The Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are located presynaptically on axon terminals and act as autoreceptors and heteroreceptors by inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Much has been learned about these receptors through exogenous application of L-serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP), an endogenous amino acid derivative and known activator of the Group III mGluRs. We hypothesized that L-SOP is the endogenous co-agonist at the high affinity Group III mGluR, mGluR4. We found the EC50 of L-SOP at mGluR4 was 0.5 μM, and determined that the concentration of L-SOP in whole brain was approximately 5 μM. An immunocytochemical survey revealed that cells containing the enzymatic machinery necessary for L-SOP synthesis and metabolism were observed in two brain regions known to express mGluR4, namely, cerebellum and hippocampus. In the cerebellum, the L-SOP synthetic and metabolic enzymes were found in Bergmann glia and Purkinje cells, two cells which form a tripartite synapse with parallel fiber axon terminals where the mGluR4 subtype is exclusively expressed at high levels. In the hippocampus, the L-SOP metabolic enzyme was detected in young neurons emanating from the neurogenic subventricular zone. Attempts to raise endogenous levels of L-SOP by crippling the L-SOP metabolizing enzyme (phosphoserine phosphatase), over-expressing the L-SOP synthesizing enzyme (phosphoserine aminotransferase), or through dietary protein restriction, to study the effects on neurotransmission and neurodevelopment in the central nervous system (CNS) were unsuccessful, suggesting that the production of L-SOP remains stable despite manipulation of the synthetic and metabolic enzymes. Finally, the ability of L-SOP to modulate glutamate release from presynaptic terminals was examined in cerebellar synaptosomes. Co-incident activation of presynaptic mGluR4 and presynaptic GABAA receptors facilitated glutamate release, suggesting that simultaneous activation of parallel fibers and Bergmann glia may serve to enhance synaptic transmission. This observation expands the traditional view of Group III mGluRs acting solely as inhibitory autoreceptors. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that L-SOP is the endogenous agonist at mGluR4, and possibly other Group III mGluRs.

The Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are located presynaptically on axon terminals and act as autoreceptors and heteroreceptors by inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Much has been learned about these receptors through exogenous application of L-serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP), an endogenous amino acid derivative and known activator of the Group III mGluRs. We hypothesized that L-SOP is the endogenous co-agonist at the high affinity Group III mGluR, mGluR4. We found the EC50 of L-SOP at mGluR4 was 0.5 μM, and determined that the concentration of L-SOP in whole brain was approximately 5 μM. An immunocytochemical survey revealed that cells containing the enzymatic machinery necessary for L-SOP synthesis and metabolism were observed in two brain regions known to express mGluR4, namely, cerebellum and hippocampus. In the cerebellum, the L-SOP synthetic and metabolic enzymes were found in Bergmann glia and Purkinje cells, two cells which form a tripartite synapse with parallel fiber axon terminals where the mGluR4 subtype is exclusively expressed at high levels. In the hippocampus, the L-SOP metabolic enzyme was detected in young neurons emanating from the neurogenic subventricular zone. Attempts to raise endogenous levels of L-SOP by crippling the L-SOP metabolizing enzyme (phosphoserine phosphatase), over-expressing the L-SOP synthesizing enzyme (phosphoserine aminotransferase), or through dietary protein restriction, to study the effects on neurotransmission and neurodevelopment in the central nervous system (CNS) were unsuccessful, suggesting that the production of L-SOP remains stable despite manipulation of the synthetic and metabolic enzymes. Finally, the ability of L-SOP to modulate glutamate release from presynaptic terminals was examined in cerebellar synaptosomes. Co-incident activation of presynaptic mGluR4 and presynaptic GABAA receptors facilitated glutamate release, suggesting that simultaneous activation of parallel fibers and Bergmann glia may serve to enhance synaptic transmission. This observation expands the traditional view of Group III mGluRs acting solely as inhibitory autoreceptors. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that L-SOP is the endogenous agonist at mGluR4, and possibly other Group III mGluRs.

The induction of synaptic plasticity at CA1 synapses requires NMDAR activation. Modulation of NMDAR function by various GPCRs can shift the thresholds for LTP and LTD induction and contribute to metaplasticity. Here we showed that the activity of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDARs is differentially regulated by Gαi/o-coupled, Gαq- and Gαs-coupled receptors. Furthermore, enhancing the relative function of GluN2A-to-GluNB NMDAR activity by GPCRs can alter the balance of LTP and LTD induction and contribute to metaplasticity. In CA1 neurons, activation of the Gαs-coupled D1/D5R selectively recruited Fyn kinase and enhanced GluN2B-mediated NMDAR currents. Biochemical experiments confirmed that D1/D5R stimulation activates Fyn kinase and enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of GluN2B subunits. In contrast, activation of the Gαq-coupled PAC1R selectively recruited Src kinase to enhance the function of GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Enhancing the functional ratio of GluN2A-to-GluN2B subunits by PAC1R activation lowered the threshold for LTP induction whereas enhancing the functional ratio of GluN2B-to-GluN2A subunits by D1/D5R activation increased the threshold for LTP induction. Unexpectedly, activation of the Gαi/o-coupled mGluR2/3 enhanced NMDAR-mediated function via a previously unidentified mechanism. Inhibition of the cAMP-PKA pathway via mGluR2/3 activation resulted in activation of Src via decreased phosphorylation of its C-terminal Tyr527 by Csk. Stimulation of mGluR2/3 selectively potentiated the function of GluN2A-containing NMDARs but whether it shifted the modification threshold θm to the left requires further investigation.

No description available.

Les récepteurs métabotropiques au glutamate (mGluR), qui appartiennent à la classe C des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG), sont bien connus pour leurs rôles importants dans les troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques. La compréhension de leur mécanisme d’activation est essentielle pour la mise au point de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. Récemment, le nombre de structures de RCPG cristallisées a augmenté de façon exponentielle grâce à l'application des méthodes de stabilisation de la protéine. Cependant, certaines ambiguïtés et incohérences ont été révélées au cours des études cristallographiques. En outre, des études en molécules uniques, y compris par transfert d'énergie d’excitation électronique de Förster (smFRET), ont montré la nature très dynamique des RCPG en général, et du domaine d’activation de mGluR en particulier. Ici, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme d'activation des mGluR entiers en utilisant des techniques de FRET d’ensemble et sur molécules uniques. Les techniques de HTRF ont permis l’optimisation de la préparation des échantillons. Un protocole a été mis au point, permettant d'extraire les mGlu2 entiers dans du détergent, à partir de cellules HEK293T, sans affecter de manière importante la pharmacologie et de la stabilité des récepteurs. Les expériences de FRET en molécules uniques ont été effectuées avec la technique MFD-PIE. Une analyse poussée de ces données, par mesure de l'efficacité de FRET ratiométrique, de durée de vie des fluorophores dans l’état excité, et d’analyse en corrélation (FCS), ont permis de montrer un changement conformationel rapide (sub-milliseconde) des récepteurs mGlu2 entiers. Par ailleurs, le rôle de stabilisation du domaine transmembranaire en faveur de l’état actif a été prouvé. / Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), which belong to class C of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), are well-known for their important roles in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Understanding of receptor activation is essential to decipher the receptor functioning, and thus orientate drugs design for targeted therapeutics. Recently, the number of GPCR crystal structures has increased exponentially thanks to the application of protein stabilization methods. However, these crystallography studies have revealed certain ambiguities and discrepancies, and these approaches do not take into account the dynamic nature of GPCR activation. Indeed, single-molecule studies, including single-molecule FRET (smFRET), have revealed the highly dynamic nature of GPCR in general, and fast conformational changes of mGluR domains in particular. Here, we study the activation mechanism of the full-length mGluR by FRET techniques at ensemble and single-molecule level. Homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) was applied for optimizing the sample preparation. An appropriate protocol was established, allowing to extract mGlu2 full-length in detergent from the HEK293T cells without significantly affecting its pharmacology and stability. smFRET experiments were performed using the combination of multiparameter fluorescence detection (MFD) with pulsed interleaved excitation (PIE). Advanced data analysis such as ratiometric FRET efficiency, lifetime-based FRET measurement, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) revealed that the fast dynamic oscillation in sub-millisecond timescale of the full-length mGlu2, and prove the stabilization role of the transmembrane domain of the full-length receptor in favor of the active state.

La synapse glutamatergique est formée par une présynapse axonale et une postsynapse dont le support est l'épine dendritique. L'épine présente des récepteurs membranaires du glutamate liés à des protéines d'échafaudage sous-membranaires. Ces protéines de la densité postsynaptique (PSD) permettent de relier les récepteurs à leurs voies de signalisation. Les récepteurs NMDA sont reliés aux récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate (mGluR1/5) via le complexe PSD95/GKAP/Shank/Homer. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai caractérisé la dynamique d'interactions protéiques au sein de ce complexe et étudié les conséquences fonctionnelles sur l'activité des récepteurs.Homer est une protéine multimérique reliant mGluR5 au complexe PSD95/GKAP/Shank. La forme monomérique Homer1a est incapable de relier mGluR5 à Shank. Nous avons montré que la rupture du complexe par l'expression de Homer1a permet une interaction directe entre les récepteurs NMDA et mGluR5 et une inhibition des courants NMDA. Nous avons validé que ce processus intervient lors de la potentialisation synaptique. J'ai également étudié le rôle de l'interaction entre GKAP et DLC2, une chaîne légère de transporteurs moléculaires. Après avoir caractérisé l'occurrence et la dynamique de l'interaction GKAP-DLC2, j'ai montré que l'activité neuronale entraîne une augmentation de cette interaction et une accumulation synaptique de GKAP. De plus, cette interaction permet d'acheminer PSD95 dans les épines et d'augmenter les courants NMDA. L'ensemble de ces résultats montre que les protéines d'échafaudage participent à la signalisation des récepteurs, modulent la transmission synaptique et sous-tendent les mécanismes de plasticité à long terme. / The glutamatergic synapse is composed by an axonal presynapse and a postsynapse which is supported by a dendritic spine. The spine contains membrane glutamatergic receptors connected to sub-membrane scaffolding proteins. These postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins allow to link receptors to their signaling pathways. NMDA receptors are associated to metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) through the PSD95/GKAP/Shank/Homer protein complex. During my PhD, I have characterized protein-protein interactions dynamic in this complex and studied functional consequences on receptor activity.Homer is a multimeric protein linking mGluR5 to the PSD95/GKAP/Shank complex. The monomeric form Homer1a is unable to connect mGluR5 to Shank. We have shown that complex disruption by Homer1a expression induces a direct interaction between NMDA and mGluR5 and subsequent inhibition of NMDA currents. We have shown that this process occurs during synaptic potentiation.I have also studied the interaction between GKAP and DLC2, a light chain shared by molecular transporters. I have characterized the occurrence and dynamic of GKAP-DLC2 interaction and shown that neuronal activity increases this interaction leading to synaptic accumulation of GKAP. Moreover, this interaction allows PSD95 targeting into dendritic spines and NMDA currents increase. Together, these results show that scaffolding proteins participate to receptor signaling, modulate synaptic transmission and underlie long-term synaptic plasticity mechanisms.

L’autophagie est un processus catabolique par lequel certaines protéines cytosoliquessont dirigées vers le compartiment lysosomial, afin d’y être dégradées. Ce processus débutepar la séquestration de constituants cytoplasmiques par une structure multimembranaireappelée phagophore. La fermeture du phagophore donne naissance à une vésicule à doublemembrane nommée autophagosome, qui fusionne avec les lysosomes, ce qui conduit à ladégradation du contenu de sa lumière. Ainsi, la modulation de l’autophagie permet unremodelage dynamique du protéome cellulaire. Bien que des données récentes ont permis dedémontrer la dégradation autophagique de protéines impliquées dans la migration cellulaire,telles que des intégrines, ou encore les protéines RhoA et Src, l'impact fonctionnel del'autophagie sur la migration cellulaire demeure sujet à controverse. Alors que l'autophagie estdécrite comme un processus pro-migratoire et pro-invasif dans certaines études, d'autrestravaux indiquent que l'inactivation des protéines pro-autophagiques stimule l'invasion descellules cancéreuses. De plus, l'effet fonctionnel des RCPG chimiotactiques sur l’activitéautophagique reste totalement inexploré. Sur la base de ces données, les objectifs de mon travail de thèse ont été i) d’évaluer les effets des RCPG chimiotactiques, le CXCR4 et l’UT,sur le processus autophagique et ii) d’étudier l’impact de cette modulation sur la migrationcellulaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des cellules HEK-293, transfectées à l’aide deconstruits permettant l’expression des RCPG CXCR4 et UT, ainsi que la lignée deglioblastome humain U87, exprimant ces deux récepteurs de manière endogène.Nous avons dans un premier temps évalué l’activité autophagique à l’aide de laprotéine de fusion EGFP-LC3, marqueur des autophagosomes. Nous avons ainsi démontréque l’activation du CXCR4 et de l’UT provoque une diminution significative de la biogénèsedes autophagosomes. Une étape essentielle de cette biogenèse est le recrutement des protéinesAtg16L1 et Atg5 à la membrane plasmique, conduisant à la formation d'endosomes Atg16L1-Atg5-positifs, appelés « endosomes pré-autophagiques ». Cette population d’endosomesconstitue une source importante de phospholipides nécessaire à l’expansion du phagophore etla formation d’un autophagosome mature. Afin d’évaluer l’impact des RCPG chimiotactiquessur le recrutement de la protéine Atg16L1 à la membrane plasmique, nous avons bloqué leprocessus d’endocytose par l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de la dynamine, le Dynasore. Cettemolécule provoque une accumulation marquée de la protéine Atg16L1 dans les endosomespré-autophagiques en formation, retenus à la membrane plasmique. / Autophagy is a catabolic process by which certain cytosolic proteins are directed to thelysosomal compartment to be degraded. This process begins with the sequestration ofcytoplasmic components, by a multimembrane structure called the phagophore. The closure ofthe phagophore gives rise to a double membrane vesicle called autophagosome, which thenmerges with lysosomes in order to degrade its luminal content. Autophagy modulation allowsa dynamic remodeling of the cellular proteome. Although recent evidence has demonstratedautophagic degradation of key proteins involved in cell migration, such as integrins, RhoAand the Src kinase, the functional impact of autophagy on cell migration remainscontroversial. While autophagy is described as a pro-migratory and pro-invasive process insome studies, others indicate that the inactivation of pro-autophagic proteins stimulates thecancer cell invasion. In addition, the functional effect of chemotactic GPCR on autophagicactivity remains unexplored. On the basis of these data, the objectives of my thesis were i) toevaluate the effects of the chemotactic GPCRs for SDF-1 (CXCR4) and for the vasoactivepeptide urotensin II (UT), on the autophagic process and ii) to study the impact of thismodulation on cell migration. In order to do this, we used HEK-293 cells, transfected with constructs allowing the expression of CXCR4 and UT, as well as the human glioblastomaline, U87, which endogenously expresses these two receptors. Previous studies have demonstrated a direct interaction of Atg5 with membranes,suggesting that recruitment of Atg16L1 to the plasma membrane may depend on Atg5. This prompted us to evaluate the formation of Atg16L1-positive pre-autophagic endosomes,following depletion of Atg5 levels. Several interfering RNAs, targeting the transcriptencoding Atg5, have been tested and, as expected, these interfering RNAs completely blockedthe recruitment of Atg16L1 to forming pre-autophagic endosomes. We then tested the effectsof chemotactic GPCRs on the subcellular localization of the Atg5 protein. By confocalmicroscopy, we found that a significant fraction of Atg5 localized to the plasma membraneunder basal conditions. The activation of CXCR4 or UT is accompanied by a marked decreaseof the Atg5 pool localized at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we have demonstrated thatthe anti-autophagic effects of chemotactic GPCRs are completely abrogated byoverexpression of a recombinant Atg5 protein, suggesting that chemotactic GPCRs exert theiranti-autophagic effects by reducing the membrane pool of Atg5, necessary for the productionof pre-autophagic endosomes, and the expansion of the phagophore.

In order to understand how the brain functions, under normal as well as pathological conditions, it is important to study the mechanisms underlying information integration. Depending on the nature of an input arriving at a synapse, different strategies may be used by the neuron to integrate and respond to the input. Naturally, if a short train of high-frequency synaptic input arrives, it may be beneficial for the neuron to be equipped with a fast mechanism that is highly sensitive to inputs on a short time scale. If, on the contrary, inputs arriving with low frequency are to be processed, it may be necessary for the neuron to possess slow mechanisms of integration. For example, in certain working memory tasks (e. g. delay-match-to-sample), sensory inputs may arrive separated by silent intervals in the range of seconds, and the subject should respond if the current input is identical to the preceeding input. It has been suggested that single neurons, due to intrinsic mechanisms outlasting the duration of input, may be able to perform such calculations. In this work, I have studied a mechanism thought to be particularly important in supporting the integration of low-frequency synaptic inputs. It is mediated by a cascade of events that starts with activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1/5), and ends with a membrane depolarization caused by a current that is mediated by canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) ion channels. This current, denoted ITRPC, is the focus of this thesis. A specific objective of this thesis is to study the role of ITRPC in the integration of synaptic inputs arriving at a low frequency, < 10 Hz. Our hypothesis is that, in contrast to the well-studied, rapidly decaying AMPA and NMDA currents, ITRPC is well-suited for supporting temporal summation of such synaptic input. The reason for choosing this range of frequencies is that neurons often communicate with signals (spikes) around 8 Hz, as shown by single-unit recordings in behaving animals. This is true for several regions of the brain, including the entorhinal cortex (EC) which is known to play a key role in producing working memory function and enabling long-term memory formation in the hippocampus. Although there is strong evidence suggesting that ITRPC is important for neuronal communication, I have not encountered a systematic study of how this current contributes to synaptic integration. Since it is difficult to directly measure the electrical activity in dendritic branches using experimental techniques, I use computational modeling for this purpose. I implemented the components necessary for studying ITRPC, including a detailed model of extrasynaptic glutamate concentration, mGlu1/5 dynamics and the TRPC channel itself. I tuned the model to replicate electrophysiological in vitro data from pyramidal neurons of the rodent EC, provided by our experimental collaborator. Since we were interested in the role of ITRPC in temporal summation, a specific aim was to study how its decay time constant (τdecay) is affected by synaptic stimulus parameters. The hypothesis described above is supported by our simulation results, as we show that synaptic inputs arriving at frequencies as low as 3 - 4 Hz can be effectively summed. We also show that τdecay increases with increasing stimulus duration and frequency, and that it is linearly dependent on the maximal glutamate concentration. Under some circumstances it was problematic to directly measure τdecay, and we then used a pair-pulse paradigm to get an indirect estimate of τdecay. I am not aware of any computational model work taking into account the synaptically evoked ITRPC current, prior to the current study, and believe that it is the first of its kind. We suggest that ITRPC is important for slow synaptic integration, not only in the EC, but in several cortical and subcortical regions that contain mGlu1/5 and TRPC subunits, such as the prefrontal cortex. I will argue that this is further supported by studies using pharmacological blockers as well as studies on genetically modified animals. / QC 20101005

La modification de l'activité neuronale peut engendrer des altérations dans des circuits neuronaux. L'activation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) peux participer à des mécanismes à la base du développement de maladies comme l'addiction à la cocaïne. La consommation de cocaïne conduit à une augmentation de neurotransmetteurs tels que la dopamine, l'histamine et le glutamate qui activent des RCPG dans le cerveau. La signalisation des RCPG peut se faire au travers de monomères, d'homo- ou d'hétéromères de RCPG ainsi que par des interactions protéine - protéine, permettant entre autre une régulation croisée. Nous montrons que les récepteurs de la dopamine 1 (D1R) et de l'histamine 3 (H3R) induisent une signalisation croisée dans le striatum de rat vraisemblablement par la formation d'hétérodimères. Une administration chronique de cocaïne modifie la signalisation de ces récepteurs tant que la signalisation croisée des D1R et H3R. Les H3R et les récepteurs métabotropes du glutamate 1/5 (mGlu1/5R) sont fortement exprimés dans l'hippocampe et le striatum. Des expériences de comportement suggèrent que ces récepteurs seraient susceptibles de coordonner leurs signalisations par une régulation croisée. Nos expériences d'électrophysiologie, de mesure de Ca++ intracellulaire et de transduction du signal montrent effectivement une régulation croisée des récepteurs H3R et mGlu1/5R dans le cerveau de rat. De plus, nous montrons que la consommation chronique de cocaïne affecte la signalisation des H3R et mGlu1/5R de manière différente de son impacte sur leur signalisation croisée. Nos résultats démontrent l'existence d'une régulation croisée de certains RCPG dans le cerveau de rat. De plus, la consommation chronique de la cocaïne affecte différemment la signalisation induite par l'activation d'un récepteur et l'induction d'une signalisation croisée. / Alterations of neuronal activity, mediated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), can modulate neuronal circuits and are thought to be important in the development and expression of diseases as cocaine addiction. GPCR activity is regulated by various mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions in the membrane, permitting these receptors to crosstalk and form homo-and heteromers. Cocaine blocks monoamine reuptake leading to increased synaptic presence of various neurotransmitters including dopamine, histamine and glutamate in the brain. First we describe that dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and histamine H3 receptors (H3R) crosstalk in the rodent brain. Chronic cocaine self-administration altered the crosstalk between D1R and H3R in the striatum, a brain structure involved in habit learning and motor control. The altered signaling was observed in both individual receptor signaling and by D1R-H3R crosstalk signaling. Both histamine H¬3R and metabotropic glutamate 1/5 receptors (mGlu1/5R) are highly expressed in the hippocampus and the striatum of rodents and they are involved in behaviors regulated by these structures. We describe that H3R and mGlu1/5R crosstalk in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and in the striatum of rats. In addition, we found that signaling through H3R and mGlu1/5R were differently affected by chronic cocaine self-administration than the apparent crosstalk between the receptors. These results show evidence of GPCR interactions in adult rodent brain and reveal that chronic cocaine self-administration differently affected crosstalk and single receptor mediated signaling.

Les patients atteints d'épilepsie du lobe temporal (TLE) ainsi que les rats injectés à l'acide kaïnique (KA) exhibent des patrons pathophysiologiques similaires de crises, de sclérose de l'hippocampe et de perte de certains types neuronaux. Parmi les cellules atteintes dans le modèle KA du TLE on retrouve certains interneurones inhibiteurs du CA1. En effet, certains interneurones des couches oriens et alveus (O/A-IN) meurent suite à une injection de KA chez le rat, contrairement aux interneurones à la bordure des couches radiatum et lacunosum/moleculare (R/LM-IN) de la même région. Bien que cette perte soit empêchée par des antagonistes des récepteurs glutamatergiques métabotropes de groupe I (mGluR1/5), la cause de cette perte sélective des O/A-INs reste à être précisée. Au cours des travaux de cette thèse, nous avons effectué des enregistrements de patch-clamp en configuration cellule-entière en modes courant- et voltage-imposé couplés à l'imagerie calcique pour étudier les causes de la vulnérabilité sélective des O/A-INs dans ce modèle. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué les effets d'une application aiguë de KA sur les propriétés membranaires et calciques pour voir s'il y avait des différences entre les O/A-INs et R/LM-INs qui pourraient expliquer la vulnérabilité. Nos résultats montrent que les dépolarisations et variations de résistance d'entrée ainsi que les augmentations de calcium intracellulaire, dépendantes principalement des récepteurs -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole propionic acid (AMPA), sont similaires entre les deux types d'interneurones suite à des applications aigües de KA. Ceci indique que l'effet aigu du KA sur les interneurones ne serait pas la cause de la vulnérabilité des O/A-INs. Dans un second temps nous avons comparé l'implication des sous-types de récepteurs mGluR1 et 5 dans l'activité épileptiforme des deux types d'interneurones évoquée dans un modèle de tranche désinhibée. Dans ce cas, nos données montrent un rôle important des mGluR1 et 5 activés synaptiquement lors des décharges épileptiformes et ce, de manière spécifique aux O/A-INs. Les courants synaptiques sous-tendant ces décharges impliquent des récepteurs ionotropes et métabotropes du glutamate. En présence d'antagonistes des récepteurs ionotropes glutamatergiques, les courants synaptiques sont biphasiques et formés de composantes rapide et lente. Les récepteurs mGluR1 et 5 sont différemment impliqués dans ces composantes: les mGluR5 étant impliqués dans les composantes rapide et lente, et les mGluR1 que dans la composante lente. Ces résultats indiquent que les mGluR1 et 5 contribuent différemment à l'activité épileptiforme, et spécifiquement dans les O/A-INs, et pourraient donc être impliqués dans la vulnérabilité sélective de ces interneurones dans le modèle KA. / Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients, as well as kainic acid (KA)-treated rodents, display similar pathophysiological patterns of behavioural seizures, hippocampal sclerosis and loss of certain neuronal types in the hippocampus. Among the cell types selectively vulnerable in the experimental KA model of TLE are certain inhibitory interneurons of the CA1 hippocampal region. Specifically, interneurons located in the oriens and alveus layers (O/A-IN) are lost following KA injections, whereas interneurons found in the radiatum/lacunosum-moleculare layers (R/LM-IN) are resistant. Although it has been shown that the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1/5) inhibitors can block this cell loss seen in the KA model, the precise cause of the selective O/A-IN vulnerability remains to be clarified. In this thesis, we have performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings with simultaneous calcium imaging in an effort to elucidate the cause of the selective vulnerability of O/A-INs. We first determined the effects of acute KA applications on membrane properties and intracellular calcium rises in hippocampal slices to see if they might be different between O/A-INs and R/LM-INs. Our results reveal similar -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor dependent membrane depolarizations, input resistance variations and calcium reponses in these cells following KA applications, suggesting that acute KA actions may not cause the selective vulnerability of O/A-INs. Furthermore, we evaluated the contribution of mGluR1/5 to epileptiform discharges evoked in a disinhibited slice model, comparing responses between O/A-INs and R/LM-INs. Our data show an important role of synaptically activated mGluR1/5 during epileptiform discharges specifically in O/A-INs. In addition we show that the synaptic currents underlying these discharges involve ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. In the presence of antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors, synaptic currents are biphasic and composed of fast and slow components. mGluR1 and mGluR5 are involved differently in these components with mGluR5 implicated in fast and slow components and mGluR1 in the slow component only. Our findings therefore suggest that mGluR1 and 5 contribute differently to epileptiform discharges, and do so specifically in O/A-INs, suggesting that their activation may contribute to the selective vulnerability of these interneurons in the KA model of TLE.