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Much of the current research into the processing and storage of carbon (C) in small lakes has focused on arctic and boreal lake systems, due to their global abundance. However this has led to an imbalance in the interpretation of lake functioning. Oligotrophic lakes are prevalent in the arctic and boreal zone, but are typically net heterotrophic due to loading of catchment-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which alters their metabolic balance. In comparison, temperate lake systems tend to be more nutrient rich, typically due to anthropogenic activity, and would therefore be expected to exhibit the signs of net autotrophy, as a result of higher rates of gross primary production (GPP) and lower rates of catchment-derived DOC potentially subsidising respiration (R). In order to test the hypothesis that temperate, eutrophic lakes are net autotrophic (GPP > R) on an annual basis the C-dynamics of Rostherne Mere (maximum depth, zm, 31 m) and Tatton Mere (zm = 11 m), two monomictic Cheshire-Shropshire meres, were quantified over an 18 months period from 2010 2012. This monitoring study used high-resolution (hourly) oxygen (O2) sonde measurements, combined with high-resolution data from an automated on-lake monitoring buoy at Rostherne Mere (as part of the national UKLEON lake network) to calculate rates of epilimnion C-fixation. For both lakes, sediment traps were also used to determine water column C-flux and sediment core data to establish C-burial efficiency of these strongly stratifying lakes. Water column profiles of dissolved O2 and CO2 was also measured at 2 4 weekly intervals across both lakes. Particular attention was focused on: i) the long term C-storage of eutrophic, monomictic lakes; ii) up-scaling C-accumulation estimates from these two meres to the Cheshire-Shropshire meres region and all UK eutrophic waters; and iii) methodological sensitivity for estimating C-fixation, flux and burial efficiency and upscaling C-accumulation estimates. The results show that both lakes are net autotrophic on an annual basis, on average fixing 121 ± 2 g C m-2 yr-1 and sequestering 68 ± 4 g C m-2 yr-1, a C-burial efficiency of ~60%. If up-scaled to the Cheshire-Shropshire meres region, annual C-accumulation was estimated to be 506 ± 32 t C yr-1 or 0.05 ± 0.001 Mt C since 1900. From this, it was estimated that UK eutrophic waters could be sequestering 0.12 ± 0.01 Mt C yr-1 or 13.3 ± 0.2 Mt C since 1900. Annual UK CO2 emissions are ~128.85 Mt C yr-1, therefore UK eutrophic waters currently offset 0.09% of yearly UK CO2 emissions. Despite the finding that eutrophic, stratifying lakes have high C-fixation and sequestration values, lakes in other areas of the globe such as the arctic and boreal zones are typically a more important long term C-sink as they are far more abundant within the landscape and local soils are typically very poor within low C retention rates. Further investigation is needed into how lakes function on a regional and national scale, the importance of lake type and number when up-scaling C accumulation estimates and the potential impact on future C accumulation as a result of a changing environment and supra-regional policies in areas such as Europe.

Eine häufigere bloße Darbietung eines Objekts führt bis zu einem bestimmten Punkt zu einer Einstellungsverbesserung. Dieser Zusammenhang wird im Mere-Exposure-Effekt postuliert. Obwohl sich eine Verknüpfung von Häufigkeit und Dauer vermuten lässt, konnte ein ähnlicher Effekt für die Präsentationsdauer nicht gefunden werden. Bisherige Ergebnisse deuteten auf einen negativen Effekt bei steigender Dauer hin. Asymmetrische Wirkungen von Häufigkeit und Dauer zeigten sich ebenfalls bei gedächtnisbasierten Urteilen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass Aufmerksamkeit eine wichtige Rolle bei Dauereffekten spielt. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht darauf aufbauend den Einfluss der Dauer im Mere-Exposure-Effekt unter aufrechterhaltender Aufmerksamkeit. Mit einem Online-Experiment wurden Bewertungen zu Bildern erfasst, welche zuvor in variierenden Häufigkeiten und Zeiten präsentiert wurden. Es konnten N=97 Personen (Anteil weiblich=83,5%, Alter M=25 Jahre) in die finale Stichprobe, aufgeteilt in vier Untersuchungsgruppen, einbezogen werden. Die Gruppen unterschieden sich zum einen hinsichtlich des präsentierten Materials (bunt oder schwarz-weiß) und zum anderen hinsichtlich ihrer körperlichen Aktivität während der Darbietung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch längere Präsentationszeiten in Interaktion mit hoher Aufmerksamkeit Einstellungsverbesserungen bewirken können. Somit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Gesamtpräsentationsdauer eines Objektes ebenfalls relevant im Mere-Exposure-Effekt sein kann, sofern die Aufmerksamkeit aufrechterhalten wird.

Der wiederholte Kontakt mit einem neutralen Stimulus kann nach Zajonc (1968) zu einer Einstellungsverbesserung führen. Insbesondere die Häufigkeit der Exposition wurde intensiv untersucht und stellt eine zentrale Größe für den Mere Exposure Effect (MEE) dar. Uneindeutige Ergebnisse liegen dagegen für die Expositionsdauer vor (Bornstein, 1989). In einem Online-Experiment mit gemischtem Design (N=105) wurde der Einfluss der Gesamtdauer auf den MEE in Abhängigkeit von der Aufmerksamkeit untersucht. Die Aufmerksamkeitsmanipulation erfolgte im Sinne des Paradigmas von Betsch et al. (2010), durch eine Tastendruckbedingung, wodurch die Zeitverarbeitung gesteigert werden sollte. In den Ergebnissen zeigte sich kein Interaktionseffekt zwischen Gesamtdauer und Aufmerksamkeit. Außerdem konnte der Effekt des bloßen Kontakts nicht eindeutig identifiziert werden. Die höchste Anzahl sowie die längste Dauer der Exposition waren jedoch mit der stärksten Stimuluspräferenz assoziiert. Für die Aufmerksamkeit zeigte sich eine Einflusstendenz auf den untersuchten Effekt. Das Ergebnis einer Nebenhypothese deutet außerdem auf eine Bedeutung des Persönlichkeitsmerkmals Neurotizismus im MEE hin.:Zusammenfassung Abstract 1 Einleitung 2 Theorie 2.1 Mere Exposure Effect 2.1.1 Definition und Historie 2.1.2 Affective Primacy Model 2.1.3 Representation-Matching Model 2.1.4 Relevante Ergebnisse und Einflussfaktoren 2.2 Verarbeitung von Zeit und Häufigkeit 2.2.1 Definition und Merkmale 2.2.2 Relevante Forschungsergebnisse 2.3 Theoretische Ableitung der Hypothesen 3 Methodische Vorgehensweise 3.1 Rekrutierung und Stichprobe 3.2 Versuchsdesign 3.2.1 Unabhängige Variablen 3.2.2 Abhängige Variable 3.3 Material und Skalen 3.4 Umsetzung 3.5 Durchführung und Ablauf 3.6 Empirische Hypothesen 3.7 Auswertung und statistische Verfahren 3.8 Vorstudie 3.9 A-priori Poweranalyse 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Deskriptive Statistik 4.2 Überprüfung der Aufmerksamkeitsmanipulation 4.3 Testung der Hypothesen 4.4 Zusätzliche Analysen 5 Diskussion 5.1 Interpretation der Ergebnisse 5.2 Einordnung der Ergebnisse 5.3 Limitationen und Probleme 5.4 Forschungsausblick 5.5 Fazit 6 Literaturverzeichnis Anhang / Repeated exposure to neutral stimuli is associated with an increase in preference (Zajonc, 1968). While the frequency of exposures is extensively researched and was found to be relevant in the mere exposure effect, the data for exposure duration is far from conclusive (Bornstein, 1989). In this study, a mixed design was used in an online-experiment (N=105) to investigate the relationship between total duration and stimulus preference depending on attentional variation. The manipulation of attention followed the paradigm of Betsch et al. (2010), in which pressing a key while the stimulus is being presented increased attention and therefore temporal processing. The results showed no interaction between total duration of exposure and attention. Moreover, there was no correlational effect of mere exposure found in this study. But both the most frequent exposure as well as the longest total duration condition where associated with the highest affective rating. In the absence of statistical significance, attention was related to the MEE. The testing of a secondary hypothesis revealed a possible importance of neuroticism in the liking of familiar versus unfamiliar stimuli.:Zusammenfassung Abstract 1 Einleitung 2 Theorie 2.1 Mere Exposure Effect 2.1.1 Definition und Historie 2.1.2 Affective Primacy Model 2.1.3 Representation-Matching Model 2.1.4 Relevante Ergebnisse und Einflussfaktoren 2.2 Verarbeitung von Zeit und Häufigkeit 2.2.1 Definition und Merkmale 2.2.2 Relevante Forschungsergebnisse 2.3 Theoretische Ableitung der Hypothesen 3 Methodische Vorgehensweise 3.1 Rekrutierung und Stichprobe 3.2 Versuchsdesign 3.2.1 Unabhängige Variablen 3.2.2 Abhängige Variable 3.3 Material und Skalen 3.4 Umsetzung 3.5 Durchführung und Ablauf 3.6 Empirische Hypothesen 3.7 Auswertung und statistische Verfahren 3.8 Vorstudie 3.9 A-priori Poweranalyse 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Deskriptive Statistik 4.2 Überprüfung der Aufmerksamkeitsmanipulation 4.3 Testung der Hypothesen 4.4 Zusätzliche Analysen 5 Diskussion 5.1 Interpretation der Ergebnisse 5.2 Einordnung der Ergebnisse 5.3 Limitationen und Probleme 5.4 Forschungsausblick 5.5 Fazit 6 Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

This study examined the exposure of the Nextel brand name in major U.S. newspapers 1 year before and after Nextel became the primary sponsor of the North American Stock Car Association of Racing. A content analysis of 576 newspaper articles was performed. The hypotheses tested the quantity and quality of Nextel's coverage, as well where the stories were appearing and where the brand was being used in the stories. The study found the number of Nextel mentions in year two was almost 4 times as many as year one. The data reveal a dramatic increase in cases found in sports stories. In regard to value, Nextel's NASCAR sponsorship resulted in less negative and considerably more neutral media coverage. However, Nextel's mentions also became less positive. Nextel mentions associated with NASCAR increased in year two, from none in year one to 62.5% of all cases in year two.

<p>Predmet istraživanja ovog rada su mere neodređenosti, posebno mera<br />kredibliteta, kao i mogućnost njihove primene u aktuarstvu. U cilju<br />generalizacije teorije kredibiliteta, uvedena je nova mera, nazvana mera c-<br />kredibiliteta. Mera c-kredibiliteta na X je skupovna funkcija takva da su<br />zadovoljene osobine normalnosti, monotonosti, samodualnosti i maksimalnosti.<br />Za nju su dokazane neke osobine kao što su npr. subaditivnost i<br />poluneprekidnost. Nadalje, definisan je integral zasnovan na meri c-<br />kredibiliteta, a navedena su i dokazana određena svojstva. Nova mera je uvedena<br />i u fazi okruženju kao agregirana vrednost mera mogućnosti i neophodnosti.</p> / <p>This thesis studies uncertainty measures, especially credibility measure, as well as<br />the possibility of their application in actuaries. In order to generalize credibility theory,<br />a new fuzzy measure is proposed, called c &minus; credibility measure. C &minus; credibility<br />measure on X is a set function that satisfies normality, monotonicity, self-duality and<br />maximality. Certain properties of the c&minus;credibility measure are proved, such as, for<br />example, subadditivity and semicontinuity. Furthermore, an integral based on this<br />measure is defined, in analogy to the existing integrals, and its properties are proved.<br />Then, the credibility measure in a fuzzy environment is introduced as the aggregate<br />value of the possibility and necessity measures.</p>

This dissertation provides a defense of the normative intuition known as the Procreation Asymmetry, according to which there is a strong moral reason not to create a life that will foreseeably not be worth living, but there is no moral reason to create a life just because it would foreseeably be worth living. Chapter 1 investigates how to reconcile the Procreation Asymmetry with our intuitions about another recalcitrant problem case in population ethics: Derek Parfit's Non-Identity Problem. I show that what has prevented philosophers from developing a theory that gives a satisfactory account of both these problems is their tacit commitment to a teleological conception of well-being, as something to be `promoted'. Replacing this picture with one according to which our reasons to confer well-being on people are conditional on their existence allows me to do better. It also enables us to understand some of the deep structural parallels between seemingly disparate normative phenomena such as procreating and promising. Chapter 2 attempts to connect my defense of the Procreation Asymmetry to corresponding evaluative claims about the goodness of the outcomes produced by procreative decisions. I propose a view, the `biconditional buck-passing view of outcome betterness', according to which facts about the comparative goodness of outcomes are a function of our reasons for bringing about one outcome rather than another under certain conditions. This enables me to derive an Evaluative Procreation Asymmetry from the corresponding normative claims established in Chapter 1. The biconditional buck-passing view also provides me with a principled basis for challenging a version of the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Principle. This, in turn, permits me to provide a novel solution to another famous problem in population ethics: Parfit's Mere Addition Paradox. Finally, in Chapter 3, I rebut some key objections to the Procreation Asymmetry by showing that upholding it does not commit us to anti-natalism and that it is compatible with a moral concern for the long-term survival of humanity. / Philosophy

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-24).

<p>Mere afirmativne akcije u oblasti obrazovanja se u Srbiji primenjuju od 2003. godine i njihov cilj je povećana dostupnost obrazovnih institucija pripadnicima romske nacionalne manjine i olak&scaron;ani upis u srednje &scaron;kole, na fakultete i visoko&scaron;kolske<br />ustanove ĉiji je osnivaĉ Republika Srbija. I ako one jesu deo sistema, nedostaje jasno i sveobuhvatno sistemsko re&scaron;enje njihove strukture, sprovoĊenja, praćenja i vrednovanja efikasnosti.<br />Cilj rada je da popi&scaron;em, sistematizujem i analiziram razliĉite oblike primene afirmativnih mera za upis i studiranje na visokoobrazovnim institucijama u Srbiji i da predloţim mere za pobolj&scaron;anje istih u praksi. U istraţivanju obrazlaţem potrebu za njihovim detaljnijim ureĊenjem i to tako &scaron;to se aktualizuju sve karike u lancu afirmativnih mera: poĉev&scaron;i od mature, pripreme za prijemni ispit, sam prijemni ispit, dobijanja mesta u studentskom domu, finansijskih i motivacionih barijera, pre svega za romske studentkinje kao dvostruko marginalizovane u dru&scaron;tvu. Analiza obuhvata i zakone, preporuke i druge dokumente kojima se reguli&scaron;e primena afirmativnih mera u obrazovanju predstavnika romske populacije kod nas.<br />Polustukturirani upitnik je osnova intervjua sa 80 studenata/kinja romske nacionalnosti koji studiraju na fakultetima i visokim &scaron;kolama na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu (a upisani su na osnovne, master i doktorske studije), studentima koji su diplomirali u periodu od 2008-2013. godine na fakultetima i visokim &scaron;kolama na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu, kao i studentima privatnih fakulteta u AP Vojvodini.<br />Ispitujem i rad pedago&scaron;kih asistenata u osnovnim &scaron;kolama u Vojvodini, koji su kao oblik afirmativne akcije, uvedeni od strane Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnolo&scaron;kog razvoja. Polustrukturirani upitnik je osnova intervjua sa 15 pedago&scaron;kih asistenata u osnovnim &scaron;kolama i pred&scaron;kolskim ustanovama u Vojvodini.<br />Analiziram i rad koordinatora za romska pitanja u lokalnim samoupravama u Vojvodini, koji su kao deo programa za unapreĊenje poloţaja Roma uvedeni 2007. godine. Osnova analize je polustukturirani upitnik sa 13 koordinatora za romska pitanja u AP Vojvodini.<br />Ispitujem i rad zdravstvenih medijatorki koje su uvedene od strane Ministarstva zdravlja Republike Srbije 2008. godine, kao program namenjen unapreĊenju zdravlja romske zajednice. Osnova analize su intervjui sa dve medijatorke, iz Novog Sada i iz op&scaron;tine Ţabalj.<br />Zakljuĉujem da su u većem broju ukljuĉene Romkinje nego Romi u visoko obrazovanje, kao i u rad institucija i implementaciju programa i projekata koji se sprovode na planu unapreĊenje poloţaja Roma. Zalaganje je da u budućnosti vladajući stavovi u afirmativnim merama vode raĉuna o rodnim i identitetskim (interkulturnim) osobinama romske populacije, pre svega Romkinja.</p> / <p>The measures of affirmative actions thein field of education are applied in Serbia since 2003, and their goal is to increase the availability of educational institutions to the Roma national minority and to ease the enrollment in secondary schools, colleges and higher education institutions founded by the Republic of Serbia. Although they are part of the system, it lacks a clear and comprehensive system solution to their structure, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness.The aim of this paper is to crawl, systematize and analyze various forms of the implementation of affirmative measures for enrollment and studying in higher education institutions in Serbia and to suggest measures to improve them in practice. In the study, I elaborate the need for their more detailed arrangement in a way that all the links in the chain of affirmative measures would be actualizated: starting from the graduation, preparation for the preliminary examination, enrollment exam, dorm room, financial and motivational barriers, especially for Roma female students who are double marginalized in the society. The analysis includes the laws, recommendations and other documents governing the use of the measures of affirmative action in education for the Roma population in Serbia.Semi-structured questionnaire is based on the interviews with 80 students / activists of Roma ethnicity who study at the faculties and colleges of the University of Novi Sad (and enrolled at the undergraduate, master&#39;s and doctoral studies), students who have graduated in the period from 2008 to 2013. at the faculties and colleges at the University of Novi Sad, as well as students private faculties in AP Vojvodina.I am exploring the work of teaching assistants in primary schools in Vojvodina, which are a form of affirmative action, introduced by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development. Semi-structured questionnaire is based on the interviews with 15 teaching assistants in primary schools and kindergartens in.I&#39;m analyzing the work of coordinators for Roma in local governments in Vojvodina, who as part of the program for improving the position of Roma were introduced in 2007. The basis of the analysis of the semi-structured questionnaire with 13 Coordinator for Roma issues in AP Vojvodina. I am exploring the work of health mediators that have been introduced by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia in 2008, as a program aimed at improving the health of the Roma community. The bases of the analysis are the interviews with two mediators from Novi Sad and the municipality Ţabalj.<br />I conclude that the greater number of Roma women are involved in higher education than Roma men, as well as in the work of institutions and the implementation of programs and projects that are implemented in the area of improving the position of Roma. Commitment is that in the future, the dominant positions in to the affirmative measures take account of gender and identity (intercultural) characteristics of the Roma population, especially Roma women.</p>

<p>U cilju utvrđivanja efekata procene specifičnog programa vežbanjana motoričke sposobnosti i antropometrijske karakteristike dece pred&scaron;kolskog uzrasta, primenjene subaterija od 7 motoričkih testova i osam antropometrijskih mera. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 191pred&scaron;kolca (90 u eksperimentalnim i 101 u kontrolnim grupama), uzrasta od 4 do 5 godina. Oni su bili ispitanici u tri projekta koje je realizovao Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja Novi Sad, u periodu od deset godina. Dobijeni podaci su analizirani multivarijacionom analizom kovarijanse (MANCOVA). Moglo se zaključiti da je primena eksperimentalnog programa vežbanja dovela do značajnog pobolj&scaron;anja pojedinih motoričkih sposobnosti eksperimentalnih grupa u odnosu na kontrolne grupe. U prostoru antropometrije nije pokazana statistički značajna razlika između grupa u posmatrane tri vremenske tačke u periodu od deset godina. Ova doktorska disertacija je pokazala na pozitivne efekte na transformaciju pojedinih dimenzija antropolo&scaron;kog statusa u različitim vremenskim tačkama i sa različitim generacijama dece, bez obzira na socio-ekonomskog statusa nivo fizičke aktivnosti dece. U osnovi, praktična vrednost ovog rada je analizirani model kineziolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti, koji se može primeniti u svim klubovima i &scaron;kolama koje rade sa decom pred&scaron;kolskog i ranog &scaron;kolskog uzrasta.</p> / <p>In order to determine the evaluation effects of specific exercise program on motor abilities and anthropometric characteristicsof preschool children, a battery of 7 motor tests and eightanthropometric measures were applied.The current study was conducted on a sample of 191preschoolers (90 in the experimental and 101 in the control groups), aged 4 to 5 five. They were the respondents in three projects implemented by the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Novi Sad, in the tenyear period. The obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). It can be concluded that the application of experimental and control models of exercise resulted in substantial improvement of certain motor skills in the experimental group compared to the control group. In the space of anthropometry it was not statistically significant difference between groups in the observed three time points in the ten-year period.This doctoral thesis revealed that positive effects of the transformation of certain dimensions&nbsp; anthropological statusat different time points and with different generations of children, regardless of socioeconomic status, level of physical activity of children. In fact, the practical value of this work is to analyze the model of kinetic activities, which as such can be applied to all clubs and schools that work with children of preschool and early school age.</p>