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Characterisation of the effect and functional significance of Fcγ receptor crosslinking on metabolic processes in macrophagesJing, Chenzhi January 2018 (has links)
The metabolic state of an immune cell directly influences its ability to function and differentiate, ultimately affecting immunity, inflammation and tolerance. Different immune cell subsets have differing metabolic requirements. Macrophages, as the frontline, tissue-resident cells of the innate immune system, undergo profound metabolic reprogramming in response to environmental stimuli. To date, there has been little consideration how macrophage metabolism might be affected by humoral immunity. IgG antibodies are the soluble effector molecules of the adaptive humoral immune system. Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) mediate the cellular functions of IgG antibodies and are expressed on most immune cells including macrophages. FcγR cross-linking induced by IgG immune complexes (ICs) is important for defence against some infections but can also play a pathogenic role in autoimmunity. Here, I studied the metabolic reprogramming induced in macrophages by IgG IC ligation of FcγRs. I first investigated how FcγRs cross-linking might impact glucose metabolism. We show that macrophages undergo a switch to glycolysis in response to IgG IC stimulation. FcγR-associated glycolysis was dependent on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α. Moreover, this glycolytic switch was required to generate a number of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Inhibition of glycolysis, or genetic depletion of HIF1α in macrophages resulted in the attenuation of IL1β and other inflammatory mediators produced in response to IgG IC in vitro. To determine the relevance of these observations to responses to IgG IC in vivo and, in particular, to IC-associated tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases such as system lupus erythematosus (SLE), I developed three models to interrogate tissue macrophages. Following administration of IC to peritoneal macrophages, I observed IL1β-associated neutrophil recruitment that was abrogated by inhibiting glycolysis, or in the presence of HIF-1a deficiency. Similarly, following administration of intravenous IC, or nephrotoxic serum, kidney macrophage activation was abrogated by glycolysis inhibition or by myeloid HIF-1a deficiency. Together my data reveal the cellular molecular mechanisms required for FcγR-mediated metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and define a novel therapeutic strategy in autoantibody-induced inflammation. In the final part of the thesis I identified additional metabolic pathways that were altered by FcγR ligation, including cholesterol biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis. This has important implications for protective immune responses and autoimmune susceptibility, since a number of intermediates in these pathways can directly regulate and contribute to immune responses. In summary, I have demonstrated the metabolic alterations triggered by FcγR ligation, reveal the cellular molecular mechanisms required for FcγR-mediated cellular respiration reprogramming in macrophages and define a potential therapeutic target in autoimmunity.
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Communication cellule-cellule : transfert de mitochondries provenant des cellules souches/stromales mesenchymateuses (CSM) vers des cellules cancereuses / Cell to cell communication : transfer of mitochondria from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) to cancer cellsCaicedo, Andrès 20 December 2013 (has links)
Au début de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé aux processus qui sous-tendent la communication cellulaire et plus spécifiquement les interactions cellule-cellule. Pourquoi une cellule établit-elle un contact spécifique avec une autre cellule ? Comment les cellules répondent-elles à cette interaction et quels en sont les effets ? J'ai utilisé comme modèle d'étude l'interaction entre les cellules souches/stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) et des lignées de cancer du sein. L'objectif de mon travail a été d'analyser les mécanismes de ces interactions entre CSM et cellules cancéreuses et d'en évaluer les effets sur les fonctions des cellules cancéreuses. En effet, des mécanismes de recrutement des CSM aux sites tumoraux ont été décrits avec des effets sur la progression tumorale, ce qui ouvre par ailleurs des perspectives pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. J'ai tout d'abord développé un système expérimental de microscopie confocale en temps réel pour observer le type d'interaction qui est produit entre les CSM humaines et les cellules de carcinomes mammaires MDA-MB-231 et MCF7. J'ai constaté la formation dynamique de structures tubulaires entre les deux types cellulaires et, de façon surprenante, le passage des mitochondries des CSM vers les cellules cancéreuses. En un deuxième temps, j'ai utilisé un système d'invasion dans une matrice 3D de collagène, que nous avons adapté à la coculture, afin d'observer les effets de l'interaction des MDA-MB-231 avec les CSM. En accord avec la littérature, nous avons constaté une augmentation du pouvoir invasif des cellules cancéreuses, effet qui pouvait être lié au transfert des mitochondries provenant des CSM. Pour répondre à cette question, j'ai mis au point un protocole pour transférer spécifiquement des mitochondries, isolées à partir de cellules, vers d'autres cellules. Ce protocole, exploité dans ce manuscrit pour le transfert de mitochondries de CSM vers les cellules cancéreuses MDA-MB-231, peut être transposé à d'autres types cellulaires et fait l'objet d'une demande de brevet. Nos données indiquent que l'acquisition de mitochondries de CSM par les cellules cancéreuses modifie leurs propriétés fonctionnelles et augmente leur capacité de prolifération et d'invasion. Concernant leur activité métabolique, on observe une augmentation de leur respiration mitochondriale et de leur production d'ATP. Nos données préliminaires suggèrent aussi une augmentation de l'expression transcriptionnelle d'enzymes impliquées dans la synthèse des lipides et l'oxydation des acides gras. Ces données, générées grâce au protocole de transfert artificiel de mitochondries mis au point, montrent pour la première fois que les mitochondries des CSM peuvent majorer certaines propriétés cellulaires liées à la progression tumorale, comme la prolifération et l'invasion, et contribuer à une reprogrammation métabolique des cellules cancéreuses. Elles s'intègrent au rôle proposé par la communauté scientifique pour les CSM dans le microenvironnement tumoral. La technique de transfert artificiel de mitochondries nous permettra de répondre à d'autres questions restées ouvertes, comme le rôle possible des mitochondries des CSM dans les résistances développées par les tumeurs vis-à-vis des agents anti-cancéreux. Le protocole de transfert de mitochondries développé au laboratoire constitue une technique de choix et offre de nombreux avantages comparativement à d'autres techniques comme la micro-injection et la génération des hybrides cytoplasmiques. Sa mise en œuvre est en effet simple et reproductible et permet de traiter une grande quantité de cellules. Cette méthode permet d'envisager de nombreuses perspectives et applications dans le domaine de la reprogrammation métabolique, comme par exemple de restaurer les capacités d'une cellule dysfonctionnelle par le transfert de mitochondries issues d'une cellule saine et « métaboliquement active ». / At the beginning of my thesis, I was interested in the process involved in cell communication, more specifically in cell-to-cell interactions. Why does a cell specifically establish contacts with another one, how do cells respond to these interactions and what are the effects? As a model to answer these questions, I studied the interactions between MSCs and two breast cancer cell lines. The study of the communications between MSCs and tumor cells is an alternative to explore and understand tumor progression. MSC recruitment to the tumor is shown to favor the progression of the disease. The mechanisms of this dialogue are multiple and are the object of a great number of studies that aim at finding new therapeutic approaches. The objective of this work was to analyze the interactions between MSCs and cancer cells and evaluate the potential effects of this communication in tumor progression. First, I developed an experimental system of real time confocal microscopy in order to observe the interaction produced between MSCs and the breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. I noticed the dynamic formation of tubular structures between the two different cell types and, surprisingly, the passage of mitochondria from MSCs to the cancer cells. Second, we used a 3D system of cell invasion in a collagen matrix, which we adapted for the coculture, in order to observe the effects of the interactions between the MDA-MB-231 and MSCs. In agreement with the literature, we observed an increase in the migratory potential of the cancer cells, an effect that could be linked to the transfer of mitochondria from MSCs to the cancer cells. To answer this question, I set up a protocol to specifically transfer to the cancer cells mitochondria isolated from the MSCs and test directly the functional consequences for the cancer cells. This protocol can be used to transfer mitochondria, not only from MSCs but also from other cells. This method is currently submitted to a patent process. Our results show that the transfer of MSC mitochondria to the cancer cells modifies cancer cells functional properties and increase their invasive and proliferative capacities. Concerning the metabolic activity, we noticed an increase in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. We also observed an increase in the transcription level of enzymes related to the lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. The results generated with this new protocol of mitochondria transfer show, for the first time, that mitochondria originating from MSCs can improve cellular capacities linked to the tumor progression. The role proposed by the scientific community for the interactions of MSCs with the tumor cells fits with the data generated in our work. Several questions remain open. In particular, could the transfer of mitochondria from MSCs to the cancer cells contribute to the acquisition of resistance to anti-cancer agents observed in patients? The protocol of transfer of mitochondria that we developed in the laboratory is a technique of choice and offers many advantages over other techniques such as microinjection and cytoplasmic hybrids; its implementation is simple and reproducible and can target large numbers of cells. This method opens numerous perspectives and potential applications such as the study of metabolic reprogramming. Thus, we could consider restoring the activity of dysfunctional cells by transferring mitochondria from “metabolically active” or healthy cells. In the long term, one of the applications could be transferring healthy or genetically modified mitochondria to zygotes carrying mitochondrial DNA mutations, in order to treat pathologies like infertility, neuro-degenerative diseases, cancer and premature aging.
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Etude de la reprogrammation métabolique de l' adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique / Study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma metabolic rewiringOlivares, Orianne 08 January 2015 (has links)
L'adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique (ADKp) possède une architecture compacte, où les cellules tumorales forment des glandes emprisonnées dans un bouclier fibrotique, composé à 50% de collagènes. Ce bouclier empêche la vascularisation, limite l'apport en nutriments et oxygène. Beaucoup de cellules meurent, mais certaines survivent, en reprogrammant en particulier leur métabolisme. Ula plus étudiée est l'utilisation constitutive de la glycolyse, indépendamment de la présence d'oxygène (Effet Warburg). Nous montrons que la population hypoxique de l'ADKp dépend aussi de la dégradation de la glutamine, et que l'activité concomitante de la glycolyse et de la glutaminolyse entraîne la réactivation de la biosynthèse des hexosamines. Ces composés participent à la prolifération tumorale en stabilisant les transporteurs au glucose, ou des oncogènes. L'activité glycolytique intense des cellules hypoxiques permet la synthèse de lactate qui sert de ressource nutritive aux cellules oxygénées adjacentes aux cellules hypoxiques. Nous montrons que certaines cellules oxygénées sont capables de survivre au stress nutritif en dégradant le collagène (écophagie), en utilisant la proline qu'il contient. Les cellules tumorales captent et dégradent les fragments de collagènes pour survivre. Des traçages isotopiques de collagène marqué permettent d'appuyer que la proline internalisée provient du collagène matriciel. Cette proline est transformée en glutamate et fournit le cycle de Krebs pour favoriser la survie tumorale. Ces travaux montrent l'importance de l'étude de la reprogrammation métabolique dans l'ADKp, et le rôle de l'hypoxie ou du collagène dans la progression tumorale. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a compact architecture wherein the tumor cells are organized in glands and trapped in a fibrotic shield (stroma) made of up to 50% of collagen. This shield prevents blood supply, limits nutrients and oxygen intake. Many cells die, but some survive, and proliferate particularly by reprogramming their metabolism. The most studied metabolic reprogramming remains tumor cells addiction to glucose and the constitutive use of glycolysis, regardless of the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). We show that the hypoxic population of PDAC also depends on glutamine degradation, and the concomitant activity of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis reactivates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. These compounds contribute to tumor proliferation by stabilizing glucose transporters, or oncogenes. The intense glycolytic activity of hypoxic cells allows the synthesis of lactate. Excreted in the microenvironment, it serves as a nutritive resource to oxygenic cells adjacent to the hypoxic population and enables their proliferation. We show that some oxygenated cells are also able to survive under nutrient stress by degrading collagen (ecophagy) and use proline it contains. Tumor cells intake and degrade collagen fragments to survive. Isotopic tracer experiments using labeled collagen support the idea that proline comes from the extracellular collagen. This proline is degraded and converted into glutamate, fueling the Krebs cycle for anaplerosis and promotes tumor survival. These studies therefore show the importance to study the metabolic reprogramming of PDAC, and the role of hypoxia or collagen matrix in tumor progression.
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Development and Use of Lipidomics and Proteomics Methods to Identify and Measure Pro-Survival Metabolic Pathways in CancerSpeirs, Monique Merilyn 01 October 2018 (has links)
Throughout society’s continual war against cancer, we have attempted pharmacological intervention only to find that tumors develop modes of resistance. It is well known that genetics play an integral role in cancer. Technological advances have greatly improved our ability to study cancer biochemistry beyond the genome by measuring changes in the expression and activity of RNA, proteins, and lipids in experimental models and human patients. As our techniques and technology to perform cancer research progresses, it is becoming more evident that cancer cells develop stress tolerance mechanisms at multiple levels within the central dogma, including altering mRNA expression, enzyme concentrations, and functional activity of cellular proteins and lipids. In the first chapter, I review previous discoveries demonstrating the importance of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells and how shifts in metabolic pathways contribute to cancer progression and therapeutic challenges. I discuss how mass spectrometry is a multifunctional research tool that can be used to identify global shifts in gene expression, identify oncogenic roles of specific metabolites and corresponding metabolic pathways, conduct enzyme activity assays, and understand the effects of drugs on cell signaling and metabolic flux through specific pathways. While metabolic reprogramming is a complex and multifaceted concept, the following chapters focus on two specific stress tolerance pathways of lipid and protein metabolism we have shown to significantly promote cancer cell evolution, proliferation, and drug resistance in models of human pancreatic and colon cancer. I describe novel mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and proteomics methods we developed to measure and determine the biological impact of these pathways in each model. I discuss the contributions we have made toward increasing general knowledge of metabolic reprogramming networks in cancer and how they may be targeted in more specific and effective manners to sensitize cancers to therapeutic drugs. Specifically, the second chapter entails our study of a pro-survival lipid metabolic pathway driven by the sphingolipid modifying enzyme sphingosine kinase in a panel of differentially reprogrammed pancreatic cancer subclones. The third chapter describes our novel kinetic proteomics approach to identify how the cellular degradation system autophagy is used to selectively remodel the proteome of colon tumor cells in a xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. Lastly, I discuss how these and other projects completed during my graduate work lay a foundation for ongoing research to further our fundamental understanding of cancer metabolism and treatment development.
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Biologie systémique de la résistance au stress oxydant métabolique : rôles du glutathion, du méthylglyoxal et des glyoxalases / System biology of the metabolic oxydative stress resistance : role of glutathione, methylglyoxal and glyoxalasesNarainsamy, Kinsley 21 June 2012 (has links)
Apparues il y a environ trois milliards d'années, les cyanobactéries ont façonné notre planète, en produisant l’atmosphère oxygénique. De nos jours, les cyanobactéries sont les organismes photosynthétiques les plus abondants dans notre environnement, elles assurent environ 30 à 40% de la production d'O2, et de la consommation du CO2 par les océans et constituent le premier maillon de la chaîne alimentaire. A part la photosynthèse, leur métabolisme est encore très mal connu. Ainsi, pour mieux comprendre le métabolisme cyanobactérien et proposer des stratégies de reprogrammation, il est primordial de développer des méthodes analytiques permettant l’étude globale de leur métabolisme en réponse à des variations de conditions environnementales et de stress. La cyanobactérie modèle Synechocystis PCC6803 convient parfaitement à ce type d’analyse. En effet, Synechocystis est un unicellulaire, hétérotrophe facultative capable de se développer en eau douce ou saumâtre et à un pH alcalin. Synechocystis possède un petit génome d’environ 4.0 Mb entièrement séquencé et facilement manipulable grâce aux outils développés au laboratoire. Son génome prédit l'existence d'un métabolisme carboné complexe mais encore peu étudié. Mon travail de thèse est centré sur cette analyse par la combinaison de deux approches, la génomique fonctionnelle et la métabolomique. Durant ma thèse en collaboration avec le LEMM dirigé par Christophe Junot iBiTec-S/SPI, j’ai développé un protocole d’extraction des métabolites de Synechocystis, ainsi qu’une méthode d’analyse métabolomique par couplage de la chromatographie liquide à la spectrométrie de masse LTQ-Orbitrap à haute résolution. L’application de cette nouvelle méthode analytique m’a permis d’étudier l’influence de la lumière et du glucose sur le métabolisme de Synechocystis. Ainsi, j’ai montré que Synechocystis cultivée en présence du glucose reprogramme fortement son métabolisme. Parmi les résultats très intéressants, j’ai montré que le glucose engendre un stress oxydant. Chez tous les organismes, une forte activité du métabolisme carboné entraîne la production de métabolites toxiques tels que le méthyglyoxal (MG). Le MG modifie irréversiblement de nombreuses bio-molécules. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai commencé à m’intéresser à l'effet du MG sur la physiologie et le métabolisme de Synechocystis. J'ai construit 25 mutants KO pour les gènes de la glycolyse et du métabolisme du glycérol permettant de moduler la concentration intracellulaire de MG et également les gènes impliqués dans les voies de détoxication du MG dont celle dépendante de la synthèse du GSH (la voie des glyoxalases). J’ai pu montrer que les gènes responsables de la synthèse du GSH sont essentiels à la viabilité cellulaire. Je suis parvenu toutefois à obtenir un mutant déplété de gshB et ne produisant plus de GSH à un niveau détectable. En faisant une analyse métabolomique approfondie, j’ai mis en évidence pour la première fois que Synechocystis était capable produire deux tripeptides non-thiolés analogues structuraux du GSH; l’acide ophthalmique et l’acide norophthalmique identifiés jusqu’à présent uniquement chez les mammifères. La comparaison des métabolomes de culture de souches sauvage, ou dépletées en gshA, gshB ou ggt, a permis de montré que ces analogues sont synthétisés par les mêmes enzymes que le GSH à savoir GshA et GshB. Par ailleurs, une autre molécule anti-oxydante dont la synthèse est connue chez quelques champignons et qui s’accumule chez l’Homme par l’apport alimentaire a également été observée. / Cyanobacteria are fascinating microorganisms. They are among the oldest life forms, regarded as the progenitors of the oxygenic photosynthesis and plant chloroplast. Furthermore, cyanobacteria have evolved as the largest and most diverse groups of bacteria in colonizing most marine and fresh waters, as well as soils. An important reason for the hardness of cyanobacteria is their successful combination of effective metabolic pathways driven by their efficient photosynthesis that uses nature's most abundant resources, solar energy, water and CO2, to produce a large part of the Planet's oxygenic atmosphere and organic assimilates for the food chain. Hence, cyanobacteria are receiving a growing attention because of their potential for the carbon-neutral production of biofuels and bioplastics. To better understand cyanobacteria and turn their biotechnological potentials into an industrial reality, we need to develop robust protocols for global analysis of their metabolism and its responses to environmental stresses. The model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 is well suited for this purpose. Synechocystis is a basic organism, i.e. unicellular, which grows well (i) in fresh- and marine-waters; (ii) in the presence of glucose that can compensate for the absence of light; and (iii) at high pH that prevents microbial contaminations. Furthermore, Synechocystis harbors a small sequenced genome (about 4.0 Mb), which can be easily manipulated. In the present work, we developed a robust protocol for metabolome analyses of Synechocystis, using liquid chromatography (LC) for metabolite separation, coupled to a LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer that provides high sensitivity and resolution, accurate mass measurements, and structural informations with MS/MS or sequential MSn experiments that facilitate metabolite identification. Consequently, we applied the PFPP-LC/MS method to analyze the metabolome of Synechocystis growing under various conditions of light and glucose, which strongly influence cell growth. We found that glucose increases glucose storage and catabolism, while it decreases the Calvin-Benson cycle that consumes photosynthetic electrons for CO2 assimilation. Depending on light and glucose availabilities, this global metabolic reprogramming can generate an oxidative stress, likely through the recombination of the glucose-spared electrons with the photosynthetic oxygen thereby producing toxic reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we studied the metabolism of an endogenous toxic the méthylglyoxal and its main catabolic pathway going through the glyoxalases system glutathione dependent.
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Experimental and mathematical analysis of the central carbon metabolism in cancer and stem cellsZasada, Christin 11 September 2017 (has links)
Die Entstehung von Tumoren und damit einhergehenden Veränderungen wurden insbesondere im letzten Jahrzehnt kontrovers diskutiert. Bisher standen nur wenige Datensätze mit ausreichender Datendichte zur Verfügung um eine umfassende Untersuchung der Regulation des Stoffwechsels durchzuführen. Die in dieser Arbeit zusammengefassten Projekte adressieren verschiedene Aspekte der Stoffwechselregulation und beschreiben die Verknüpfung von Zellkulturexperimenten mit innovativen Hochdurchsatz-Technologien, komplexer Datenanalyse und Computer-basierter Modellierung zur Bestimmung der Stoffwechselflüsse in eukaryotischen Zellen. Die Kombination von GC-MS und LC-MS basierten Technologien ermöglicht die quantitative Analyse des zentralen Kohlenstoffwechsels. Markierungsexperimente mit stabilen Isotopen (pSIRM) erlauben die dynamische Analyse der Stoffwechselaktivität. In verschiedenen Projekten wurden das Proteom und Metabolom von Krebszellen, humanen Stammzellen (hESCs), induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen (iPS) und deren dazugehörigen differenzierten Vorläufer- oder Nachfolgerzellen bestimmt.
Die multivariate, statistische Analyse der Daten ermöglichte die Differenzierung verschiedener Zelltypen basierend auf der Kombination aller quantitativ bestimmten Daten. Quantitative Bestimmungen der Poolgrössen, Isotopeninkorporationen, sowie der extrazellulären Raten in neuronalen, pluripotenten Vorläuferzellen (Luhmes d0) und Neuronen (Luhmes d6) ermöglichte die Bestimmung der Stoffwechselflusskarte beider Zelltypen unter Verwendung der instationären metabolischenen Flussanalyse (INST-MFA).
Die Etablierung einer Qualitätskontrolle für GC-MS basierte Daten (MTXQC), sowie die Zuordnung der GC-MS Fragmente zur Molekülstruktur, ermöglichten den Ausbau des
Netzwerkes des zentralen Kohlenstoffwechsels und die Implementierung der Daten für die metabolische Flussanalyse. / Metabolic reprogramming of the central carbon metabolism (CCM) is highly debated during the last decade. It describes the rearrangement of nutrient consumption for providing energy and building blocks for cellular proliferation and maintenance. So far, only sparse data are available for an in-depth analysis of metabolic reprogramming events. The herein summarised projects address metabolic programming from different perspectives and show the implementation of cell culture experiments, cutting-edge high-throughput technologies, bioinformatics, and computational modelling into one workflow providing the determination of metabolic flux maps of mammalian cells. The combination of GC-MS and LC-MS-based methodologies enable the quantitative analysis of proteins and metabolites of the CCM. Pulsed stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (pSIRM) experiments allow monitoring the fate of nutrients within the network of the CCM. The time-dependent and position-specific incorporation of carbon-13 leads to an indirect measurement of the metabolic flux, the only one functional readout of a cell.
High-throughput technologies were applied in four projects to gain insights in metabolic reprogramming in cancer cell lines, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and their derived fibroblasts. A global principal component analysis demonstrated the discrimination of phenotypes by different classes of quantitative data.
The comparison of metabolic and protein levels confirms the presence of the Warburg effect in both cell types. Though, the executing enzymes vary regarding their isoenzyme identity and expression levels.
Methodological improvements provided the implementation of GC-MS derived data for INST-MFA. The mapping of GC-MS derived fragments to the molecule structure enables an extension of the CCM network. Robustness of the input data has been improved by the development of a R-scripting based quality control tool (MTXQC).
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Uncovering Novel Immuno-metabolic Profiles in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:From Vaccine Development to Analgesic MechanismsVolpedo, Greta 09 September 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Immunobiology and Application of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Agonists to Augment Host Resistance to InfectionHernandez, Antonio, Patil, Naeem K., Stothers, Cody L., Luan, Liming, McBride, Margaret A., Owen, Allison M., Burelbach, Katherine R., Williams, David L., Sherwood, Edward R., Bohannon, Julia K. 01 December 2019 (has links)
Infectious diseases remain a threat to critically ill patients, particularly with the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Septic shock carries a mortality of up to ∼40% with no compelling evidence of promising therapy to reduce morbidity or mortality. Septic shock survivors are also prone to nosocomial infections. Treatment with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists have demonstrated significant protection against common nosocomial pathogens in various clinically relevant models of infection and septic shock. TLR4 agonists are derived from a bacteria cell wall or synthesized de novo, and more recently novel small molecule TLR4 agonists have also been developed. TLR4 agonists augment innate immune functions including expansion and recruitment of innate leukocytes to the site of infection. Recent studies demonstrate TLR4-induced leukocyte metabolic reprogramming of cellular metabolism to improve antimicrobial function. Metabolic changes include sustained augmentation of macrophage glycolysis, mitochondrial function, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. These findings set the stage for the use of TLR4 agonists as standalone therapeutic agents or antimicrobial adjuncts in patient populations vulnerable to nosocomial infections.
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