No description available.

Thesis (PhD (Sport Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 16-week multidimensional intervention programme on the speed and accuracy of decision making, declarative knowledge and visual skills of u/20 rugby players. Two intact groups of rugby academy players participated in this study. One academy group participated in the intervention programme, which included activities, including the statistical analysis of individual players, game analysis, tactical rugby discussions, rugby rule discussions and visual skills training. The other academy group served as the comparison group and completed both the pre- and post-tests. The results indicated significant improvements in the speed of tactical decision making by participants in both the experimental and the comparison groups. Both groups also indicated a significant deterioration in the accuracy of their decisions. Both groups achieved a significant improvement in their declarative knowledge of rugby rules, as well as in their visual skills. The similarity in the post-test scores of the two groups led to the conclusion that the intervention programme, as presented in this study, did not appear to make a significant impact on the players. Suggestions are made for the design of future intervention programmes to improve tactical decision making.

O estudo em questão é uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, em que se procurou analisar elementos de metavisualização manifestados por oito estudantes de uma turma de 2.o ano do Ensino Médio de um colégio particular em Cotia-SP, durante a realização de uma atividade de construção do conceito de isomeria geométrica. Com relação à ciência Química, ela pode ser compreendida através de três níveis representacionais que são o microscópico, macroscópico e simbólico, que aparecem na forma de modelos e expressos publicamente de variadas maneiras, entre elas de visualizações. Dessa forma, a compreensão das visualizações é requerida para que o aluno compreenda determinado assunto e, neste sentido, torna-se fundamental que ele se torne metacognitivo com relação às habilidades visuais de decodificação de imagens, ou seja, é necessário pensar sobre as visualizações, o que chamamos nesse trabalho de habilidade metavisual. Ao se tornar metacognitivo haverá a possibilidade de monitoramento e regulação da aprendizagem. Para esse estudo, os alunos em duplas realizaram a atividade (1) com desenhos, com o objetivo de verificar se eles conseguiam distinguir espacialmente moléculas iguais e moléculas diferentes para a construção do conceito inicial de isomeria geométrica. Assim, eles entregaram os desenhos, as transcrições e a gravação contendo a elaboração da atividade (1), utilizando-se a técnica do think aloud, que significa falar em voz alta os seus pensamentos. Na sequência, realizaram a atividade (2) com modelos 3D, para verificar se havia indícios de habilidades visuais nesses alunos, sendo que essa foi filmada e transcrita pela própria pesquisadora. Por fim, complementando-se a coleta de dados com algumas entrevistas individuais. Para análise dos indícios da manifestação da metavisualização, os incidentes metavisuais, primeiramente foi criada uma categoria binária (sim ou não) para identificar esses indícios de pensamento metavisual na atividade (1). Esses incidentes metavisuais assim categorizados ainda foram classificados em incidentes de confirmação, de monitoramento e de mudança de opinião, com o propósito de se verificar em que medida eles interferiam no processo de elaboração da atividade (1) pelos alunos. Com a análise dos resultados, pode-se observar que houve indícios de manifestação de 7 metavisualização em todos os grupos, mas com diferentes incidências e que a natureza predominante desses incidentes foi de monitoramento (50%). Além disso, alguns fatores possivelmente envolvidos foram identificados e analisados: ideias prévias, concepções alternativas, natureza da atividade, motivação, presença de um mediador, compreensão dos procedimentos, conhecimento das convenções e conceitos, trabalho colaborativo e habilidades visuais. Quanto a esse último aspecto, os resultados permitem sugerir a existência de uma estreita relação entre esse fator e a incidência metavisual. Assim, o desenvolvimento, as facilidades e dificuldades de cada grupo aconteceram de formas diferentes, justamente pelo caráter multifatorial, alguns atuando de forma positiva ou negativa. Finalizando, ressalta-se aqui, que ainda há poucos estudos sobre metacognição e especialmente sobre metavisualização no ensino de Química e assim, reafirma-se a grande importância de investimentos nessa área do conhecimento. / The study in question is a qualitative research study, which sought to analyze metavisualization elements manifested by eight students in a class of second year high school to a private school in Cotia-SP, while performing an activity construction of the concept of geometrical isomerism. With respect to chemical science, it can be understood through three representational levels that are microscopic, macroscopic and symbolic, that appear in the form of models and publicly expressed in various ways, including visualizations. Thus, understanding the visualizations is required for the student to understand a certain subject and, in this sense, it is essential that it become metacognitive with respect to the visual ability to decode images, ie, it is necessary to think about views, we call this work of skill metavisual. By becoming metacognitive, there is the possibility of monitoring and regulation of learning. For this study, students in pairs, carried out an activity (1) with drawings, in order to ascertain whether they could distinguish spatially, like molecules and different molecules to construct the initial concept of geometrical isomerism. So they handed the drawings, the transcripts and recording, containing the elaboration of the activity (1), using the think aloud technique, which means speaking aloud his thoughts. Further, the activity (2) carried out with models 3D to see if there was evidence of visual skills in these students, and this was filmed and transcribed by the researcher. Finally, added to data collection with some interviews. For analysis of the evidence of the manifestation of metavisualization, metavisual incidents, was first created a binary category (yes or no) to identify these signs of thought metavisual activity (1). These metavisual incidents just categorized, they were still classified as incidents of confirmation, monitoring and change of opinion, in order to verify to what extent they interfere in the drafting of the activity (1) by students. By analyzing the results, one can observe that there was evidence of metavisualization manifestation in all groups, but with different incidences and that the predominant nature of these incidents was monitoring (50%). In addition, some factors possibly involved were identified and analyzed: initial ideas, alternative concepts, nature of activity, motivation, presence of a mediator, understanding of procedures, 9 knowledge of the conventions and concepts, work collaboratively and visual skills. Regarding this last aspect, the results suggest the existence of a close relationship between this factor and the metavisual incidence. Thus, the development, the advantages and difficulties of each group took place in different ways, precisely because it is multifactorial, some acting in a positive or negative ways. Finally, we highlight here that there are few studies about metacognition and especially metavisualization on the teaching of chemistry and just, we reaffirm the great importance of investments in this area of knowledge.

O estudo em questão é uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, em que se procurou analisar elementos de metavisualização manifestados por oito estudantes de uma turma de 2.o ano do Ensino Médio de um colégio particular em Cotia-SP, durante a realização de uma atividade de construção do conceito de isomeria geométrica. Com relação à ciência Química, ela pode ser compreendida através de três níveis representacionais que são o microscópico, macroscópico e simbólico, que aparecem na forma de modelos e expressos publicamente de variadas maneiras, entre elas de visualizações. Dessa forma, a compreensão das visualizações é requerida para que o aluno compreenda determinado assunto e, neste sentido, torna-se fundamental que ele se torne metacognitivo com relação às habilidades visuais de decodificação de imagens, ou seja, é necessário pensar sobre as visualizações, o que chamamos nesse trabalho de habilidade metavisual. Ao se tornar metacognitivo haverá a possibilidade de monitoramento e regulação da aprendizagem. Para esse estudo, os alunos em duplas realizaram a atividade (1) com desenhos, com o objetivo de verificar se eles conseguiam distinguir espacialmente moléculas iguais e moléculas diferentes para a construção do conceito inicial de isomeria geométrica. Assim, eles entregaram os desenhos, as transcrições e a gravação contendo a elaboração da atividade (1), utilizando-se a técnica do think aloud, que significa falar em voz alta os seus pensamentos. Na sequência, realizaram a atividade (2) com modelos 3D, para verificar se havia indícios de habilidades visuais nesses alunos, sendo que essa foi filmada e transcrita pela própria pesquisadora. Por fim, complementando-se a coleta de dados com algumas entrevistas individuais. Para análise dos indícios da manifestação da metavisualização, os incidentes metavisuais, primeiramente foi criada uma categoria binária (sim ou não) para identificar esses indícios de pensamento metavisual na atividade (1). Esses incidentes metavisuais assim categorizados ainda foram classificados em incidentes de confirmação, de monitoramento e de mudança de opinião, com o propósito de se verificar em que medida eles interferiam no processo de elaboração da atividade (1) pelos alunos. Com a análise dos resultados, pode-se observar que houve indícios de manifestação de 7 metavisualização em todos os grupos, mas com diferentes incidências e que a natureza predominante desses incidentes foi de monitoramento (50%). Além disso, alguns fatores possivelmente envolvidos foram identificados e analisados: ideias prévias, concepções alternativas, natureza da atividade, motivação, presença de um mediador, compreensão dos procedimentos, conhecimento das convenções e conceitos, trabalho colaborativo e habilidades visuais. Quanto a esse último aspecto, os resultados permitem sugerir a existência de uma estreita relação entre esse fator e a incidência metavisual. Assim, o desenvolvimento, as facilidades e dificuldades de cada grupo aconteceram de formas diferentes, justamente pelo caráter multifatorial, alguns atuando de forma positiva ou negativa. Finalizando, ressalta-se aqui, que ainda há poucos estudos sobre metacognição e especialmente sobre metavisualização no ensino de Química e assim, reafirma-se a grande importância de investimentos nessa área do conhecimento. / The study in question is a qualitative research study, which sought to analyze metavisualization elements manifested by eight students in a class of second year high school to a private school in Cotia-SP, while performing an activity construction of the concept of geometrical isomerism. With respect to chemical science, it can be understood through three representational levels that are microscopic, macroscopic and symbolic, that appear in the form of models and publicly expressed in various ways, including visualizations. Thus, understanding the visualizations is required for the student to understand a certain subject and, in this sense, it is essential that it become metacognitive with respect to the visual ability to decode images, ie, it is necessary to think about views, we call this work of skill metavisual. By becoming metacognitive, there is the possibility of monitoring and regulation of learning. For this study, students in pairs, carried out an activity (1) with drawings, in order to ascertain whether they could distinguish spatially, like molecules and different molecules to construct the initial concept of geometrical isomerism. So they handed the drawings, the transcripts and recording, containing the elaboration of the activity (1), using the think aloud technique, which means speaking aloud his thoughts. Further, the activity (2) carried out with models 3D to see if there was evidence of visual skills in these students, and this was filmed and transcribed by the researcher. Finally, added to data collection with some interviews. For analysis of the evidence of the manifestation of metavisualization, metavisual incidents, was first created a binary category (yes or no) to identify these signs of thought metavisual activity (1). These metavisual incidents just categorized, they were still classified as incidents of confirmation, monitoring and change of opinion, in order to verify to what extent they interfere in the drafting of the activity (1) by students. By analyzing the results, one can observe that there was evidence of metavisualization manifestation in all groups, but with different incidences and that the predominant nature of these incidents was monitoring (50%). In addition, some factors possibly involved were identified and analyzed: initial ideas, alternative concepts, nature of activity, motivation, presence of a mediator, understanding of procedures, 9 knowledge of the conventions and concepts, work collaboratively and visual skills. Regarding this last aspect, the results suggest the existence of a close relationship between this factor and the metavisual incidence. Thus, the development, the advantages and difficulties of each group took place in different ways, precisely because it is multifactorial, some acting in a positive or negative ways. Finally, we highlight here that there are few studies about metacognition and especially metavisualization on the teaching of chemistry and just, we reaffirm the great importance of investments in this area of knowledge.

Sports vision gained attention in the late 90’s and has since been the focus of many research studies. Thus far sports vision research has effectively succeeded in determining the importance of visual skills and also discovering the ability to improve visual skills through training. It is this ability to enhance visual skill performance that has led to the development of vision training programmes. However, the effectiveness of these training programmes is far from unanimous with many studies yielding inconclusive results. Possible reasons for this are the lack of scientific measures implored, testing and training of skills that are not specific to the subjects and training programmes that are unrealistic. Another major area that is missing from sports vision research is the accountability of external variables like; lifestyle, anthropometric and cardiac measurements. Aspects such as; stress, nutrition and hypo/hypertension are proposed to either have an enhancing or declining effect on visual skills. These relationships have not been scientifically tested and remain undefined. It is also important to note that research has thus far been limited to athletes. This study therefore aimed to determine the effect of two different training programmes on the visual skill performance of university students. Furthermore, external variables are determined to certify that visual skill training alone would improve visual skills and to determine and define if any relationships exist between visual skills and external variables. In order to meet the aims of this study, volunteer university students underwent pre testing of specific visual skills together with lifestyle evaluations, body composition and cardiac health testing. Thereafter the total participants (n=600) were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=169) acted as a control group with no visual training taking place in a six week period, group 2 (n=225) underwent lab-based training with a simple repetition of testing methods used as training methods and group 3 (n=205) underwent training via an internet- based training method. Thereafter all variables were tested again and statistical analysis of the data was performed. Results showed the lab-based training group having the most improvement in visual skills with all skills improving besides vergence. The Eyedrills training group also showed significant improvements in focusing, tracking and eye- hand coordination. The control group showed the least improvement in visual skills thereby ruling out the notion of improvements occurring only due to test familiarity. Significant changes occurred in a variety of the external variables across the three groups. Due to the varied results with regards to external variables, correlations between these variables and visual skill performance is still unclear and remains undefined. There is enough evidence from this study to conclude that visual skills are improved due to visual skill training. The change from the typical subject type (i.e. athletes) is important in the expansion of visual skill testing and training to other fields besides the sports one. The effect of external variables on visual skills still remains unanswered and therefore more precise research in this regard is warranted. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Physiology / unrestricted

Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in mean VMRT between top-level men and women participating in selected ball sports compared to either a normative sample or to a non-athlete sample. VMRT was measured using a new 40-light protocol on the Sport Vision Trainer (SVT). The SVT is a board consisting 80 circular lights controlled by a computer program. The SVT is designed to test visual-motor response time in participants. Data from top-level ball sport players were collected for both men (rugby and cricket) and women (netball and hockey). No significant differences in VMRT were found between the rugby players (n=24) and either the normal sample (n=81) or the non-athlete men (n=24). No significant difference in VMRT were found between the cricket players (n=10) and the non-athlete men. However, the cricket players were found to have significantly slower VMRT than the normal sample of men (n=81). No significant differences in VMRT were found between the netball players (n=19), the hockey players (n=14) and either the normal sample of women (n=84) or the non-athlete women (n=26). The conclusions drawn from this study support the position that VMRT may not be a key performance indicator in top-level ball sport performance and that the expert advantage may be located in other variables, such as anticipation and visual search. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om the ondesoek of daar verkille was in die gemiddelde visuele-motoriese reaksie tyd (VMRT) tussen top-vlak bal sport atlete en òf „n normale steekproef òf „n steekproef van nie-atlete. VMRT was gemeet met „ nuwe 40-lig protokol op die Sport Vision Trainer. Inligting van die top-vlak bal sport atlete was ingesamel vir beide mans (rugby en krieket) en dames (netabl en hokkkie) Geen statisties beduidende verskille was gevind vir VMRT tussen die rugby spelers (n=24) en beide van die normale (n=81) of nie-atleet mans steekproef (n=24). Geen statisties beduidende verskille was gevind tussen die krieket spelers (n=10) en die nie-atleet mans nie. Alhoewel die krieket spelers het „n statistie beduidende stadiger VMRT as die normale steekproef mans gehad (n=81). Geen beduidende verskille in VMRT was gevind tussen die netbal spelers (n=19), die hokkie spelers (n=14) en beide van die normale steekproef dames (n=84) of die nie-atletiese dames nie (n=26). Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word uit die studie ondersteun die standpunt dat VMRT nie „n sleutel prestasie voorspeller in top-vlak bal sportsport prestasie is nie en dat die topvlak speler voordeel deur ander visuele veranderlikes soos antispiasie en “visual search” ondersoek kan word.

Orientador: Eduardo Galembeck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:08:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ElaineAparecidade_M.pdf: 4028860 bytes, checksum: 12a75ba90b00d8eded4dc1107cc6168a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Representações externas são muito utilizadas no ensino de bioquímica. As vias metabólicas constituem um tipo de representação externa e envolvem habilidades visuais; estão, portanto, intimamente relacionados à literacia visual (capacidade de interpretar imagens). Há uma preocupação crescente em diagnosticar a dificuldade dos estudantes com a bioquímica. Este tipo de diagnóstico é importante para poder propor soluções pedagógicas que possam facilitar o aprendizado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um teste informatizado para diagnosticar a literacia visual, relacionada ao estudo de vias metabólicas, de estudantes de cursos das áreas biológica e da saúde. Inicialmente foram desenvolvidos testes piloto com itens (modelos e questões) que contemplavam habilidades visuais para a compreensão de vias metabólicas mais frequentemente representadas em livros didáticos de bioquímica. Os testes piloto foram aplicados em 2007 e 2008 com turmas de graduação de cursos da área biológica e da saúde. Os resultados obtidos serviram de subsídio para que alguns itens fossem reformulados e outros adicionados. Os resultados obtidos foram tratados com uso do modelo de Rasch, tanto no processo de equalização dos testes piloto (para definir os itens do teste final), como para o tratamento dos resultados obtidos com a calibração de itens-respondentes após as aplicações do teste final. Três grupos participaram da aplicação do teste final e compreenderam 79 estudantes distribuídos entre os cursos de educação física (UNICAMP), enfermagem (UNICAMP) e fisioterapia/nutrição (FAJ). A partir dos dados obtidos utilizou-se o processo de calibração de itens-respondentes, proposta pelo modelo de Rasch, obtendo-se a dificuldade dos itens e as habilidades visuais apresentadas pelos grupos. Os resultados observados sugerem que entre as dificuldades apresentadas pelos estudantes no aprendizado de metabolismo pode ser incluída a dificuldade em se compreender as representações externas de vias metabólicas. Essa dificuldade pode ser minimizada com explicações dos modelos antes de se entrar nos conteúdos específicos. O teste produzido permite o diagnóstico de estudantes ou de grupos. A necessidade de desenvolver práticas de visualização para melhorar a compreensão de conceitos bioquímicos pelos estudantes mostrou-se um aspecto importante no estudo de vias metabólicas / Abstract: External representations are used in teaching of biochemistry. The metabolic pathways are a type of external representation and involve visual skills, are therefore closely related to visual literacy (ability to interpret images). There is an increasing concern regarding the diagnosis of students with difficulty to the biochemistry, this type of diagnosis is important to be able to propose solutions that would facilitate learning. This paper aims to describe the development and implementation of a computerized test to diagnose the visual literacy, related to the study of metabolic pathways for undergraduate students enrolled in courses in the biological and health. Initially, pilot tests have been developed with (models and items) that looked visual skills for the understanding of metabolic pathways most often represented in textbooks of biochemistry. The pilot tests were applied in 2007 and 2008 on undergraduate classes of various courses in the biological and health. The results served as a subsidy for some items were reformulated and others added. The results are processed using the Rasch model, both in the process of equalizing the pilot tests (for set of the final test) and for the treatment of the results obtained with calibration of items-respondents the applications for the final test. Three groups participated in the implementation of the final test and included 79 students distributed among the courses of physical education (UNICAMP), nursing (UNICAMP) and physiotherapy/nutrition (FAJ). From the data we used the calibration of items-respondents proposed by Rasch model resulting in the difficulty of items and visual skills presented by the groups. The results suggest that among the difficulties presented by the students in the learning of metabolism may be included the difficulty in understanding the external representations of metabolic maps. This difficulty can be minimized with the explanations of the models before they enter the specific content. The test produced allows the diagnosis of students or groups. The need of developing imagery to improve the understanding of biochemical concepts by students were an important aspect in the study of metabolic pathways / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science)-- University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a perceptual-motor training programme on the coincident anticipation timing and batting performance of university club cricket players. The intervention programme focused on developing players‟ visual attention and concentration. Vickers‟ (2007) Three-Step Decision Training Model was used to structure the training sessions. The study followed a repeated measures experimental design with three groups (experimental, placebo, and control) formed by volunteers from a university club cricket team. The independent variable was a four-week training programme. The dependent variables were coincident anticipation timing and performance on a cricket batting test. Subjects were pre- and post-tested with retention tests occurring after a set period of “no training” following the post-tests. Differences between groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by Ranks Tests. Differences within each group were compared using multiple Mann-Whitney U-Tests. No significant improvements were observed in the experimental group‟s coincident anticipation timing and batting performance. Although neither coincident anticipation timing nor batting performance significantly improved, further research into the use of Vickers‟ (2007) Model to enhance sport performance is recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die uitwerking van ʼn perseptueel-motoriese opleidingsprogram op die samevallende vooruittydsberekening (“coincident anticipation timing”) en kolfprestasie van universiteitsklubkrieketspelers te bepaal. Die klem van die intervensieprogram het op die ontwikkeling van spelers se visuele aandag en konsentrasie geval. Die opleidingsessies is volgens Vickers (2007) se drieledige model vir besluitnemingsopleiding saamgestel. Die studie het ʼn eksperimentele ontwerp van herhaalde metings op drie groepe (eksperimenteel, plasebo en kontrole) van ʼn universiteitsklubkrieketspan toegepas. Die onafhanklike veranderlike was ʼn vier weke lange opleidingsprogram. Die afhanklike veranderlikes was samevallende vooruittydsberekening, en prestasie in ʼn krieketkolftoets. Proefpersone het voor en net ná die opleiding toetse ondergaan, sowel as behoudtoetse drie weke ná die na-opleidingstoetse. Verskille tussen groepe is met behulp van rangtoetse uit Kruskal-Wallis se variansie-analisemodel (ANOVA) bepaal, terwyl verskille binne groepe met veelvuldige Mann-Whitney-U-toetse vergelyk is. Geen beduidende verbetering is in die eksperimentele groep se samevallende vooruittydsberekening of kolfprestasie waargeneem nie. Hoewel nóg samevallende vooruittydsberekening nóg kolfprestasie aansienlik verbeter het, word verdere navorsing oor die gebruik van Vickers (2007) se model vir die verbetering van sportprestasie aanbeveel.

<p><p>Denna studie syftar till att undersöka manliga handelsanställdas uppfattning om klädsel och utseende i förhållande till maskulinitet. För att uppnå vårt syfte har vi valt att undersöka vilka yttre faktorer som påverkar mäns syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet och privat. Vi har även undersökt på vilket sätt manliga handelsanställdas syn på manlighet är relaterat till deras synsätt på utseende och klädsel. Forskningen kring klädsel och utseende är omfattande, men den forskningen behandlar ämnet främst ur ett kvinnligt perspektiv, däri ligger en av bakgrundsfaktorerna till att vi fann detta ämne intressant att studera.</p><p>Arbetet vilar på teorier kring maskulinitet, ideal, stereotyper samt estetisk kompetens. Genom att genomföra intervjuer med manliga handelsanställda kom vi fram till att klädseln och utseendet inom arbetet, men även privat är av stor betydelse för synen på maskulinitet och manlighet. Dessutom visar studien på att det finns en ny typ av medvetenhet gällande klädsel och utseende samt vad den representerar framförallt i arbetslivet. Det som påverkar manliga handelsanställdas syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet är framförallt kundens förväntningar men även arbetsgivarens krav. Studien visar vidare att det råder en förståelse och acceptans kring de estetiska krav som existerar. Relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning av utseende och klädstil är komplex och i viss mån paradoxal. Studien visar tecken på att de hegemoniska maskulina värderingarna i stor grad lever kvar samtidigt som det metrosexuella utseendet idealiseras, därav det paradoxala i relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning om klädsel och utseende. På samma grund är svaret på frågan hur manliga handelsanställda ser på maskulinitet och dess idealbilder paradoxal vilket leder oss in på en diskussion rörande den eventuella framväxten av en ”ny” idealisk maskulinitet.</p></p> / <p><p>This study aims to examine male commercial employee perception of dress and appearance in relation to masculinity. To achieve our purpose, we have chosen to examine the external factors that influence men's views on appearance and dress at work and in private. We examined the manner in which male commercial employee vision of masculinity affect their approach to the appearance and dress. Research on aesthetics is extensive, but the research deals mainly aesthetics from the female perspective, there’s the main factor to why we found this topic interesting to study.</p><p>The work is based on theories about masculinity, ideals, stereotypes, and aesthetic skills. By conducting interviews with male commercial workers we came to the conclusion that how you dress and appear at work, but also private is of great importance for the perception of masculinity and virility. In addition, the study shows that there is a new type of awareness of how you dress and appear, and what it represents primarily in the workplace. The relationship between male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of appearance and clothing stile is complex and to some extent paradoxical. The study shows evidence that the hegemonic masculine values largely remain at the same time as the metro sexual look is idealized, hence the paradox of the relationship between the male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of dress and appearance. On the same basis the answer to the question of how male commercial employee’s look at masculinity and its ideal image is paradox. This leads us into a discussion concerning the possible emergence of a “new” ideal masculinity.</p><p> </p></p>

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka manliga handelsanställdas uppfattning om klädsel och utseende i förhållande till maskulinitet. För att uppnå vårt syfte har vi valt att undersöka vilka yttre faktorer som påverkar mäns syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet och privat. Vi har även undersökt på vilket sätt manliga handelsanställdas syn på manlighet är relaterat till deras synsätt på utseende och klädsel. Forskningen kring klädsel och utseende är omfattande, men den forskningen behandlar ämnet främst ur ett kvinnligt perspektiv, däri ligger en av bakgrundsfaktorerna till att vi fann detta ämne intressant att studera. Arbetet vilar på teorier kring maskulinitet, ideal, stereotyper samt estetisk kompetens. Genom att genomföra intervjuer med manliga handelsanställda kom vi fram till att klädseln och utseendet inom arbetet, men även privat är av stor betydelse för synen på maskulinitet och manlighet. Dessutom visar studien på att det finns en ny typ av medvetenhet gällande klädsel och utseende samt vad den representerar framförallt i arbetslivet. Det som påverkar manliga handelsanställdas syn på utseende och klädsel i arbetet är framförallt kundens förväntningar men även arbetsgivarens krav. Studien visar vidare att det råder en förståelse och acceptans kring de estetiska krav som existerar. Relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning av utseende och klädstil är komplex och i viss mån paradoxal. Studien visar tecken på att de hegemoniska maskulina värderingarna i stor grad lever kvar samtidigt som det metrosexuella utseendet idealiseras, därav det paradoxala i relationen mellan manliga handelsanställdas maskulinitet och deras uppfattning om klädsel och utseende. På samma grund är svaret på frågan hur manliga handelsanställda ser på maskulinitet och dess idealbilder paradoxal vilket leder oss in på en diskussion rörande den eventuella framväxten av en ”ny” idealisk maskulinitet. / This study aims to examine male commercial employee perception of dress and appearance in relation to masculinity. To achieve our purpose, we have chosen to examine the external factors that influence men's views on appearance and dress at work and in private. We examined the manner in which male commercial employee vision of masculinity affect their approach to the appearance and dress. Research on aesthetics is extensive, but the research deals mainly aesthetics from the female perspective, there’s the main factor to why we found this topic interesting to study. The work is based on theories about masculinity, ideals, stereotypes, and aesthetic skills. By conducting interviews with male commercial workers we came to the conclusion that how you dress and appear at work, but also private is of great importance for the perception of masculinity and virility. In addition, the study shows that there is a new type of awareness of how you dress and appear, and what it represents primarily in the workplace. The relationship between male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of appearance and clothing stile is complex and to some extent paradoxical. The study shows evidence that the hegemonic masculine values largely remain at the same time as the metro sexual look is idealized, hence the paradox of the relationship between the male commercial employee’s masculinity and their perception of dress and appearance. On the same basis the answer to the question of how male commercial employee’s look at masculinity and its ideal image is paradox. This leads us into a discussion concerning the possible emergence of a “new” ideal masculinity.