University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

My thesis explores the interplay between perceptual awareness, metacognition and metarepresentations using various experimental manipulations. It is articulated around two approaches. 
The first part of my thesis seeks to better understand how perceptual awareness and metacognition are modulated by experimentally-induced metarepresentations in two studies based on beliefs manipulation. We use placebo suggestions aiming at improving perceptual awareness at different levels of processing in a first set of visual experiments and we study the impact of a negative placebo suggestion impact on perceptual awareness and metacognitive abilities in a second set of tactile experiments. Ours results suggest that placebo suggestions lead to fragile if not non-existent effects in non-noxious perception and that high-level cognitive-affective components may be essential for placebo effect to occur. The second part is focused on the relationship between perceptual consciousness and a core metarepresentation that is the self. In particular, it aims at deepening our understanding of whether bodily self-consciousness has a role in shaping perceptual consciousness. This fundamental relation has indeed surprisingly remained overlooked so far, perceptual- and bodily self- consciousness being largely studied independently. This second part is composed of 3 studies. The first one examines how body movement can influence vision and metacognition through sensory attenuation. The second study investigates how manipulating one’s sense of self through sensorimotor conflicts alters perception and metacognition. The third study explores whether self-metacognition requires embodiment and to which extent one can evaluate the (un)certainty of others. Taken together, our findings suggest that the brain — and consciousness — cannot be studied in isolation, and that it is essential to take into account our body and our actions into the world, as well as the fact that we live in a social environment in order to have a deeper understanding of perceptual consciousness. / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This qualitative study examined seven preservice teachers' perceptions of their science content knowledge, teaching practices, and reflective processes through the use of the metacognitive strategy of concept maps. Included in the paper is a review of literature in the areas of preservice teachers' perceptions of teaching, concept development, concept mapping, science content understanding, and reflective process as a part of metacognition. The key questions addressed include the use of concept maps to indicate organization and understanding of science content, mapping strategies to indicate perceptions of teaching practices, and the influence of concept maps on reflective process. There is also a comparison of preservice teachers' perceptions of concept map usage with the purposes and practices of maps as described by experienced teachers. Data were collected primarily through interviews, observations, a pre- and post-concept mapping activity, and an analysis of those concept maps using a rubric developed for this study. Findings showed that concept map usage clarified students' understanding of the organization and relationships within content area and that the process of creating the concept maps increased participants' understanding of the selected content. / The participants felt that the visual element of concept mapping was an important factor in improving content understanding. These participants saw benefit in using concept maps as planning tools and as instructional tools. They did not recognize the use of concept maps as assessment tools. When the participants were able to find personal relevance in and through their concept maps they were better able to be reflective about the process. The experienced teachers discussed student understanding and skill development as the primary purpose of concept map usage, while they were able to use concept maps to accomplish multiple purposes in practice. / by Judy L. Somers. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

The current study assessed whether the accuracy of children’s self-reports of events experienced differs as a function of age and how the question is asked. Additional factors like metamemory and distractibility were assessed. Primary-school students (M= 7.7 years) and middle-school students (M = 9.7 years) completed two different versions of an event frequency measure, two times, at one week intervals. In one of the measures of event frequency, no memory prompts were provided (uncued questionnaire condition), while in the other measure, recall categories for aiding recollections were provided (cued questionnaire condition). Participants’ self-reported event frequencies for the cued and uncued questionnaires were compared with trained observers’ event frequencies for the cued and uncued conditions. Older children reported event frequency more accurately than younger participants. Participants also reported events with greater accuracy with the aid of memory prompts than without, an effect that was especially strong among the younger children. Neither metamemory nor distractibility was accountable for the differences within age groups. The findings suggest that age-related improvements in accuracy of event frequency across the transition into adolescence may, in part, be due to improvements in the ability to recall and recount those events in the absence of memory cues. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The purpose of this research study was to determine K-12 school leaders' concepts of ability and technology readiness. The Theories of Intelligence Scale (TIS) was used to analyze concepts of ability and the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) 2.0 was used to analyze the technology readiness of K-12 school leaders. Data from the two instruments were used to determine if there was any relationship between K-12 school leaders' concept of ability and technology readiness. This analysis filled a blank spot in the research contributing to the literature on leadership, Mindset Theory (Dweck, 2006; Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995), and Technology Readiness (Lin & Hsieh, 2012; Parasuraman, 2000). Furthermore it helped to determine the state of K-12 school leaders' status as 21st century leaders. The sample consisted of the school leaders of School District of Palm Beach County (SDPBC). This included 158 principals from 104 elementary, 31 middle, and 23 high schools. The researcher was a school district employee and therefore had access to the participants. Each of the four null hypotheses were rejected as SDPBC school leaders scored significantly higher on the TIS (p < .05) and TRI 2.0 (p < .01), there was a significant (p < .0125) positive relationship between TIS and the TRI 2.0, and that relationship was affected (p < .05) by gender, race, and experience. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-23T12:32:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Cristina Vieira Cobos.pdf: 2882107 bytes, checksum: e74e2ef2f441467949d732935fa41e59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T12:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Cristina Vieira Cobos.pdf: 2882107 bytes, checksum: e74e2ef2f441467949d732935fa41e59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research was to verify if the learning and the use of metacognitive strategies have a positive impact on writing, making use for that of the gender reviews. The theoretical framework adopted was that of Cognitive Psychology, guided mainly by the ideas of Flavell (1976); to whom metacognition is regarded as cognitive monitoring of the process of reasoning and/or solving problems. The method was qualitative, involving two undergraduate students of a private school of education, located in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The procedures consisted of seven meetings, which the purposes were: (a) to provide an explanation about how to write a ‘review’ and how to employ metacognitive strategies in order to do that; (b) to write three reviews (the last of which was about a book already read and previously reviewed); (c) to collect two written self-assessments of the participants about their respective writing productions; and (d) to interview each student, in order to gather their reflection about the process of writing, when it is articulated to the use of metacognitive strategies. Following Flavell's suggestion (1976), three categories of analysis were created (knowledge of the person; knowledge of the task; and knowledge of the metacognitive strategies), as well as criteria to identify the subjects’ level of domain regarding the use of metacognition. The results indicated that there was an evolution in the writing of reviews, with participants moving from level 1, at the beginning of the work, to level 3, at the end of it. These results suggest that metacognitive strategies must be intentionally taught during formal education, an outcome that emphasizes their importance in promoting the ability of writing. But school can only do this throughout a solid teacher education, something that the country has not yet to offer / O objetivo deste estudo foi verifica se a aprendizagem e o uso de estratégias metacognitivas têm impacto positivo na escrita, fazendo uso, para tanto, do gênero resenha. O referencial teórico adotado foi o da Psicologia Cognitiva, guiado pelas ideias de Flavell (1976), para quem a metacognição é entendida como o monitoramento cognitivo do pensamento durante a solução de problemas. O método adotado foi de natureza qualitativa, envolvendo duas estudantes de Pedagogia, de uma universidade localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os procedimentos consistiram em sete encontros, cujos propósitos eram: (a) oferecer uma exposição acerca de como escrever uma resenha e como empregar estratégias cognitivas para fazer isso; (b) promover a escrita de três resenhas (a última delas sendo a de livro já resenhado anteriormente); (c) coletar junto às participantes duas autoavaliações quanto as suas produções escritas; e (d) entrevistar cada estudante, para conhecer como pensavam o processo de escrever, quando articulado ao uso de estratégias metacognitivas. Seguindo a sugestão de Flavell (1976), três categorias de análise foram criadas (conhecimento da Pessoa, da Tarefa e das Estratégias Metacognitivas). Os resultados alcançados indicam que houve evolução na escrita de resenhas, com as participantes saindo do nível 1, no início do trabalho, para obter o nível 3, ao seu final. Esse achado sugere que estratégias metacognitivas devem ser intencionalmente ensinadas durante a educação obrigatória, uma recomendação que salienta a importância de se promover melhor a competência escrita. Mas a escola só poderá fazer isso quando puder oferecer aos futuros professores uma sólida formação inicial, algo que ainda não se encontra disponível no país

Considerando que professores de Química utilizam atividades experimentais que focam a comprovação de conceitos já ensinados, empregando roteiros altamente estruturados, e que têm dificuldades de se distanciarem e avaliarem suas próprias atividades de forma crítica, neste trabalho estudamos como um processo de reflexão orientada pode levar os professores a avaliar e reestruturar suas práticas docentes. Para tal, foi realizada uma ação de formação continuada centrada na experimentação como recurso para promover a aprendizagem. A investigação foi realizada com professores de Química de algumas escolas públicas do Ensino Médio em Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, por meio de encontros individuais, nas escolas, e coletivos, na universidade. Nesses encontros foram comparados modelos de atividades experimentais baseadas na investigação e modelos tradicionais, foram feitos exercícios de elaboração de questões que ajudassem os alunos a responder o problema proposto, e que envolvessem habilidades cognitivas de ordens mais altas. Os planejamentos experimentais, foram discutidos pelo grupo e modificados, ou não, pelos professores, de acordo com sugestões apresentadas, considerando a perspectiva de atividades investigativas. Foram analisados os dados de três professores, que participaram da maioria dos encontros. As concepções explícitas e implícitas, manifestadas pelos professores ao longo do processo formativo, foram analisadas segundo três dimensões: alunos, prática docente e atividade experimental. Para tanto, foram construídos mapas cognitivos baseados nas manifestações verbais dos professores em diferentes momentos do processo formativo. A interpretação desses mapas permitiu identificar obstáculos e perspectivas de desenvolvimento apresentadas pelos professores para o processo de ensino por investigação. Também, foram analisados os modelos didáticos pessoais sobre ensino e aprendizagem com intuito de comparar as concepções reveladas nesses modelos com as apresentadas nos outros momentos do processo. A participação do professor no processo formativo foi avaliada com base em duas categorias de análise para as manifestações verbais: as proposições e as perspectivas reflexivas de seus discursos, estabelecendo-se os níveis de participação: formal, pessoal e reflexiva. Os resultados mostraram que os professores têm dificuldades em abordar e conduzir atividades experimentais tendo em vista a construção do conhecimento pelos alunos. Algumas das principais dificuldades dizem respeito a problematizar as atividades práticas e solicitar a elaboração de hipóteses. As concepções explícitas manifestadas pelos professores às vezes se contrapõem às concepções implícitas sobre o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e as atividades experimentais. Entretanto, os roteiros elaborados pelos professores apresentaram evoluções gradativas em relação à perspectiva investigativa no ensino. Dois dos três professores parecem incorporar tal perspectiva em suas práticas docentes, favorecendo seu desenvolvimento profissional. A ação formativa desenvolvida favoreceu o desenvolvimento de processos metacognitivos dos professores frente ao ensino por investigação. / High school chemistry teachers are used to plan laboratory activities just to demonstrate concepts already taught. Those teachers have usually difficulties to critically analyze their own teaching practices. Thus, this study aims to investigate how an oriented reflection process supports the efforts of teachers to reflect and evaluate their teaching practices. An in-service course centred on practical activities as a resource to promote learning was offered to chemistry teachers of high schools of the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais. Collective meetings as well as individual meetings occurred between the teachers and the researcher throughout a whole school year. In these meetings, the teachers were invited to analyze their own laboratory teaching as well as those of their peers. Inquiry-based activities were provided to be compared to the traditional ones, the teachers asked to formulate questions aimed at helping their students to achieve the answer to a proposed problem and at promoting higher order cognitive skills. The teachers rewritten their teaching plans considering inquiry-based approach, which were discussed and modified according to the suggestions presented by the group. Data from three teachers who attended almost all meetings were analyzed. Their explicit and implicit conceptions, expressed throughout the process, were analyzed according to three dimensions: students, teaching practice and experimental activity. To express the ideas of each teacher, four cognitive maps were built, in the beginning, during, in the end of the process and one year after the process was finished. The interpretation of these maps allowed us to identify obstacles and development perspectives presented by the teachers about the teaching of inquiry-based activities. Also, we analyzed their personal pedagogical models in order to compare the conceptions revealed by these models with those expressed throughout the formative process. The effective participation in the process was evaluated by means of two categories of analysis of the verbal manifestations: the propositions and the reflective perspectives of the teacher speech. Three levels of participation were built accordingly to these two categories: formal, personal and reflective participation. The results showed that teachers have difficulties in planning inquiry-based experimental activities especially with regard to pose to the student a problem to be solved and to request the generation of hypotheses. Explicit conceptions about teaching, learning and experimental activities expressed by the teachers are sometimes contradictory to their implicit ideas. However, the experimental activities planned by the teachers showed a gradual evolution regarding to inquiry-based perspective. Two of the three teachers have incorporated this perspective into their classrooms, which may have contributed to foster their professional development. The formative process favored the development of metacognitive processes concerning to inquiry-based teaching and learning.

O estudo em questão é uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, em que se procurou analisar elementos de metavisualização manifestados por oito estudantes de uma turma de 2.o ano do Ensino Médio de um colégio particular em Cotia-SP, durante a realização de uma atividade de construção do conceito de isomeria geométrica. Com relação à ciência Química, ela pode ser compreendida através de três níveis representacionais que são o microscópico, macroscópico e simbólico, que aparecem na forma de modelos e expressos publicamente de variadas maneiras, entre elas de visualizações. Dessa forma, a compreensão das visualizações é requerida para que o aluno compreenda determinado assunto e, neste sentido, torna-se fundamental que ele se torne metacognitivo com relação às habilidades visuais de decodificação de imagens, ou seja, é necessário pensar sobre as visualizações, o que chamamos nesse trabalho de habilidade metavisual. Ao se tornar metacognitivo haverá a possibilidade de monitoramento e regulação da aprendizagem. Para esse estudo, os alunos em duplas realizaram a atividade (1) com desenhos, com o objetivo de verificar se eles conseguiam distinguir espacialmente moléculas iguais e moléculas diferentes para a construção do conceito inicial de isomeria geométrica. Assim, eles entregaram os desenhos, as transcrições e a gravação contendo a elaboração da atividade (1), utilizando-se a técnica do think aloud, que significa falar em voz alta os seus pensamentos. Na sequência, realizaram a atividade (2) com modelos 3D, para verificar se havia indícios de habilidades visuais nesses alunos, sendo que essa foi filmada e transcrita pela própria pesquisadora. Por fim, complementando-se a coleta de dados com algumas entrevistas individuais. Para análise dos indícios da manifestação da metavisualização, os incidentes metavisuais, primeiramente foi criada uma categoria binária (sim ou não) para identificar esses indícios de pensamento metavisual na atividade (1). Esses incidentes metavisuais assim categorizados ainda foram classificados em incidentes de confirmação, de monitoramento e de mudança de opinião, com o propósito de se verificar em que medida eles interferiam no processo de elaboração da atividade (1) pelos alunos. Com a análise dos resultados, pode-se observar que houve indícios de manifestação de 7 metavisualização em todos os grupos, mas com diferentes incidências e que a natureza predominante desses incidentes foi de monitoramento (50%). Além disso, alguns fatores possivelmente envolvidos foram identificados e analisados: ideias prévias, concepções alternativas, natureza da atividade, motivação, presença de um mediador, compreensão dos procedimentos, conhecimento das convenções e conceitos, trabalho colaborativo e habilidades visuais. Quanto a esse último aspecto, os resultados permitem sugerir a existência de uma estreita relação entre esse fator e a incidência metavisual. Assim, o desenvolvimento, as facilidades e dificuldades de cada grupo aconteceram de formas diferentes, justamente pelo caráter multifatorial, alguns atuando de forma positiva ou negativa. Finalizando, ressalta-se aqui, que ainda há poucos estudos sobre metacognição e especialmente sobre metavisualização no ensino de Química e assim, reafirma-se a grande importância de investimentos nessa área do conhecimento. / The study in question is a qualitative research study, which sought to analyze metavisualization elements manifested by eight students in a class of second year high school to a private school in Cotia-SP, while performing an activity construction of the concept of geometrical isomerism. With respect to chemical science, it can be understood through three representational levels that are microscopic, macroscopic and symbolic, that appear in the form of models and publicly expressed in various ways, including visualizations. Thus, understanding the visualizations is required for the student to understand a certain subject and, in this sense, it is essential that it become metacognitive with respect to the visual ability to decode images, ie, it is necessary to think about views, we call this work of skill metavisual. By becoming metacognitive, there is the possibility of monitoring and regulation of learning. For this study, students in pairs, carried out an activity (1) with drawings, in order to ascertain whether they could distinguish spatially, like molecules and different molecules to construct the initial concept of geometrical isomerism. So they handed the drawings, the transcripts and recording, containing the elaboration of the activity (1), using the think aloud technique, which means speaking aloud his thoughts. Further, the activity (2) carried out with models 3D to see if there was evidence of visual skills in these students, and this was filmed and transcribed by the researcher. Finally, added to data collection with some interviews. For analysis of the evidence of the manifestation of metavisualization, metavisual incidents, was first created a binary category (yes or no) to identify these signs of thought metavisual activity (1). These metavisual incidents just categorized, they were still classified as incidents of confirmation, monitoring and change of opinion, in order to verify to what extent they interfere in the drafting of the activity (1) by students. By analyzing the results, one can observe that there was evidence of metavisualization manifestation in all groups, but with different incidences and that the predominant nature of these incidents was monitoring (50%). In addition, some factors possibly involved were identified and analyzed: initial ideas, alternative concepts, nature of activity, motivation, presence of a mediator, understanding of procedures, 9 knowledge of the conventions and concepts, work collaboratively and visual skills. Regarding this last aspect, the results suggest the existence of a close relationship between this factor and the metavisual incidence. Thus, the development, the advantages and difficulties of each group took place in different ways, precisely because it is multifactorial, some acting in a positive or negative ways. Finally, we highlight here that there are few studies about metacognition and especially metavisualization on the teaching of chemistry and just, we reaffirm the great importance of investments in this area of knowledge.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jani Floriano.pdf: 881582 bytes, checksum: f62a861d70c384953cb9568658ead55a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / Undergraduate students of economics bachelor program require a singular attention on the specifics of the learning process, since it is independent and aims on the graduation and their way to the labor market. On the other hand, most applied social sciences university professors began to teach without the knowledge about how the learning process happens. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to investigate how the undergraduate students of the Economics Program of the University of Joinville Region (Univille) understand their learning process. In order to achieve this purpose, the theoretical approach that guided this research was defined by the categories of memory and metacognition. Under this perspective, the memory has the function of be the source of experiences information, considered by sociohistorical perspective as a higher psychological function and a reservoir of experiences for the adults. Metacognition helps to understand about the adult apprentice learning process, since it helps to understand how those adults think in his learning process. The methodological approach adopted on the development of this research was qualitative, using interview based on a semi-structured guide as an instrument for data collection. There were selected seven student samples, one student form each course semester. Data analysis was based on indicators that emerged from the interviews related to the theoretical framework. The gathered results allows to highlight about the memory category: the students use memory mediated as well as internalization as higher psychological functions, when they report the need to systematize knowledge; the study organization and the ability to establish and build stimuli mediated process favors learning; the students stated they learn better when they can apply or see the class contents application; positive emotions, and logical sequence of information and content tend to favor learning. Related to the metacognition category: students are aware of their need to think about the learning process and they know about how they learn best; they employ specific strategies for each task; there is a motivation factor, which is consistent with the fact that they are in academia aiming an undergraduate degree with technical skills; the responsibility about the control and management of their learning process generates confidence; they recognize difficulties and become aware of these aspects; the challenges favor the learning process and that classes only based on teacher explanations do not favor it; they use metacognitive strategies / resources that will be enhanced; the knowing and using of metacognitive strategies is not enough, it is necessary to know how to use them, and they say that the teacher assumes the role of mediator that facilitates the learning process. Finally, this research contributed to reveal new insights into the learning process of the adult learner. It can be argued that the provided results presents relevant knowledge to bring the know about education to the bachelor´s teachers who want to understand how is the learning process of their students / O aluno universitário que está no curso de bacharel requer que se tenha um olhar peculiar diante das especificidades do processo de aprendizagem, pois é independente e busca na formação superior o caminho para o mercado de trabalho. Por outro lado, a maioria os professores universitários das ciências sociais aplicadas iniciaram a docência sem conhecimento sobre como ocorre o processo de aprendizagem. Diante disso, o objetivo dessa tese foi investigar como os alunos do curso de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade da Região de Joinville Univille veem o seu processo de aprendizagem. Para alcançar esse propósito, a abordagem teórica que norteou a pesquisa foi delimitada por meio das categorias memória e metacognição. Sob essa ótica, a memória tem a função de ser fonte de informações das experiências vividas, considerada pela perspectiva sócio-histórica uma função psicológica superior e, para o adulto, um reservatório de vivências. A metacognição auxilia na compreensão da aprendizagem do adulto aprendiz, uma vez que auxilia a compreender como esse adulto pensa no seu processo de aprendizagem. A abordagem metodológica para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi qualitativa, utilizando como instrumento para coleta de dados entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado. Foram selecionados sete sujeitos, alunos de diferentes períodos do curso. A análise dos dados foi baseada nos indicadores que emergiram das entrevistas, relacionados ao referencial teórico. Dos resultados, pode-se destacar, quanto à categoria memória: os alunos utilizam a memória mediada como também a internalização como funções psicológicas superiores, quando relatam que precisam sistematizar o conhecimento; a organização do estudo e a capacidade de constituir e construir estímulos mediados favorece o processo de aprendizagem; afirmaram que aprendem melhor quando conseguem aplicar ou visualizar a aplicação do conteúdo; as emoções positivas e o encadeamento lógico das informações e dos conteúdos tendem a favorecer a aprendizagem. Em relação à categoria metacognição: os alunos têm consciência da necessidade de pensar no processo de aprender e que sabem como aprendem melhor; utilizam estratégias específicas para cada tarefa; existe o fator motivação, que vai ao encontro do fato de que estão no ensino superior de um curso de bacharel, buscando formação profissional; a responsabilidade sobre o controle e o gerenciamento do processo de aprendizagem gera confiança; reconhecem as dificuldades e tomam consciência desses aspectos; os desafios são favoráveis à aprendizagem e as aulas apenas com explicações dos professores a não favorecem; utilizam estratégias/recursos metacognitivos que vão se aprimorando; percebem que não basta saber e usar as estratégias metacognitivas, mas é preciso que se saiba como se deve utilizá-las e afirmam que o professor que assume o papel de mediador favorece a aprendizagem. Finalmente, essa pesquisa contribuiu para revelar uma nova visão sobre o processo de aprendizagem do adulto aprendiz. Pode-se afirmar que os resultados apresentados fornecem subsídios relevantes para aproximar o saber da educação aos professores dos cursos de bacharel que almejam compreender como ocorre o processo de aprendizagem dos seus alunos

Children's interaction with peers supports cognitive development in numerous ways. The claim investigated in the present study is that these benefits include support at a metacognitive level that children provide one another, specifically in the form of meta-level speech aimed at regulating the other's behavior. This proposition originates in Vygotsky's views of a bi-directional zone of proximal development between peers with resulting transfer from inter-mental to intra-mental planes. Sixty-four 7th graders participated in the study. Students who shared a position on a social issue engaged in electronic dialogs with a succession of pairs who held an opposing position. In one condition (Stay), students worked with the identical same-side partner over six twice-weekly dialog sessions. In the other condition (Switch), students worked with a new same-side partner at each session. Students experienced both conditions, half of them first the Stay condition and then, discussing a new topic, the Switch condition. Condition order was reversed for the other half of participants. Students engaged in more frequent meta-talk in the Stay than the Switch condition; Stay conversations contained more frequent regulatory utterances than Switch conversations and a greater proportion of planning statements. Electronic dialogs produced in the Stay condition contained a higher proportion of meta-talk than those produced in the Switch condition; however, differences favoring the Stay condition in direct counterargument use were found at only one of two data collection points. On the whole, differences suggest that collaborators scaffolded one another’s meta-level development through regulatory conversation that evolved over time as collaborators developed their relationships, and that, for Stay pairs, this evolving shared regulatory talk extended to the electronic discourse. There was no consistent evidence, however, that this success extended to argument strategies on the discourse task.