Thesis (Ph, .D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Uma criança que não desenvolve a linguagem oral é privada de um dos instrumentos mais fundamentais para atingir o amadurecimento completo como ser humano. O emprego dos recursos da Comunicação Alternativa, envolvendo gestos manuais, expressões faciais e corporais, símbolos gráficos e voz digitalizada ou sintetizada, possibilita a comunicação face a face desta criança. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral verificar os efeitos da introdução da Comunicação Alternativa nas interações entre alunos, professores e profissionais de uma escola especial destinada a indivíduos com deficiência mental e deficiência múltipla. A pesquisa, com duração de um ano letivo, composta por três estudos, teve como participantes oito alunos, a professora da turma, que era também a pesquisadora, e uma merendeira. Foram utilizados os sistemas gráficos de Comunicação Alternativa, fundamentados nos procedimentos do ensino naturalístico de Warren e Rogers-Warren. Os três estudos, conduzidos por um delineamento quase experimental de sujeito como seu próprio controle, foram compostos por três fases cada um: linha de base, ensino e follow-up. Todas as sessões foram gravadas em vídeo tape para posterior transcrição. No primeiro estudo, conduzido em 11 sessões experimentais, os alunos foram ensinados a empregar os cartões pictográficos para solicitar permissão para satisfazer necessidades básicas, como ir ao refeitório, ao banheiro, beber água, ouvir música, etc., ou para desempenhar determinadas atividades na sala de aula. No segundo, desenvolvido em 56 sessões experimentais, eles foram ensinados a usar o sistema pictográfico para selecionar os itens de sua refeição, que, anteriormente, eram-lhes oferecidos sem possibilidade de escolha. Neste estudo, a merendeira também foi ensinada a favorecer o uso do sistema pelos alunos. Finalmente, no terceiro estudo, conduzido em 10 sessões experimentais, o sistema pictográfico foi utilizado pelos alunos para favorecer a participação ativa na contagem de histórias pela professora, assim como responder perguntas de compreensão destas histórias. Com efeito, os alunos passaram a fazer uso do sistema de Comunicação Alternativa Ampliada (CAA) para comunicar seus desejos e pensamentos a seus próprios colegas, assim como aos professores, diretores e funcionários da instituição escolar. A possibilidade de se comunicar por meio do sistema pareceu encorajá-los a se expressarem intencionalmente também com vocalizações e verbalizações. A análise dos dados indicou a eficácia do ensino naturalístico para instalação e manutenção do emprego do sistema pictográfico associado a outras modalidades de comunicação a gestual, a vocal e a verbal nas atividades propostas. / A child who is unable to speak is certainly deprived from an essential ability to reach the complete development as a human being. The use of Alternative Communication resources as manual gestures, facial and body expressions, graphic symbols and digitalized or synthesized voice make face-to-face communication possible. The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the effects of the introduction of Alternative Communication resources in the social interaction of students, teachers and other professionals from a special school for mentally retarded and multiple handicapped children and youth. The research, which lasted a whole school year and was composed by three studies, involved ten pupils, the classroom teacher, and waiter as subjects. The introduction of the Alternative Communication graphic systems was conducted through the use of incidental teaching procedures (Warren e Rogers Warren, 1985). A quasi-experimental single subject research design was employed in the three studies, which were composed by three-phases: baseline, teaching and follow-up. All experimental sessions were recorded in videotape and were transcribed verbatim. In the first study, developed in 11 experimental sessions, the students were taught to employ pictograms to ask for permission not only to attend basic needs, such as, going to the school cafeteria, to the bathroom, to drink water, to listen to music, etc, but also to perform certain activities in the classroom. In the second study, which involved 56 sessions, the students were taught to use the graphic system to select food items at snack time. Prior to the study, these students were not allowed to choose food items at the mealtime. In this study, the waiter was also taught to facilitate the use of graphic symbols by the students. Finally, in the third study, conducted in 10 experimental sessions, the pictograms were employed to favor students active participation during the story telling time, as well as, their answers to questions designed to evaluate their comprehension about the stories. In fact, the students turned out to use the alternative communication system to express their desires and thoughts to their peers, as well as to their teachers and schools personnel. It seems that the possibility to use the pictograms has encouraged them to intentionally communicate with both vocal and verbal responses. Data analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of the incidental teaching procedures to both acquisitions maintenance of using graphic symbols associated to other communication modes, such as gestures, vocalizations, and verbalizations during the proposed school activities.

Uma criança que não desenvolve a linguagem oral é privada de um dos instrumentos mais fundamentais para atingir o amadurecimento completo como ser humano. O emprego dos recursos da Comunicação Alternativa, envolvendo gestos manuais, expressões faciais e corporais, símbolos gráficos e voz digitalizada ou sintetizada, possibilita a comunicação face a face desta criança. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral verificar os efeitos da introdução da Comunicação Alternativa nas interações entre alunos, professores e profissionais de uma escola especial destinada a indivíduos com deficiência mental e deficiência múltipla. A pesquisa, com duração de um ano letivo, composta por três estudos, teve como participantes oito alunos, a professora da turma, que era também a pesquisadora, e uma merendeira. Foram utilizados os sistemas gráficos de Comunicação Alternativa, fundamentados nos procedimentos do ensino naturalístico de Warren e Rogers-Warren. Os três estudos, conduzidos por um delineamento quase experimental de sujeito como seu próprio controle, foram compostos por três fases cada um: linha de base, ensino e follow-up. Todas as sessões foram gravadas em vídeo tape para posterior transcrição. No primeiro estudo, conduzido em 11 sessões experimentais, os alunos foram ensinados a empregar os cartões pictográficos para solicitar permissão para satisfazer necessidades básicas, como ir ao refeitório, ao banheiro, beber água, ouvir música, etc., ou para desempenhar determinadas atividades na sala de aula. No segundo, desenvolvido em 56 sessões experimentais, eles foram ensinados a usar o sistema pictográfico para selecionar os itens de sua refeição, que, anteriormente, eram-lhes oferecidos sem possibilidade de escolha. Neste estudo, a merendeira também foi ensinada a favorecer o uso do sistema pelos alunos. Finalmente, no terceiro estudo, conduzido em 10 sessões experimentais, o sistema pictográfico foi utilizado pelos alunos para favorecer a participação ativa na contagem de histórias pela professora, assim como responder perguntas de compreensão destas histórias. Com efeito, os alunos passaram a fazer uso do sistema de Comunicação Alternativa Ampliada (CAA) para comunicar seus desejos e pensamentos a seus próprios colegas, assim como aos professores, diretores e funcionários da instituição escolar. A possibilidade de se comunicar por meio do sistema pareceu encorajá-los a se expressarem intencionalmente também com vocalizações e verbalizações. A análise dos dados indicou a eficácia do ensino naturalístico para instalação e manutenção do emprego do sistema pictográfico associado a outras modalidades de comunicação a gestual, a vocal e a verbal nas atividades propostas. / A child who is unable to speak is certainly deprived from an essential ability to reach the complete development as a human being. The use of Alternative Communication resources as manual gestures, facial and body expressions, graphic symbols and digitalized or synthesized voice make face-to-face communication possible. The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the effects of the introduction of Alternative Communication resources in the social interaction of students, teachers and other professionals from a special school for mentally retarded and multiple handicapped children and youth. The research, which lasted a whole school year and was composed by three studies, involved ten pupils, the classroom teacher, and waiter as subjects. The introduction of the Alternative Communication graphic systems was conducted through the use of incidental teaching procedures (Warren e Rogers Warren, 1985). A quasi-experimental single subject research design was employed in the three studies, which were composed by three-phases: baseline, teaching and follow-up. All experimental sessions were recorded in videotape and were transcribed verbatim. In the first study, developed in 11 experimental sessions, the students were taught to employ pictograms to ask for permission not only to attend basic needs, such as, going to the school cafeteria, to the bathroom, to drink water, to listen to music, etc, but also to perform certain activities in the classroom. In the second study, which involved 56 sessions, the students were taught to use the graphic system to select food items at snack time. Prior to the study, these students were not allowed to choose food items at the mealtime. In this study, the waiter was also taught to facilitate the use of graphic symbols by the students. Finally, in the third study, conducted in 10 experimental sessions, the pictograms were employed to favor students active participation during the story telling time, as well as, their answers to questions designed to evaluate their comprehension about the stories. In fact, the students turned out to use the alternative communication system to express their desires and thoughts to their peers, as well as to their teachers and schools personnel. It seems that the possibility to use the pictograms has encouraged them to intentionally communicate with both vocal and verbal responses. Data analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of the incidental teaching procedures to both acquisitions maintenance of using graphic symbols associated to other communication modes, such as gestures, vocalizations, and verbalizations during the proposed school activities.

This study is an attempt to ascertain if there is a relationship between academic achievement, I. Q. and social maturity in mentally retarded children in an institutional setting.

The effectiveness of self-recording and self-reinforcement procedures implemented in the classroom setting with six pre-adolescent children classified as Educable Mentally Retarded was determined relative to changes in on-task behavior. A multiple baseline design was used and each subject was exposed to both a self-recording procedure and a self-reinforcement procedure. After an initial baseline period, three subjects were exposed to self-recording first, and three subjects went through self-reinforcement first. Contingent reinforcement was not provided for accuracy in either self-recording or self-reinforcement patterns. Observations were conducted to investigate generalization effects of each procedure, and two weeks of follow-up observations were conducted to determine durability effects. The findings indicated that for five of the subjects the self-recording procedure and the self-reinforcement procedure were effective in fostering significant positive increases in on-task behavior. Regarding accuracy, without contingent reinforcement, three of the subjects demonstrated at least 70% agreement with observer recordings during self-recording phases, and four subjects demonstrated at least 70% agreement with observer recordings in their self-reinforcement pattern. Generalization effects were found with two of the subjects, and maintenance effects were evident with one subject. A combined treatment approach, presenting both procedures simultaneously, was implemented with three of the subjects after the study was completed. These results indicated that the combined approach was not more effective than the singular presentation approach taken in the main study. Suggestions were made for future refinements in self-control procedures to increase applicability with special population.

The purpose of this study was to compare the academic achievement and social adjustment of mentally retarded students who have had five years of special education with mentally retarded students who have had no special education. This comparison was made to determine if there is a significant difference between the two groups. The present study was not undertaken to defend or attack special education classes. The study was designed to determine to what extent academic and social differences existed between the two groups. It is hoped the results of this study can be used in planning programs for the educable mentally retarded children in the Weber County Schools. The writer proposes the following hypotheses: 1. There will be no significant difference between the two groups in reading. 2. There will be no significant difference between the two groups in arithmetic. 3. There will be no significant difference between the two groups in language. 4. There will be no significant difference between the two groups in attitude toward school. 5. There will be no significant difference between the two groups as evaluated by their teachers. Data concerning these problems were collected from standardized tests from teacher-appraised school adjustment rating scale, and from school records.

The purpose of this study is to determine the problems of adjustment of the mentally retarded child as compared with the problems of adjustment of the normal child.

The problem of this study was to standardize the Basic Movement Performance Profile with male and female profoundly retarded residents from the ten Texas state schools for the mentally retarded. To standardize the Basic Movement Performance Profile, the following objectives were formulated: 1. To determine if the test items found in the Basic Movement Performance Profile were valid and appropriate items to measure the basic movement skills of profoundly retarded residents of state institutions. 2. To establish the reliability of the Basic Movement Performance Profile test items utilizing the test-retest method with thirty profoundly retarded males and thirty profoundly retarded females at the Denton State School for the Mentally Retarded. 3. To establish performance level norms utilizing percentile ranks for both sexes on the Basic Movement Performance Profile.

The problem investigated is that of determining if there are differences in the ability of mentally retarded persons over age 21 to learn motor skills as opposed to those under 21. Data were gathered at the Denton State School on 110 subjects. The first chapter is concerned with the theoretical background, purpose, and the hypothesis. The second chapter contains information on subjects, materials, method, and statistical treatment. The third chapter covers presentation and discussion of the data, and the fourth chapter includes the summary, conclusions and recommendations. Results of the study indicated that there were few differences between the two groups. Future studies should be run with samples from individual age groups extending from 6 through 21. This would be realistic in establishing a motor learning curve for this population.

O presente trabalho buscou investigar o brincar de crianças com deficiência mental em escolas especiais de educação infantil. Para tanto, teve por objetivos: identificar os jogos e brinquedos disponíveis e mais utilizados; investigar como essas atividades eram realizadas e, por fim, investigar também a concepção sobre o brincar e seu significado, atribuído pelas professoras. Participaram da pesquisa 15 professoras de educação especial, de 5 escolas especiais da cidade de Campinas. Foi utilizado um questionário check-list para identificar a disponibilidade e a freqüência de uso dos materiais lúdicos. Posteriormente, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas para verificar como esses materiais eram utilizados e investigar a concepção e a importância do brincar entre as professoras. O referencial teórico deste trabalho reportou-se a autores como Itard, Séguin e Decroly, que representam as origens desta prática na educação especial, pois desenvolveram métodos e técnicas utilizando-se de jogos nas suas variadas acepções, aplicando-os a crianças deficientes mentais. Baseia-se também nos trabalhos sobre o jogo na educação e no desenvolvimento infantil, tendo como referência teórica Vygotsky, Leontiev e a perspectiva sócio-cultural representada por Brougère. A análise e a discussão dos resultados encontrados permitiram a formulação de algumas reflexões sobre a utilização de jogos e brincadeiras na prática educacional com crianças deficientes mentais. Por fim, buscou-se contribuir para a valorização das capacidades dessas crianças, sugerindo alternativas de reorganização das estratégias de ação dos professores e de outros profissionais da área, com base em uma perspectiva lúdica. / The present work tried to investigate the playing of mentally disabled children at special schools of child education. To do so, we aimed to identify the most used games and toys available, investigate how these activities were carried out, and, finally, also investigate the conception of playing and its meaning, according to teachers. Fifteen special education teachers in five special schools in the city of Campinas participated in the research. A check-list questionnaire was used to identify the availability and the frequency of use of materials. Later, semi-structured interviews were performed to verify how these playful materials were used and to investigate the conception and the importance of playing to the teachers. The theoretical reference of this work goes back to authors such as Itard, Séguin and Decroly, who developed methods and techniques using games in their different senses, applicable to mentally disabled children and which represent the origins of this practice in special education. It is also based on the works about playing in child education and development, theoretically referring to Vygotsky, Leontiev and the social-cultural perspective, represented by Brougère. The analysis and the discussion of the found results have allowed the formulation of some reflections about the use of games and playing in the educational practice with mentally disabled children. Finally, we tried to contribute to the appreciation of the skills of such children, suggesting alternatives to the reorganization of the action strategies by teachers and other professionals in the area, based upon a playful perspective. RÉSUMÉ SILVA, Carla Cilene Baptista da. La place du jeu et du jouet dans les écoles spéciales d’éducation infantile. São Paulo, 2003. 185p. Thèse Doctorat. Institut de Psychologie, Université de São Paulo. Ce travail a cherché à comprendre le jeu d’enfants handicapés dans des écoles spéciales d’éducation infantile. Pour ce faire, il a eu trois buts: identifier les jeux et les jouets disponibles et plus utilisés; découvrir comment ces activités étaient réalisées et aussi examiner la conception sur l’acte de jouer et sa signification, selon les professeurs. Quinze professeurs d’éducation spéciale, appartenant à cinq écoles spéciales de la ville de Campinas, ont participé de cette recherche. Un questionnaire chest-list a été employé pour identifier la disponibilité des matériels ludiques et la fréquence de leur usage. Dans la suite, des interviews semi-structurées ont été faites pour vérifier comment ces matériels ont été utilisés et pour découvrir l’importance de l’acte de jouer pour les professeurs. Le référentiel théorique de ce travail se base sur des auteurs tels que Itard, Séguin et Decroly, qui ont développé des méthodes et des techniques où les jeux sont utilisés dans leurs plus diverses acceptions, les mettant en pratique avec des enfants handicapés mentaux et qui représentent l’origine de cette pratique dans l’éducation spéciale. Nous nous sommes aussi fondés sur les travaux à propos du jeu en éducation et dans le développement infantile, prenant comme référence théorique Vygotsky, Leontiev et la perspective socio-culturelle représentée par Brougère. L’analyse et la discussion des résultats obtenus ont permis la formulation de quelques réflexions sur l’utilisation de jouets et des jeux d’enfants dans la pratique éducationnelle auprès des enfants handicapés mentaux. Enfin, on a cherché à contribuer à la valorisation des capacités de ces enfants, ainsi on suggère des alternatives de re-organisation d’action des professeurs et d’autres professionnels du secteur, s’appuyant sur une perspective ludique.