La survie des individus dépend de leur capacité d’anticiper la survenue d’une récompense ou d’un danger leur permettant ainsi de s’adapter à leur environnement. De considérables efforts ont été réalisés pour identifier les mécanismes cellulaires et synaptiques ayant lieu au niveau du circuit de la récompense afin d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus sous tendant des états motivationnels physiologiques et pathologiques tels que l’addiction et la dépression. Pour autant, ce n’est que récemment qu’on commence à comprendre les circuits capables de contrôler les systèmes monoaminergiques mésencéphaliques et leurs contributions aux comportements motivés. Dans les dernières décennies l’habénula latérale (LHb) a émergé comme un acteur majeur capable d’encoder des stimuli de valeur motivationnelle et de contrôler les systèmes monoaminergiques. La connectivité de cette structure épithalamique joue un rôle clé dans différents aspects des comportements motivationnels, comme l’approche et la fuite. Des avancées récentes ont aussi démontré que des altérations de la fonction de la LHb entrainent des états émotionnels négatifs caractéristiques de la dépression et l’addiction. Ces observations suggèrent que la LHb pourrait s’avérer une cible importante pour le traitement de ces pathologies. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, j’ai d’abord cherché à comprendre comment moduler la transmission synaptique au niveau de la LHb pouvait contrôler son activité. Pour répondre à cette question, je me suis focalisée sur le rôle des récepteurs métabotropiques au glutamate (mGluRs). Dans une seconde étude, j’ai examiné les mécanismes par lesquels les drogues d’abus modifient la transmission synaptique des neurones de la LHb. Ces modifications se produisent spécifiquement dans les neurones LHb se projetant vers le noyau tegmental rostral (RMT) et sont nécessaires pour l’émergence des états dépressifs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré qu’au niveau de la LHb les mGluRs de type I sont capables d’induire une dépression à long terme de la transmission synaptique excitatrice (eLTD) et inhibitrice (iLTD). Ces deux formes de plasticité dépendent de la signalisation PKC, mais requièrent des mécanismes d’expression différents. Tandis que eLTD réduit la probabilité de libération du glutamate via l’activation de récepteurs présynaptiques aux endocannabinoides (CB1), iLTD s’exprime par la réduction de la fonction des récepteurs GABAA postsynaptiques contenant la sous-unité β2. De plus, eLTD and iLTD exercent un contrôle bidirectionnel sur la décharge des neurones de la LHb. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en évidence qu’une exposition chronique à la cocaïne produit une augmentation persistante de la transmission excitatrice au niveau des neurones de la LHb ciblant le RMTg. Cette forme de potentialisation synaptique nécessite l’insertion membranaire de récepteurs contenant la sous-unité GluA1, ainsi que la réduction de conductances potassiques entrainant une hyperexcitabilité neuronale in vitro et in vivo dans la LHb. Ces modifications sont nécessaires pour l’établissement d’états dépressifs émergeant lors de la période de sevrage à la cocaïne. En conclusion, ce travail a contribué à la compréhension de mécanismes de plasticité synaptique ayant lieu au niveau de la LHb et leurs répercussions pour son activité contrôlant ainsi des comportements motivationnels. / The capacity of the brain to anticipate and seek future rewards or alternatively escape aversive events allows individuals to adapt to their environment. A considerable research effort has focused on unraveling the cellular and synaptic mechanisms within the meso-cortico-limbic system underlying motivational processing both in physiological conditions and in pathologies such as addiction and depression. However, only recently we begin to understand the circuit substrates capable to control midbrain monoaminergic nuclei and their contribution to motivated behaviors. The Lateral Habenula (LHb) has emerged in the last decade, as a major player encoding stimuli with motivational value and in controlling monoaminergic systems. The wiring of this epithalamic structure subserves discrete features of motivated behaviors, including preference and avoidance. Recent advances have also demonstrated that aberrant modifications in LHb function trigger negative emotional states in disorders including depression and addiction, highlighting the LHb as an important brain target for therapeutic intervention for these pathological states. In my thesis work I first sought to investigate how modulation of synaptic transmission in the LHb controls neuronal activity, especially focusing on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors. In a second study, I expanded my work examining how drug experience changes synaptic transmission in a precise habenular circuit that we discovered to be crucial for depressive states during cocaine withdrawal. In an initial data set, we found that, in the LHb, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 activation drives a PKC-dependent long term depression of excitatory (eLTD) and inhibitory (iLTD) synaptic transmission. Despite the common induction, eLTD and iLTD diverged in their expression mechanism. While eLTD required endocannabinoid-dependent reduction of glutamate release, iLTD expressed postsynaptically through a decrease of β2-containing GABAA receptors function. Further, eLTD and iLTD bidirectionally controlled LHb neuronal output. In a second study, we showed that chronic cocaine exposure leads to a persistent and projection-specific increase of excitatory synaptic transmission onto LHb neurons. This form of synaptic potentiation required membrane insertion of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors and a reduction in potassium channels function ultimately leading to increased LHb neuronal excitability both in vitro and in vivo. These cocaine-driven adaptations within the LHb were instrumental for depressive-like states emerging after drug withdrawal. Altogether this work demonstrates how synaptic plasticity in the LHb affects neuronal output and thereby contributes to behaviors associated with the pathology of motivation.

Le glutamate est le principal neurotransmetteur excitateur du système nerveux central. Il est responsable de la majorité des transmissions synaptiques. En revanche, cet acide aminé naturel est aussi impliqué dans de nombreuses neuropathologies notamment en cas de surconcentration au niveau des synapses. Les récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate, capables de moduler la transmission synaptique, constituent des cibles thérapeutiques prometteuses. Ces récepteurs sont divisés en trois groupes et notre laboratoire s’est focalisé sur ceux du groupe III et particulièrement le sous-type 4 qui présente des caractéristiques intéressantes dans le traitement symptomatique de la douleur et de la maladie de Parkinson. Le manque d’outils pharmacologiques de ce récepteur nous a poussé à synthétiser de nouveaux agonistes orthostériques à partir du composé référence, le LSP4-2022. Cette molécule est issue de nombreuses optimisations chimiques du (S)-PCEP provenant lui d’un screening virtuel. Durant ces trois années de doctorat, nous avons pu peaufiner la relation structure-activité autour du LSP4-2022 en synthétisant des nouveaux analogues fluorés et hétérocycliques. En parallèle, une seconde étude nous a permis d’attribuer la configuration des deux diastéréomères constituants tous les composés testés à ce jour / Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It is responsible of the majority of synaptic transmissions. In contrast, this natural amino acid is also involved in numerous neuropathologies and particularly in case of glutamate overconcentration in the synapse. Metabotropic glutamate receptors, that can modulate synaptic transmission, thus constitute promising therapeutic targets. These receptors are divided in three groups and our laboratory has been focused in group III and especially subtypes 4 which own interested properties in symptomatic treatment of pain and Parkinson Disease. The lack of pharmacological tools targeting this receptor prompts us to synthesize novel orthosteric agonist from the hit compound LSP4-2022. This molecule was obtained after several chemical optimizations from (S)-PCEP discovered from virtual screening. During my Ph.D., we could refine the structure-activity relationship of LSP4-2022 synthesizing new fluorinated and heterocyclic derivatives. Besides, a second study was carried out to identify the configuration of the two diastereomers which form tested compounds

La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est une maladie neurodégénérative chronique qui apparait en moyenne à partir 55 ans. Sa cause reste inconnue mais son apparition et son développement sont corrélés avec la perte progressive des neurones dopaminergique de la substance noire qui innervent les ganglions de la base (GB). Jusqu'à ce jour le traitement le plus efficace est basé sur la compensation du déficit en dopamine (DA) par l'administration de son précurseur, la L-DOPA, qui est métabolisé en DA. Ce traitement améliore les symptômes moteurs de la maladie et donc la qualité de vie des patients. Néanmoins, après une certaine période des effets secondaires invalidants apparaissent, en particulier des fluctuations motrices et des mouvements anormaux involontaires appelés dyskinésies. De plus, ce traitement n'apporte pas de réponse à la progression de la dégénérescence et donc de la maladie. C'est pour ces raisons que la communauté scientifique est à la recherche d'une thérapie pharmacologique alternative à la L-DOPA, ou du moins visant à minimiser ses effets indésirables. Dans ce contexte, les récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate, en particulier mGluR4, semblent constituer une cible privilégiée. En effet, mGluR4 est situé à des synapses des GB supposées hyperactives dans la MP, et son activation par des moyens pharmacologiques pourrait donc rétablir une activité normale grâce à son action inhibitrice sur la libération de neurotransmetteur. Nos résultats démontrent le bien-fondé de cette hypothèse sur le plan fonctionnel, en utilisant un nouvel agoniste allostérique spécifique de mGluR4, Lu AF21934. / Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that appears around 55 years of age. The causes of PD remain unknown but its appearance and progression are correlated with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta innervating the basal ganglia (BG). Up to date, the most efficient treatment is based on restoring a normal level of dopamine (DA) in the brain by the administration of L-DOPA, a DA precursor that is metabolized to DA. However, at long term, L-DOPA treatment induces some side-effects, in particular the highly disabling L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). For this reason, the scientific community is searching for a pharmacological treatment alternative to L-DOPA and/or minimizing LID. In this context, metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular mGluR4, are targets of interest. mGlu4 are localized at presynaptic terminals within BG circuitry that become hyperactive in PD. For this reason, mGluR4 has been considered a key strategic target for non-dopaminergic pharmacological treatments aimed at modulating these synapses, due to its ability to reduce neurotransmitter release. Herein we provide physiological and functional support to this hypothesis using Lu AF21934, a novel selective and brain-penetrant mGluR4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM). By in vitro electrophysiological recordings we demonstrate that Lu AF21934 inhibits corticostriatal synaptic transmission. In rats rendered parkinsonian, Lu AF21934 combined with sub-threshold doses of L-DOPA acted synergistically in alleviating akinesia in a dose-dependent manner and, notably, also reduced the incidence of LID.

The induction of synaptic plasticity at CA1 synapses requires NMDAR activation. Modulation of NMDAR function by various GPCRs can shift the thresholds for LTP and LTD induction and contribute to metaplasticity. Here we showed that the activity of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDARs is differentially regulated by Gαi/o-coupled, Gαq- and Gαs-coupled receptors. Furthermore, enhancing the relative function of GluN2A-to-GluNB NMDAR activity by GPCRs can alter the balance of LTP and LTD induction and contribute to metaplasticity. In CA1 neurons, activation of the Gαs-coupled D1/D5R selectively recruited Fyn kinase and enhanced GluN2B-mediated NMDAR currents. Biochemical experiments confirmed that D1/D5R stimulation activates Fyn kinase and enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of GluN2B subunits. In contrast, activation of the Gαq-coupled PAC1R selectively recruited Src kinase to enhance the function of GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Enhancing the functional ratio of GluN2A-to-GluN2B subunits by PAC1R activation lowered the threshold for LTP induction whereas enhancing the functional ratio of GluN2B-to-GluN2A subunits by D1/D5R activation increased the threshold for LTP induction. Unexpectedly, activation of the Gαi/o-coupled mGluR2/3 enhanced NMDAR-mediated function via a previously unidentified mechanism. Inhibition of the cAMP-PKA pathway via mGluR2/3 activation resulted in activation of Src via decreased phosphorylation of its C-terminal Tyr527 by Csk. Stimulation of mGluR2/3 selectively potentiated the function of GluN2A-containing NMDARs but whether it shifted the modification threshold θm to the left requires further investigation.

The Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are located presynaptically on axon terminals and act as autoreceptors and heteroreceptors by inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Much has been learned about these receptors through exogenous application of L-serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP), an endogenous amino acid derivative and known activator of the Group III mGluRs. We hypothesized that L-SOP is the endogenous co-agonist at the high affinity Group III mGluR, mGluR4. We found the EC50 of L-SOP at mGluR4 was 0.5 μM, and determined that the concentration of L-SOP in whole brain was approximately 5 μM. An immunocytochemical survey revealed that cells containing the enzymatic machinery necessary for L-SOP synthesis and metabolism were observed in two brain regions known to express mGluR4, namely, cerebellum and hippocampus. In the cerebellum, the L-SOP synthetic and metabolic enzymes were found in Bergmann glia and Purkinje cells, two cells which form a tripartite synapse with parallel fiber axon terminals where the mGluR4 subtype is exclusively expressed at high levels. In the hippocampus, the L-SOP metabolic enzyme was detected in young neurons emanating from the neurogenic subventricular zone. Attempts to raise endogenous levels of L-SOP by crippling the L-SOP metabolizing enzyme (phosphoserine phosphatase), over-expressing the L-SOP synthesizing enzyme (phosphoserine aminotransferase), or through dietary protein restriction, to study the effects on neurotransmission and neurodevelopment in the central nervous system (CNS) were unsuccessful, suggesting that the production of L-SOP remains stable despite manipulation of the synthetic and metabolic enzymes. Finally, the ability of L-SOP to modulate glutamate release from presynaptic terminals was examined in cerebellar synaptosomes. Co-incident activation of presynaptic mGluR4 and presynaptic GABAA receptors facilitated glutamate release, suggesting that simultaneous activation of parallel fibers and Bergmann glia may serve to enhance synaptic transmission. This observation expands the traditional view of Group III mGluRs acting solely as inhibitory autoreceptors. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that L-SOP is the endogenous agonist at mGluR4, and possibly other Group III mGluRs.

The Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are located presynaptically on axon terminals and act as autoreceptors and heteroreceptors by inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Much has been learned about these receptors through exogenous application of L-serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP), an endogenous amino acid derivative and known activator of the Group III mGluRs. We hypothesized that L-SOP is the endogenous co-agonist at the high affinity Group III mGluR, mGluR4. We found the EC50 of L-SOP at mGluR4 was 0.5 μM, and determined that the concentration of L-SOP in whole brain was approximately 5 μM. An immunocytochemical survey revealed that cells containing the enzymatic machinery necessary for L-SOP synthesis and metabolism were observed in two brain regions known to express mGluR4, namely, cerebellum and hippocampus. In the cerebellum, the L-SOP synthetic and metabolic enzymes were found in Bergmann glia and Purkinje cells, two cells which form a tripartite synapse with parallel fiber axon terminals where the mGluR4 subtype is exclusively expressed at high levels. In the hippocampus, the L-SOP metabolic enzyme was detected in young neurons emanating from the neurogenic subventricular zone. Attempts to raise endogenous levels of L-SOP by crippling the L-SOP metabolizing enzyme (phosphoserine phosphatase), over-expressing the L-SOP synthesizing enzyme (phosphoserine aminotransferase), or through dietary protein restriction, to study the effects on neurotransmission and neurodevelopment in the central nervous system (CNS) were unsuccessful, suggesting that the production of L-SOP remains stable despite manipulation of the synthetic and metabolic enzymes. Finally, the ability of L-SOP to modulate glutamate release from presynaptic terminals was examined in cerebellar synaptosomes. Co-incident activation of presynaptic mGluR4 and presynaptic GABAA receptors facilitated glutamate release, suggesting that simultaneous activation of parallel fibers and Bergmann glia may serve to enhance synaptic transmission. This observation expands the traditional view of Group III mGluRs acting solely as inhibitory autoreceptors. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that L-SOP is the endogenous agonist at mGluR4, and possibly other Group III mGluRs.

The induction of synaptic plasticity at CA1 synapses requires NMDAR activation. Modulation of NMDAR function by various GPCRs can shift the thresholds for LTP and LTD induction and contribute to metaplasticity. Here we showed that the activity of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDARs is differentially regulated by Gαi/o-coupled, Gαq- and Gαs-coupled receptors. Furthermore, enhancing the relative function of GluN2A-to-GluNB NMDAR activity by GPCRs can alter the balance of LTP and LTD induction and contribute to metaplasticity. In CA1 neurons, activation of the Gαs-coupled D1/D5R selectively recruited Fyn kinase and enhanced GluN2B-mediated NMDAR currents. Biochemical experiments confirmed that D1/D5R stimulation activates Fyn kinase and enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of GluN2B subunits. In contrast, activation of the Gαq-coupled PAC1R selectively recruited Src kinase to enhance the function of GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Enhancing the functional ratio of GluN2A-to-GluN2B subunits by PAC1R activation lowered the threshold for LTP induction whereas enhancing the functional ratio of GluN2B-to-GluN2A subunits by D1/D5R activation increased the threshold for LTP induction. Unexpectedly, activation of the Gαi/o-coupled mGluR2/3 enhanced NMDAR-mediated function via a previously unidentified mechanism. Inhibition of the cAMP-PKA pathway via mGluR2/3 activation resulted in activation of Src via decreased phosphorylation of its C-terminal Tyr527 by Csk. Stimulation of mGluR2/3 selectively potentiated the function of GluN2A-containing NMDARs but whether it shifted the modification threshold θm to the left requires further investigation.

La synapse glutamatergique est formée par une présynapse axonale et une postsynapse dont le support est l'épine dendritique. L'épine présente des récepteurs membranaires du glutamate liés à des protéines d'échafaudage sous-membranaires. Ces protéines de la densité postsynaptique (PSD) permettent de relier les récepteurs à leurs voies de signalisation. Les récepteurs NMDA sont reliés aux récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate (mGluR1/5) via le complexe PSD95/GKAP/Shank/Homer. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai caractérisé la dynamique d'interactions protéiques au sein de ce complexe et étudié les conséquences fonctionnelles sur l'activité des récepteurs.Homer est une protéine multimérique reliant mGluR5 au complexe PSD95/GKAP/Shank. La forme monomérique Homer1a est incapable de relier mGluR5 à Shank. Nous avons montré que la rupture du complexe par l'expression de Homer1a permet une interaction directe entre les récepteurs NMDA et mGluR5 et une inhibition des courants NMDA. Nous avons validé que ce processus intervient lors de la potentialisation synaptique. J'ai également étudié le rôle de l'interaction entre GKAP et DLC2, une chaîne légère de transporteurs moléculaires. Après avoir caractérisé l'occurrence et la dynamique de l'interaction GKAP-DLC2, j'ai montré que l'activité neuronale entraîne une augmentation de cette interaction et une accumulation synaptique de GKAP. De plus, cette interaction permet d'acheminer PSD95 dans les épines et d'augmenter les courants NMDA. L'ensemble de ces résultats montre que les protéines d'échafaudage participent à la signalisation des récepteurs, modulent la transmission synaptique et sous-tendent les mécanismes de plasticité à long terme. / The glutamatergic synapse is composed by an axonal presynapse and a postsynapse which is supported by a dendritic spine. The spine contains membrane glutamatergic receptors connected to sub-membrane scaffolding proteins. These postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins allow to link receptors to their signaling pathways. NMDA receptors are associated to metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) through the PSD95/GKAP/Shank/Homer protein complex. During my PhD, I have characterized protein-protein interactions dynamic in this complex and studied functional consequences on receptor activity.Homer is a multimeric protein linking mGluR5 to the PSD95/GKAP/Shank complex. The monomeric form Homer1a is unable to connect mGluR5 to Shank. We have shown that complex disruption by Homer1a expression induces a direct interaction between NMDA and mGluR5 and subsequent inhibition of NMDA currents. We have shown that this process occurs during synaptic potentiation.I have also studied the interaction between GKAP and DLC2, a light chain shared by molecular transporters. I have characterized the occurrence and dynamic of GKAP-DLC2 interaction and shown that neuronal activity increases this interaction leading to synaptic accumulation of GKAP. Moreover, this interaction allows PSD95 targeting into dendritic spines and NMDA currents increase. Together, these results show that scaffolding proteins participate to receptor signaling, modulate synaptic transmission and underlie long-term synaptic plasticity mechanisms.

Cortical malformations as a result of altered development are a common cause of human epilepsy. The cellular mechanisms that render neurons of malformed cortex epileptogenic remain unclear. Using a rat model of the malformation of microgyria, a previous study showed an alteration in the number of immunocytochemically-identified parvalbumin cells, a GABAergic inhibitory interneurons subtype (Rosen et al., 1998). A second study showed no change in the total number of GABAergic neurons (Schwarz et al., 2000). Consequently, we hypothesize that interneuron subtypes are differentially affected by maldevelopment. The present study investigated (1) whether interneuron subtype identity is retained in malformed cortex, based on chemical content, and (2) whether the proportion of three chemical subtypes is altered in malformed cortex. Here we demonstrate that three non-overlapping subtype markers remain non-overlapping in malformed cortex, but show altered distributions. These findings suggest that an increase in one subpopulation of interneurons may compensate for a corresponding decrease in a second subset.

La plasticité synaptique activité-dépendante forme la base physiologique de l’apprentissage et de la mémoire dépendants de l’hippocampe. Le rôle joué par les différents sous-types d’interneurones dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire hippocampiques reste inconnu, mais repose probablement sur des mécanismes de la plasticité spécifique aux synapses de certains sous-types d’interneurones. Les synapses excitatrices établies sur les interneurones de l’oriens-alveus dans l’aire CA1 exhibent une forme persistante de potentialisation à long terme induite par la stimulation chimique des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate de type 1 (mGluR1) [mGluR1-mediated chemical late long-term potentiation (cL-LTPmGluR1)]. Le présent projet de recherche avait pour objectifs d’identifier les sous-types d’interneurones de l’oriens-alveus exprimant la cL-LTPmGluR1 et d’examiner les mécanismes d’induction et d’expression de celle-ci. Nous avons déterminé que la stimulation répétée des mGluR1 induit de la cL-LTPmGluR1 aux synapses excitatrices établies sur le sous-type d’interneurones exprimant le peptide somatostatine (SOM-INs). Des enregistrements électrophysiologiques couplés à des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques et à un knock-out fonctionnel de mammalian target of rapamycin complexe 1 (mTORC1) ont montré que l’induction de la cL-LTPmGluR1 (qui consiste en trois applications de l’agoniste des mGluR1/5, le (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphénylglycine (DHPG) en présence de l’antagoniste des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate de type 5 (mGluR5), le 2-méthyl-6-(phényléthynyl)-pyridine (MPEP)) des SOM-INs requiert les voies de signalisation des mGluR1, de extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) et de mTORC1. L’ensemble de nos résultats montre qu’une forme persistante de plasticité synaptique sous-tendue par mTORC1 est induite par la stimulation répétée des mGluR1 dans les interneurones hippocampiques exprimant le peptide somatostatine. La connaissance des mécanismes sous-tendant la cL-LTPmGluR1, couplée à l’utilisation de modèles animal in vivo, rendront maintenant possible le blocage de la cL-LTPmGluR1 dans les SOM-INs et l’examen de son rôle dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire dépendants de l’hippocampe. / Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory are mediated by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. The role that different subtypes of interneurons play in hippocampal learning and memory remains largely unknown, but likely relies on cell type-specific plasticity mechanisms at interneuron synapses. Excitatory synapses onto CA1 oriens-alveus interneurons show persistent long-term potentiation induced by chemical stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) [mGluR1-mediated chemical late long-term potentiation (cL-LTPmGluR1)]. The objectives of this project were to identify the oriens-alveus interneuron subtypes expressing cL-LTPmGluR1 and examine its induction and expression mechanisms. We determined that repeated mGluR1 stimulation induces cL-LTPmGluR1 at excitatory synapses onto the somatostatin-expressing interneuron subtype (SOM-INs). Electrophysiological recordings coupled to pharmacological inhibitors and a functional knock-out of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) showed that SOM-INs cL-LTPmGluR1 induction (which consisted of three applications of the mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) in the presence of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP)) requires mGluR1, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and mTORC1 signaling pathways. Collectively, our results show that persistent synaptic plasticity mediated by mTORC1 is induced by repeated mGluR1 stimulation in somatostatin-expressing hippocampal interneurons. Knowledge of cL-LTPmGluR1’s underlying mechanisms, coupled to in vivo models, will now make it possible to interfere with SOM-INs cL-LTPmGluR1 and examine its role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.