days to mimic stress status. In situ hybridization measurements showed that CORT ingestion significantly increased mRNA levels of norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in the LC region. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting revealed that CORT treatment also increased protein levels of NET and DBH in the LC, as well as NET protein levels in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex and the amygdala. However, CORT-induced increase in DBH protein levels only appeared in the hippocampus and the amygdala. Elevated NET and DBH expression in most of these areas (except for NET protein levels in the LC) was abolished by simultaneous treatment with combination of corticosteroid receptor antagonist mifepristone and spironolactone (s.c. for 21 days). Also, treatment with mifepristone alone prevented CORT-induced increases of NET expression and DBH protein levels in the LC. In addition, behavioral tasks showed that CORT ingestion facilitated escape in avoidance trials using an elevated T-maze, but interestingly, there was no significant effect on the escape trial. Corticosteroid receptor antagonists failed to counteract this response in CORT-treated rats. In the open-field task, CORT treatment resulted in less activity in a defined central zone compared to controls and corticosteroid receptor antagonist treatment alleviated this increase. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that chronic exposure to CORT results in a phenotype that mimics stress-induced alteration of noradrenergic phenotypes, but the effects on behavior are task dependent. As the sucrose consumption test strongly suggests CORT ingestion-induced depression-like behavior, further elucidation of underlying mechanisms may improve our understanding of the correlation between stress and the development of depression.

Previous research regarding aquatic acidification has examined the protonation of the carbonate and does not consider calcium to be a limiting factor. This is the first study to suggest that pH may affect the uptake of calcium in crustacean gills. This project describes ion transport mechanisms present in the cell membranes of white river shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus gill epithelium, and the effects of pH on the uptake of calcium by these means. Partially purified membrane vesicles (PPMV) of shrimp gills were prepared through a homogenization process that has been used previously to define ion transport in crab and lobster gill tissues. In the current study, shrimp gill PPMV calcium uptake at 50 µM, and 250 µM was greatest at pH 7.0 (p=0.01, p=0.0001). A valinomycin/K+ induced membrane potential (PD) at pH 7.0 significantly increased (p=0.003) calcium uptake from that observed in the absence of a PD. An induced PD at pH 8.0 significantly increased (p=0.003) calcium uptake from that observed in the absence of a PD, however, was not significantly greater than uptake at pH 7.0 in the presence of a PD (p=0.05). Amiloride (2mM) treatments, and amiloride (2mM) + verapamil (100µM) cocktail treatments showed significant decrease in calcium uptake from the control (p=0.03), however, they were not different from each other. This indicates an electrogenic carrier with two driving forces: calcium concentration, and asymmetric exchange stoichiometry.

vi Title: Biochemical and mechanical processes in synovial fluid - modeling, mathematical analysis and computational simulations Author: Petra Pustějovská (petra.pustejovska@karlin.mff.cuni.cz) Department: Matematický ústav UK, Univerzita Karlova v Praze Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Heidelberg Supervisors: prof. RNDr. Josef Málek CSc., DSc. (malek@karlin.mff.cuni.cz) Matematický ústav UK, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Willi Jäger (jaeger@iwr.uni-heidelberg.de) Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Heidelberg Abstract: Synovial fluid is a polymeric liquid which generally behaves as a viscoelastic fluid due to the presence of polysaccharide molecules called hyaluronan. In this thesis, we study the biological and biochemical properties of synovial fluid, its complex rheology and interaction with synovial membrane during filtration process. From the mathematical point of view, we model the synovial fluid as a viscous incompressible fluid for which we develop a novel generalized power-law fluid model wherein the power-law exponent depends on the concentration of the hyaluronan. Such a model is adequate to describe the flows of synovial fluid as long as it is not subjected to instantaneous stimuli. Moreover, we try to find a suitable linear viscoelastic model...

Endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates neuronal plasma membrane protein presentation and activity, and plays a central role in excitability and plasticity. Over the course of my dissertation research I investigated endocytic mechanisms regulating two neuronal membrane proteins: the anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, as well as the psychostimulant-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT). My results indicate that KCNK3 internalizes in response to Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation, using a novel pathway that requires the phosphoserine binding protein, 14-3-3β, and demonstrates for the first time regulated KCNK3 channel trafficking in neurons. Additionally, PKC-mediated KCNK3 trafficking requires a non-canonical endocytic motif, which is shared exclusively between KCNK3 and sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporters, such as DAT. DAT trafficking studies in intact ex vivo adult striatal slices indicate that DAT endocytic trafficking has both dynamin-dependent and –independent components. Moreover, DAT segregates into two populations at the neuronal plasma membrane: trafficking-competent and -incompetent. Taken together, these results demonstrate that novel, non-classical endocytic mechanisms dynamically control the plasma membrane presentation of these two important neuronal proteins.

Le syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (SDRA) est une forme de défaillance respiratoire sévère, cause majeure de mortalité (~30-45%) chez les adultes et enfants dans les unités de soins intensifs. En dépit des progrès dans la prise en charge du patient, il n’existe à ce jour aucun traitement curatif pharmacologique efficace. Le SDRA peut se développer à la suite d’une atteinte pulmonaire directe (ex. pneumonie) ou indirecte (ex. septicémie) dont les principales caractéristiques sont des lésions épithéliales alvéolaires et endothéliales vasculaires, le développement d’un oedème pulmonaire et une réponse inflammatoire exacerbée durant la phase aiguë exsudative. La résolution de ces paramètres est critique afin d’éviter l’établissement irréversible de fibrose, entraînant une défaillance respiratoire. Le caractère hétérogène du SDRA et l’implication d’une multitude de mécanismes lésionnels rendent le développement de nouvelles thérapies plus difficile. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la restauration de l’intégrité épithéliale, en parallèle de la résolution de l’inflammation et la résorption de l’oedème, est critique pour la résolution de la phase exsudative du SDRA. Nous avons donc postulé que des stratégies combinant des effets bénéfiques sur la clairance liquidienne et proréparatrice constitueraient une voie intéressante pour la restauration de l’intégrité fonctionnelle de l’épithélium alvéolaire. L’objectif général de mon projet de doctorat était donc d’évaluer différentes stratégies, ciblant 1) l’inflammation, 2) le canal sodique ENaC impliqué dans la clairance liquidienne et 3) les canaux potassiques ayant un rôle pro-réparateur, avec des modèles complémentaires in vivo de lésions aiguës induites, mimant des paramètres de SDRA. Nous pensons que cette étude aura apporté de nouvelles connaissances sur la physiopathologie du SDRA et les mécanismes de résolution des paramètres caractéristiques de ce syndrome. Mon projet met particulièrement en lumière que de cibler une seule composante telle que l’inflammation ou la clairance liquidienne n’est pas suffisante et que des composés permettant de restaurer l’intégrité fonctionnelle alvéolaire sont nécessaires. / Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of respiratory failure, a leading cause of death (~30-45%) among adults and children in intensive care units. Despite advances in the management and care of ARDS patients, there is currently no effective curative pharmacological treatment. The ARDS can develop following a direct (e.g. pneumonia) or indirect (e.g. sepsis) lung injury, the main features of which are alveolar epithelial and endothelial vascular injury, the development of pulmonary edema, and an exacerbated inflammatory response during the exsudative acute phase. The resolution of these parameters is critical to avoid the irreversible establishment of fibrosis leading to respiratory failure. The heterogeneous nature of ARDS and the involvement of various lesional mechanisms complicate the development of new therapeutic strategies. We hypothesized that the epithelial restoration, in parallel with inflammatory resolution and edema resorption, is critical for the resolution of the acute exsudative phase of ARDS. Therefore, we postulated that strategies combining beneficial effects on fluid clearance and pro repair may be an interesting way to restore the functional integrity of the alveolar epithelium. The general objective of my PhD project was to evaluate different strategies targeting 1) the inflammation, 2) the sodium channel ENaC involved in fluid clearance, and 3) potassium channels playing pro repair role, using complementary in vivo models of acute lung injury mimicking ARDS parameters. We believe that these studies have provided new insight on the pathophysiology of ARDS and the mechanisms of resolution of the characteristic parameters of this syndrome. In particular, my project highlights that focusing on a single component such as inflammation or fluid clearance is not sufficient and that compounds will restore functional alveolar integrity are needed.