<p>Bakgrund: Hälsa är ett vitt begrepp som det finns många olika definitioner på. Det finns definitioner på hälsa som menar att hälsa handlar om att må bra och ha god handlingsförmåga samt lyfta fram vikten av att varje individ ska ha möjlighet att göra det som hon värderar som viktigt. Förståndshandikappade har begränsningar som gör att de inte kan leva sitt liv på samma sätt som normalbegåvade kan. Begränsningar är fysiska, psykiska och sociala. Förståndshandikappade åldras dessutom fortare än normalbegåvade människor. Det är löprelevant att arbeta för att främja de boendes hälsa och arbeta för att ett hälsosamt åldrande ska kunna ske. Litteraturgenomgång: Litteratur inom områdena förståndshandikapp, hälsa och åldrande visar att det finns behov av att arbeta för att främja ett hälsosamt åldrande hos de förståndshandikappade och därför finner vi det intressant att arbeta vidare med detta ämne. Syfte: Att ta reda på hur ett hälsofrämjande liv kan främjas hos förståndshandikappade enligt personal på boende för förståndshandikappade. Metod: Undersökningen är kvalitativ och enskilda intervjuer gjordes med åtta personer som arbetar på boende för förståndshandikappade. Intervjuerna spelades in på band för att sedan transkriberas. Materialet behandlades konfidentiellt. Resultat: Personal på boende för förståndshandikappade poängterar vikten av att äta nyttigt och att vara fysiskt aktiv. De menar att ett gott socialt liv ökar chansen till ett hälsosamt åldrande och att kulturaktiviteter har god inverkan på hälsan. De ser även att de själva har en viktig roll då det gäller att främja ett hälsosamt åldrande hos de förståndshandikappade. Diskussion: Förståndshandikappade som bor på boende för förståndshandikappade är beroende av den personal som arbetar där. Därför har personalen en ytterst viktig roll för att främja de boendes hälsa och arbeta för ett hälsosamt åldrande. Detta kan de göra på ett flertal olika sätt både då det gäller fysisk, psykiskt och social hälsa.</p> / <p>Background: Health is an important concept that there are many different definitions of. There are definitions of Health believes that health is about feeling good and having a good ability to act. The concept highlights the importance of that every individual should have the opportunity to do what she values as important. People which are mentally retarded have limits they can no do what they want and live their lives in the same way as normal gifted can. These limitations are physical, mental and social. People which are mentally retarded are aging faster than normal gifted people. It is relevant to work to promote residents' health and work for a healthy aging to happen. Literature Review: Literature in the fields of mentally retarded, health and aging show that there is a need to work to promote healthy aging of the mentally retarded and therefore we find it interesting to work with this subject. Aim: To find out how a healthy life can be promoted with disabilities according to staff attitudes towards the mentally handicapped. Method: The study is qualitative and individual interviews were carried out at eight people who work on housing for the mentally retarded. The interviews were recorded on tape and then transcribed. The material was treated confidential. Results: Staff in the housing for mentally retarded emphasize the importance of eating healthy and being physically active. They mean that a good social life increases the chance of a healthy aging and that cultural activities have good effect on health. They also see that they themselves have an important part in promoting healthy aging of the mentally retarded. Discussion: Mentally retarded living in housing for the mentally retarded is dependent on the staff working there. Therefore the staff has an extremely important role in encouraging the residents' healths and works towards healthy aging. This they can do in a variety of ways both in terms of physical, mental and social health.</p>

The aim of the present dissertation is to investigate attitudes toward individuals suffering from functional disorders or categorized as disabled and the conditions under which they have lived. The present author applies an historical perspective and identifies three significant turning points: the end of the eighteenth century and beginnings of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The terms ”care” and ”control” reflect the complexity and conflict inherent in the perception and handling of these individuals. In the first period, folklore helped both explain and shape the way people apprehended infants born with functional disabilities or whose mental or physical developmet was aberrant. The inroads made by science during the eighteenth century helped combat these notions with knowledge and information. Upon ”discovering” the handicapped, the advocates of science identified them as an untapped source of labor. All that was needed was a conscientious upbringing and education. As a consequence, and with the blessings of the state and private charitable institutes, an increasing number of experts assumed parental obligation, thereby initiating a comprehensive institutionalization. The second period is epitomized by the founding of the first special needs school in Sweden, the National Institute for the Blind and Deaf-Mute in Stockholm in 1809. The actions of individuals like the energetic Per Aron Borg and the blind woman Charlotta Seuerling´s desire to receive a better education were small events with major significance. The diverging views of politicians and teachers on the form and content of lessons, which can be boiled down to a matter of theoretical knowledge versus practical vocational training, are also discussed. In the third period I focus on the increased control to which individuals with functional disabilities, specifically the vision-impaired and blind, were subjected at the outset of the twentieth century. Beginning in 1903, a countrywide inspection tour visited the blind in their homes. The inspectors were given the dual task of offering concrete support to the blind and look into their abilities to support themselves and live socially-approved, moral lives. It was an invasion of privacy with good intentions. The accumulated results showed that only a small number of individuals were able to support themselves in the trades they had acquired at blind school. Most continued to be dependent on relatives, social services and charitable donations.

Bakgrund: Hälsa är ett vitt begrepp som det finns många olika definitioner på. Det finns definitioner på hälsa som menar att hälsa handlar om att må bra och ha god handlingsförmåga samt lyfta fram vikten av att varje individ ska ha möjlighet att göra det som hon värderar som viktigt. Förståndshandikappade har begränsningar som gör att de inte kan leva sitt liv på samma sätt som normalbegåvade kan. Begränsningar är fysiska, psykiska och sociala. Förståndshandikappade åldras dessutom fortare än normalbegåvade människor. Det är löprelevant att arbeta för att främja de boendes hälsa och arbeta för att ett hälsosamt åldrande ska kunna ske. Litteraturgenomgång: Litteratur inom områdena förståndshandikapp, hälsa och åldrande visar att det finns behov av att arbeta för att främja ett hälsosamt åldrande hos de förståndshandikappade och därför finner vi det intressant att arbeta vidare med detta ämne. Syfte: Att ta reda på hur ett hälsofrämjande liv kan främjas hos förståndshandikappade enligt personal på boende för förståndshandikappade. Metod: Undersökningen är kvalitativ och enskilda intervjuer gjordes med åtta personer som arbetar på boende för förståndshandikappade. Intervjuerna spelades in på band för att sedan transkriberas. Materialet behandlades konfidentiellt. Resultat: Personal på boende för förståndshandikappade poängterar vikten av att äta nyttigt och att vara fysiskt aktiv. De menar att ett gott socialt liv ökar chansen till ett hälsosamt åldrande och att kulturaktiviteter har god inverkan på hälsan. De ser även att de själva har en viktig roll då det gäller att främja ett hälsosamt åldrande hos de förståndshandikappade. Diskussion: Förståndshandikappade som bor på boende för förståndshandikappade är beroende av den personal som arbetar där. Därför har personalen en ytterst viktig roll för att främja de boendes hälsa och arbeta för ett hälsosamt åldrande. Detta kan de göra på ett flertal olika sätt både då det gäller fysisk, psykiskt och social hälsa. / Background: Health is an important concept that there are many different definitions of. There are definitions of Health believes that health is about feeling good and having a good ability to act. The concept highlights the importance of that every individual should have the opportunity to do what she values as important. People which are mentally retarded have limits they can no do what they want and live their lives in the same way as normal gifted can. These limitations are physical, mental and social. People which are mentally retarded are aging faster than normal gifted people. It is relevant to work to promote residents' health and work for a healthy aging to happen. Literature Review: Literature in the fields of mentally retarded, health and aging show that there is a need to work to promote healthy aging of the mentally retarded and therefore we find it interesting to work with this subject. Aim: To find out how a healthy life can be promoted with disabilities according to staff attitudes towards the mentally handicapped. Method: The study is qualitative and individual interviews were carried out at eight people who work on housing for the mentally retarded. The interviews were recorded on tape and then transcribed. The material was treated confidential. Results: Staff in the housing for mentally retarded emphasize the importance of eating healthy and being physically active. They mean that a good social life increases the chance of a healthy aging and that cultural activities have good effect on health. They also see that they themselves have an important part in promoting healthy aging of the mentally retarded. Discussion: Mentally retarded living in housing for the mentally retarded is dependent on the staff working there. Therefore the staff has an extremely important role in encouraging the residents' healths and works towards healthy aging. This they can do in a variety of ways both in terms of physical, mental and social health.

O presente trabalho buscou investigar o brincar de crianças com deficiência mental em escolas especiais de educação infantil. Para tanto, teve por objetivos: identificar os jogos e brinquedos disponíveis e mais utilizados; investigar como essas atividades eram realizadas e, por fim, investigar também a concepção sobre o brincar e seu significado, atribuído pelas professoras. Participaram da pesquisa 15 professoras de educação especial, de 5 escolas especiais da cidade de Campinas. Foi utilizado um questionário check-list para identificar a disponibilidade e a freqüência de uso dos materiais lúdicos. Posteriormente, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas para verificar como esses materiais eram utilizados e investigar a concepção e a importância do brincar entre as professoras. O referencial teórico deste trabalho reportou-se a autores como Itard, Séguin e Decroly, que representam as origens desta prática na educação especial, pois desenvolveram métodos e técnicas utilizando-se de jogos nas suas variadas acepções, aplicando-os a crianças deficientes mentais. Baseia-se também nos trabalhos sobre o jogo na educação e no desenvolvimento infantil, tendo como referência teórica Vygotsky, Leontiev e a perspectiva sócio-cultural representada por Brougère. A análise e a discussão dos resultados encontrados permitiram a formulação de algumas reflexões sobre a utilização de jogos e brincadeiras na prática educacional com crianças deficientes mentais. Por fim, buscou-se contribuir para a valorização das capacidades dessas crianças, sugerindo alternativas de reorganização das estratégias de ação dos professores e de outros profissionais da área, com base em uma perspectiva lúdica. / The present work tried to investigate the playing of mentally disabled children at special schools of child education. To do so, we aimed to identify the most used games and toys available, investigate how these activities were carried out, and, finally, also investigate the conception of playing and its meaning, according to teachers. Fifteen special education teachers in five special schools in the city of Campinas participated in the research. A check-list questionnaire was used to identify the availability and the frequency of use of materials. Later, semi-structured interviews were performed to verify how these playful materials were used and to investigate the conception and the importance of playing to the teachers. The theoretical reference of this work goes back to authors such as Itard, Séguin and Decroly, who developed methods and techniques using games in their different senses, applicable to mentally disabled children and which represent the origins of this practice in special education. It is also based on the works about playing in child education and development, theoretically referring to Vygotsky, Leontiev and the social-cultural perspective, represented by Brougère. The analysis and the discussion of the found results have allowed the formulation of some reflections about the use of games and playing in the educational practice with mentally disabled children. Finally, we tried to contribute to the appreciation of the skills of such children, suggesting alternatives to the reorganization of the action strategies by teachers and other professionals in the area, based upon a playful perspective. RÉSUMÉ SILVA, Carla Cilene Baptista da. La place du jeu et du jouet dans les écoles spéciales d’éducation infantile. São Paulo, 2003. 185p. Thèse Doctorat. Institut de Psychologie, Université de São Paulo. Ce travail a cherché à comprendre le jeu d’enfants handicapés dans des écoles spéciales d’éducation infantile. Pour ce faire, il a eu trois buts: identifier les jeux et les jouets disponibles et plus utilisés; découvrir comment ces activités étaient réalisées et aussi examiner la conception sur l’acte de jouer et sa signification, selon les professeurs. Quinze professeurs d’éducation spéciale, appartenant à cinq écoles spéciales de la ville de Campinas, ont participé de cette recherche. Un questionnaire chest-list a été employé pour identifier la disponibilité des matériels ludiques et la fréquence de leur usage. Dans la suite, des interviews semi-structurées ont été faites pour vérifier comment ces matériels ont été utilisés et pour découvrir l’importance de l’acte de jouer pour les professeurs. Le référentiel théorique de ce travail se base sur des auteurs tels que Itard, Séguin et Decroly, qui ont développé des méthodes et des techniques où les jeux sont utilisés dans leurs plus diverses acceptions, les mettant en pratique avec des enfants handicapés mentaux et qui représentent l’origine de cette pratique dans l’éducation spéciale. Nous nous sommes aussi fondés sur les travaux à propos du jeu en éducation et dans le développement infantile, prenant comme référence théorique Vygotsky, Leontiev et la perspective socio-culturelle représentée par Brougère. L’analyse et la discussion des résultats obtenus ont permis la formulation de quelques réflexions sur l’utilisation de jouets et des jeux d’enfants dans la pratique éducationnelle auprès des enfants handicapés mentaux. Enfin, on a cherché à contribuer à la valorisation des capacités de ces enfants, ainsi on suggère des alternatives de re-organisation d’action des professeurs et d’autres professionnels du secteur, s’appuyant sur une perspective ludique.

Two groups of eleven retarded adults each were used as subjects. An individually consequated token economy was in effect during baseline-1 for both groups. The treatment phase of the experiment consisted of group consequation, the first group receiving a high rate of reinforcement and the second group receiving a low rate. The individual token system was reinstated for both groups during baseline-2 measures. Attending behavior and work output were measured during each phase of the experiment. Significant differences were found between group versus individually contingent reinforcement treatments on attending behaviors, and between high and low contingency groups on performance behaviors. Differences between the high contingency and low contingency groups were found to be non-significant in regard to attending behaviors.

Darbo tikslas: nustatyti, kokį poveikį daro taikomosios fizinės veiklos programa, nežymiai protiškai atsilikusių mokinių laikysenai. Tyrimo objektas ir metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 45 Telšių ir Kauno miesto mokyklų 8 – 10 metų nežymiai protiškai atsilikę mokiniai, iš jų: 21 mergaitė ir 24 berniukai. Tyrime laikysena vertinta pagal W.W.K. Hoeger vizualinio laikysenos vertinimo sagitalioje ir frontalioje plokštumose metodiką. Pagal šią metodiką laikysena vertinama balais. Atskirų kūno dalių padėtys apžiūrimos frontalioje ir sagitalioje plokštumose. Atskiros kūno dalys vertinamos balais nuo 1 – 5 ir rezultatai sumuojami bei įvertinami pagal minėtą metodiką. Rezultatai. Nagrinėjant atliktų tyrimų duomenis nustatyta, kad net 61.9% tiriamųjų turėjo laikysenos sutrikimų. Kūno laikysenos sutrikimai dažnesni berniukams. Daugiausia laikysenos sutrikimų nustatyta vertinant pečių, stuburo, kaklo ir viršutinės stuburo dalies padėtis. Mažiausiai sutrikimų nustatyta vertinant kelių ir čiurnų, galvos padėtis. Berniukams mažiausiai nustatyta kelių ir čiurnų padėties sutrikimų (20.8%), mergaitėms liemens padėties sutrikimų (9.5%). Daugiausia sutrikimų nustatyta įvertinus pečių padėtį. Mergaitėms pečių padėties sutrikimų buvo 80.9%, o berniukams – 70.8%. Po taikomosios fizinės veiklos programos, nustatyta teigiami laikysenos pokyčiai: prieš taikomosios fizinės veiklos programą, laikysenos sutrikimų turėjo 33.3% berniukų ir 28.6% mergaičių, po taikomosios fizinės veiklos programos laikysenos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Objective. To identify determine the impact of physical activity tests on the posture of pupils with mild mental retardation. Methods. 45 pupils between the ages of 8 - 10 (21 girls and 24 boys) from Telšiai and Kaunas secondary schools have been examined using W.W.K. Hoeger visual posture evaluation model in a frontal and sagittal plane. Testing was assessed according to a measuring scale from 1 to 5. Results. It was determined that even 61.9 % of participants had disorders in body posture and its segments: shoulder, spinal cord, neck and upper spinal cord positions. The disorders of posture were more frequent among boys. Least problematic body parts were knees, ankles and head. Among boys the best body segments proved to be knees and ankles, whilst among girls the investigators indicated the position of waist. Shoulder problems were more common in girls’ group (80.9%), in boys’ group these disorders were less significant (70.8%). The applied methods of adapted physical activity had a positive impact on the students’ posture. The study showed good results in students’ posture. Before adapted physical activity program posture impairment was determined to 33.3% of boys and 28.6% of girls. After the program the improvement was determined 20.8% and 19.1% accordingly. The maximum effect of adapted physical activity on the posture was noted after the evaluation of shoulder, lower part of spinal cord and abdomen in boys’ group, as well as neck and upper spinal cord positions in... [to full text]

Studies of Individual traits perceived as necessary to achieve managerial effectiveness, while multitudinous in the world of commerce, have yet to be undertaken as they apply to managers in residential facilities serving mentally retarded individuals. The problem of this study was to identify a group of individual traits perceived as characteristic of effective managers in residential facilities for the mentally retarded. Projectively, the identified traits could constitute valid criterion for consideration in the selection process utilized in employing managers for both public and private facilities. The primary purpose of this study was to develop an instrument which would enable the interviewer to secure information regarding specific individual traits. An informed predictive decision regarding the effective management potential, of the individual, for a residential facility for mentally retarded individuals would be greatly enhanced. The secondary purpose of the study was to focus on a comparison between group responses for each of the 25 trait items. The study will identify significant differences and relationships between the responses of State Directors of Mental Retardation Programs, Assistants to Texas Deputy Commissioner for Mental Retardation, Superintendents of Texas State Schools for the Mentally Retarded and a select group of managerial personnel within Texas State Schools for the Mentally Retarded. Comparison of response profiles contribute to an index of preferential traits for each of the managerial groups by contrasting patterns of preferences between all managerial groups and delineating traits which were common in preference among all groups. The tertiary purpose of the study was to identify patterns of personal traits which should constitute valid criterion for consideration in the selection process utilized in employing managers for both public and private facilities. Specific attention was given to the managerial trait preferences of each group of managers included in the study.

No description available.

The theme of this diploma thesis is the development of literacy of pupils with mild intellectual disability. This thesis is divided into 5 parts. The key words such as literacy, reading literacy, pupil with a mild intellectual disability and schooling of pupils with mild intellectual disability, are described in the first four parts. Chapter number five is the empirical part of the thesis. The aim of this thesis is to find out the level of the reading literacy of pupils with mild intellectual disability at the school for mentally retarded children. A handbook supporting the development of the reading literacy for pupils with mild intellectual disability has been written based on this result. Methods of quantitative research have been used to obtain the final results. One of the research instruments was also a nonofficial test of reading literacy that has for its purpose to determine the level of the reading literacy of mildly mentally disabled pupils. KEYWORDS pupil, literacy, reading literacy, reading literacy test, mild intellectual disability, school for mild mentally retarded pupils

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, εκτιμώνται τα πλεονεκτήματα που παρέχουν οι βοηθητικές τεχνολογίες, όπως είναι τα εικονικά περιβάλλοντα, για προγράμματα σπουδών σε μαθητές με ελαφρά νοητική καθυστέρηση. Επίσης, μελετώνται οι αντιληπτικές και χωρικές ικανότητες παιδιών με νοητική καθυστέρηση συγκριτικά με αυτές των παιδιών τυπικής ανάπτυξης, χρησιμοποιώντας μία εφαρμογή εικονικής πραγματικότητας. Για την διερεύνηση των παραπάνω, πραγματοποιήθηκε μία ερευνητική διαδικασία αποτελούμενη από δύο φάσεις. Η πρώτη φάση συνίσταται σε μία πιλοτική εφαρμογή του προγράμματος εικονικής πραγματικότητας, όπου ζητήθηκε από μία ομάδα 10 ατόμων, ηλικίας 16-23 ετών, να το αξιολογήσουν ώστε να επιτραπεί η χρήση του στην επόμενη φάση. Η δεύτερη φάση περιέχει την κυρίως έρευνα, όπου συμμετέχουν δύο ομάδες παιδιών, η μία εκ των οποίων αποτελείται από παιδιά με νοητική καθυστέρηση, ενώ η άλλη από παιδιά τυπικής ανάπτυξης. Τα υποκείμενα των δύο ομάδων εξερεύνησαν το εικονικό περιβάλλον και εν συνεχεία αξιολογήθηκαν σε κάποια έργα χωρικής μνήμης και χωρικής αντίληψης. Τέλος, αξιολογήθηκε ο προσανατολισμός, η λεπτή κινητικότητα και κάποια άλλα χαρακτηριστικά της συμπεριφοράς των υποκειμένων. Βάσει των δεδομένων που προέκυψαν από την ερευνητική διαδικασία, εξήχθησαν συμπεράσματα για τα παραπάνω, τα οποία παρουσιάζουν τα παιδιά με νοητική καθυστέρηση να μειονεκτούν έναντι των παιδιών τυπικής ανάπτυξης. / The following research paper, which serves as a part of the Departments requirements leading to a Bachelor’s Degree, unfolds its goal and objectives into phases. The goal of this endeavor is to present the advantages that assistive technologies, such as Virtual Environments, offer to students with mental retardation. In addition, the conceptual and spatial abilities of mentally retarded children are examined, comparatively with the abilities of nonretarded children using an application of virtual reality. In order to investigate the above, a two-phase research had taken place. In the first phase, that is a pilot test, a group of ten subjects, 16-23 years old, evaluated this application in order to be possible to use the application in the next phase. The second phase involves the basic research, where two groups of children, one of mentally retarded children and one of nonretarded children, took part. The subjects of these two groups explored the virtual environment and afterwards they completed tests of spatial memory and spatial cognition. In the end, the orientation, the “delicate mobility” (the ability to handle small objects) and some other characteristics of the children’s behavior were assessed. On the basis of the data that emerged from the research procedure, there were extracted conclusions that indicate that mentally retarded children are deficient against nonretarded children.