O presente trabalho de tese desenvolveu uma metodologia analítica na obtenção e na produção de uma solução de amilopectina extraída da solubilização do Amidex 40003, amido geneticamente modificado contendo majoritariamente amilopectina, dissolvido na mistura dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO)/H2O (90/10% v/v), respectivamente. O objetivo foi produzir e caracterizar nanocomplexos de amilopectina com íons metálicos Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ e Pb2+ nas formas de sais de acetato, cloreto e nitrato, assim como, compreender as propriedades inorgânicas e físico-químicas (relação estrutura/propriedades) dos complexos formados, para futuras aplicações cosméticas. Foi realizado o monitoramento das características moleculares da solução de amilopectina durante a sua preparação sob ultrassom, em diferentes tempos e amplitudes, bem como em alguns complexos, através das técnicas de espectroscópia de espalhamento de luz (LS), viscosimetria, dentre outras. A redução da massa molecular da solução polimérica através do uso do ultrassom demonstrou que a metodologia desenvolvida é adequada para a redução e controle de tamanho da cadeia polimérica. O planejamento fatorial completo 23 foi realizado para a otimização das reações de complexação mostrando que o tempo de reação e a concentração são variáveis significativas. Além disso, as análises de pH, condutividade, infravermelho (FTIR), UV-Visível (UV-Vis), termogravimetria (TGA) e espalhamento de luz estático e dinâmico foram utilizados na confirmação dos complexos formados, bem como um estudo nas mudanças conformacionais ocorridas após a complexação com a solução de amilopectina. Os complexos com íons Cr3+ e Fe3+ possuem um rendimento reacional maior, comparado com os demais metais. O estudo reológico demonstrou a redução na viscosidade quando introduzidos os sais metálicos, devido ao empacotamento das cadeias poliméricas. Sendo que os sais de NO3- possuem uma estabilidade maior. O valor da viscosidade intrínseca encontrada foi de 1257 mL.g-1 para a solução de amilopectina e a concentração crítica (c*) da solução foi igual a 0,795 mg.mL-1. Foi verificado que o pH para as reações de complexação próximo de 5 é ideal para uma maior média de complexação. Em pH acima de 8, diminui o poder complexante do metal na solução. O uso da ferramenta estatística de separação por similaridade, i-PCA, proporcionou uma melhor compreensão do conjunto de dados, extraídos do FTIR. Através do estudo da relação estrutura-propriedades dos complexos metálicos com a amilopectina tratada em solução conclui-se que o polímero em solução encontra-se como uma esfera não homogênea e enovelada, sendo que após a complexação com íons metálicos a macromolécula modifica sua conformação em solução. Para todos os complexos formados ficou evidenciado um aumento do Rh, com exceção dos sais de Cr3+. Os resultados obtidos pelo gráfico de Berry mostram-se mais apropriado, pois a amilopectina possui elevadas ramificações, cujo as cadeias exteriores são cadeias flexíveis e não rígidas, o que facilita a complexação com os sais metálicos. Com o monitoramento, através da técnica do Espalhamento de luz estático de multiplas amostras (SMSLS) é evidenciado o aumento da massa molecular ao adicionar o sal. A nanopartícula de amilopectina desenvolvida é altamente estável e compatível com bases cosméticas. Estudos posteriores serão realizados para a aplicabilidade cosmetologia, como hidrogéis e emulsões oleosas. / The present work work developed an analytical method to obtain and produce a solution of extracted solubilization of amylopectin Amidex 40003, genetically modified starch containing mostly amylopectin dissolved in DMSO/H2O mixture (90/10 v / v%), respectively. The objective was to produce and characterize amylopectin nanocomplexes with Cr3 +, Fe3 +, Cu2 +, Ni2 +, Co2 + and Pb2 + metal ions in the form of acetate, chloride and nitrate salts, as well as understanding the properties of inorganic and physical-chemical properties (the structure / properties) of complexes formed for future cosmetic applications. The monitoring of molecular characteristics of amylopectin solution was conducted during its preparation under ultrasound at different times and amplitudes, as well as in some complexes, using such as light scattering spectroscopy (LS), viscosimetry, techniques. The reduction of the molecular weight of the polymer solution using ultrasound demonstrated that this methodology is suitable for the reduction and control of the size of the polymer chain. The 23 full factorial design was performed to optimize the complexation reactions showing that the reaction time and concentration are significant variables. In addition, pH, conductivity, infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible (UV-Vis), thermogravimetry (TGA) and static and dynamic light scattering (techniques) were used for the confirmation of complexes formed, and a study in conformational changes occurred after complexation with the solution of amylopectin. Complexes with Cr3+ and Fe3+ have a higher reaction yield compared to the other metals. The rheological study demonstrated a reduction in viscosity when introducing metal salts due to the packing of polymer chains. Since NO3- salts have greater stability, the value of the intrinsic viscosity was found to be 1257 mL.g-1 solution to amylopectin and the critical concentration (c *) of the solution was equal to 0.795 mg.mL-1. It was found that the pH for complexation reactions around 5 is ideal for a higher average complexation. At pH above 8 decreases the complexing power of the metal in solution. The use of statistical tools separation similarity, i-PCA provided a better understanding of the data set extracted from FTIR. Through the study of the structure-properties of metal complexes in solution treated amylopectin concluded that the polymer is in solution as a sphere inhomogeneous and coiled, and after complexation with metal ions, the macromolecule alters its conformation in solution. For all complexes there was an evident increase of Rh, with the exception of Cr3 + salts. The results shown in the Berry plot were most suitable due to the high amylopectin branches whose outer chains are flexible and not rigid, which facilitates the complexation with metal salts. Using the technique of static light scattering of multiple samples (SMSLS) an increased molecular mass by adding salt is evident. The amylopectin nanoparticle developed is highly stable and compatible with cosmetic bases. Further studies will be performed to the applicability in cosmetology, such as hydrogels and oil emulsions.

Orientador:Marlus Chorilli / Coorientador: Patrícia Bento da Silva / Banca: Luis Alexandre Pedro de Freitas / Banca: Fernando Rogério Pavan / Resumo: A Tuberculose (TB) é mundialmente conhecida como a principal doença infecto-contagiosa de evolução crônica, em que o abandono do tratamento antes do período recomendado tende a ocasionar o desenvolvimento de casos mais graves da doença, gerando o aparecimento de cepas resistentes. O cobre interage com ligantes biologicamente ativos desenvolvendo complexos de cobre(II) com ações antimicrobiana. Carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (CLNs) vêm se destacando na área farmacêutica, pois apresentam a capacidade de compartimentalizar, de maneira eficiente fármacos lipofílicos e de modificar suas propriedades e comportamento em meio biológico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de CLNs acrescidos de complexos de cobre(II) aplicáveis no estudo frente ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Foram obtidos 3 complexos de cobre(II), intitulados C1, C2 e C3 que contem o ligante isoniazida e os co-ligantes aniônicos cloreto, tiocianato e cianato, respectivamente. Os CLNs foram obtidos pela técnica de fusão-emulsificação, testando-se diversas formulações por Ultra turrax a 5000 rpm por 10 minutos e por sonicador com amplitude 8% por 20 minutos até a obtenção de CLNs estáveis, que foram constituídos de 3,50% e 0,50 % de poloxamer 407 e brometo de cetrimônio, respectivamente, e de 2,07%, 2,50% e 0,88% de estearato de polioxietileno, triglicérides do ácido cáprico/caprílico e óleo de rícino hidrogenado e etoxilado 40 (F32) ou óleo de rícino (F38), respectivamente. Os complexos de cobre(II) foram incorporados nos CLNs (F32.OE.C1, F32.OE.C2, F32.OE.C3, e F38.OR.C1, F38.OR.C2, F38.OR.C3), e caracterizados por diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (Dnm), índice de polidispersidade (IPD) e potencial zeta (PZ) por 1, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias, revelando homogeneidade da dispersão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is known worldwide as the leading infectious disease of chronic evolution in which the abandonment of treatment before the recommended period tends to cause the development of more severe disease, such as the appearance of resistant strains. Copper interacts with biologically active ligands developing copper(II) complex with activities antimicrobial. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have gained prominence in the pharmaceutical field, since they have the ability to compartmentalize efficiently lipophilic drugs and modify their properties and behavior in the biological environment. The aims of this study was to evaluate the potential of copper(II) complexes-loaded NLCs applicable in the study against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Copper(II) complexes containing isoniazid binder were obtained and they were entitled C1, C2, and C3 where they have co-binders anionic chloride, cyanate and thiocyanate, respectively. NLCs were obtained by fusion-emulsification technique, formulations were obtained by Ultra turrax at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes followed by sonicator at 8% amplitude for 20 minutes to obtain stable NLCs, those were incorporated of 3.50% and 0.50% to surfactant poloxamer 407 and cetrimonium bromide, respectively, and 2.07%, 2.50% and 0.88% of polyoxyethylene stearate lipids, triglycerides of capric acid/caprylic and ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil 40 OE (F32) or castor oil (F38), respectively. Copper(II) complexes were incorporated into NLCs (F32.OE.C1, F32.OE.C2, F32.OE.C3 and F38.OR.C1, F38.OR.C2, F38.OR.C3) and characterized by diameter (Dmn), polydispersivity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) for 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, which revealed homogeneous dispersion and excellent physical stability over the same period; the atomic force microscopy confirmed that developed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Polímeros com funções quelantes têm sido amplamente encontrados no campo de separação e recuperação de íons metálicos de efluentes, sendo também utilizados na área de cosmetologia. O polímero utilizado neste trabalho foi obtido pela solubilização do Amidex 40003, amido geneticamente modificado contendo majoritariamente amilopectina, utilizando a mistura dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO)/H2O 90/10% v/v como solvente. O objetivo foi a formação de complexos de amilopectina com os íons metálicos Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ e Pb2+ nas formas de sais de acetato, nitrato e cloreto. O estudo buscou a otimização de alguns fatores considerados importantes para a obtenção de melhores rendimentos de reação, realizados através de um planejamento fatorial completo 23, nos quais as variáveis estudadas foram temperatura, tempo e massa do sal. Além disso, foram realizadas análises de pH, condutividade, infravermelho (FT-IR), UV-Visível (UV-Vis) e termogravimetria (TGA) para a comprovação dos complexos formados e para o estudo aprofundado das mudanças ocorridas nas características do polímero. O estudo também compreendeu a realização de cálculos ab initio utilizando a Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT) com o intuito de entender a conformação da amilopectina no vácuo e em solvente implícito, obter um espectro vibracional teórico da amilopectina a fim de comparação com aquele obtido experimentalmente e, através do cálculo de cargas parciais, verificar os potenciais sítios de coordenação da amilopectina na complexação com o metal. Na primeira etapa experimental do trabalho foi verificado através do cálculo do efeito das variáveis que os fatores tempo e massa do sal devem ser mantidas no nível superior (+) e o fator temperatura deve ser mantido no nível inferior (-). As análises de pH, condutividade, FT-IR, UV-Vis e TGA evidenciaram a formação dos complexos devido às mudanças observadas antes e após a complexação. O estudo conformacional teórico da amilopectina revelou a importância dos efeitos estereoeletrônicos e a influência do conjunto de base utilizado no cálculo. O cálculo das cargas parciais mostrou que os prováveis sítios de coordenação da amilopectina são os oxigênios ligados ao C2 e C3, corroborando com dados da literatura. O espectro vibracional teórico apresentou resultados correlacionáveis com aqueles encontrados experimentalmente. / Polymers with chelating functions have been widely found in the field of separation and recovery of metal ions from wastewater and are also used in the cosmetology area. The polymer used in this work was the Amidex 40003, a genetically modified starch containing mostly amylopectin, using the mixture dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/H2O 90/10% v/v as solvent. The purpose was the formation of amylopectin complexes with Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Pb2+ metal ions in the form of acetate, nitrate and chloride salts. The study sought to optimize some factors considered important for obtaining better reaction yields, carried out through a 23 full factorial design, which the variables studied were temperature, time and mass of salt. In addition, analysis of pH, conductivity, infrared (FT-IR), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) and thermogravimetry (TGA) were performed to prove the complexes formed and for detailed study of the changes in the polymer characteristics. The study also included the achievement of ab initio calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) in order to understand the amylopectin conformation in vacuum and implicit solvent, get a theoretical vibrational spectrum of amylopectin in order to compare with the one experimentally obtained and, through the partial charges calculation, check the potential amylopectin coordination sites in the complexation with the metal ion. In the first step of the experimental work was verified by variables effect calculations that time and mass of salt variables should be maintained at the higher level (+) and the temperature variable should be maintained at the lower level (-). Analysis of pH, conductivity, FT-IR, UV-Vis and TGA proved the complexes formation due to the changes observed before and after complexation. The theoretical conformational study of amylopectin showed the significance of stereo electronics effects and the influence of the basis set used in the calculation. Partial charges calculation showed that the probable amylopectin coordination sites are the oxygen atoms connected to C2 and C3, confirming literature data. The theoretical vibrational spectrum presented results comparable with those experimentally found.

O presente trabalho de tese desenvolveu uma metodologia analítica na obtenção e na produção de uma solução de amilopectina extraída da solubilização do Amidex 40003, amido geneticamente modificado contendo majoritariamente amilopectina, dissolvido na mistura dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO)/H2O (90/10% v/v), respectivamente. O objetivo foi produzir e caracterizar nanocomplexos de amilopectina com íons metálicos Cr3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ e Pb2+ nas formas de sais de acetato, cloreto e nitrato, assim como, compreender as propriedades inorgânicas e físico-químicas (relação estrutura/propriedades) dos complexos formados, para futuras aplicações cosméticas. Foi realizado o monitoramento das características moleculares da solução de amilopectina durante a sua preparação sob ultrassom, em diferentes tempos e amplitudes, bem como em alguns complexos, através das técnicas de espectroscópia de espalhamento de luz (LS), viscosimetria, dentre outras. A redução da massa molecular da solução polimérica através do uso do ultrassom demonstrou que a metodologia desenvolvida é adequada para a redução e controle de tamanho da cadeia polimérica. O planejamento fatorial completo 23 foi realizado para a otimização das reações de complexação mostrando que o tempo de reação e a concentração são variáveis significativas. Além disso, as análises de pH, condutividade, infravermelho (FTIR), UV-Visível (UV-Vis), termogravimetria (TGA) e espalhamento de luz estático e dinâmico foram utilizados na confirmação dos complexos formados, bem como um estudo nas mudanças conformacionais ocorridas após a complexação com a solução de amilopectina. Os complexos com íons Cr3+ e Fe3+ possuem um rendimento reacional maior, comparado com os demais metais. O estudo reológico demonstrou a redução na viscosidade quando introduzidos os sais metálicos, devido ao empacotamento das cadeias poliméricas. Sendo que os sais de NO3- possuem uma estabilidade maior. O valor da viscosidade intrínseca encontrada foi de 1257 mL.g-1 para a solução de amilopectina e a concentração crítica (c*) da solução foi igual a 0,795 mg.mL-1. Foi verificado que o pH para as reações de complexação próximo de 5 é ideal para uma maior média de complexação. Em pH acima de 8, diminui o poder complexante do metal na solução. O uso da ferramenta estatística de separação por similaridade, i-PCA, proporcionou uma melhor compreensão do conjunto de dados, extraídos do FTIR. Através do estudo da relação estrutura-propriedades dos complexos metálicos com a amilopectina tratada em solução conclui-se que o polímero em solução encontra-se como uma esfera não homogênea e enovelada, sendo que após a complexação com íons metálicos a macromolécula modifica sua conformação em solução. Para todos os complexos formados ficou evidenciado um aumento do Rh, com exceção dos sais de Cr3+. Os resultados obtidos pelo gráfico de Berry mostram-se mais apropriado, pois a amilopectina possui elevadas ramificações, cujo as cadeias exteriores são cadeias flexíveis e não rígidas, o que facilita a complexação com os sais metálicos. Com o monitoramento, através da técnica do Espalhamento de luz estático de multiplas amostras (SMSLS) é evidenciado o aumento da massa molecular ao adicionar o sal. A nanopartícula de amilopectina desenvolvida é altamente estável e compatível com bases cosméticas. Estudos posteriores serão realizados para a aplicabilidade cosmetologia, como hidrogéis e emulsões oleosas. / The present work work developed an analytical method to obtain and produce a solution of extracted solubilization of amylopectin Amidex 40003, genetically modified starch containing mostly amylopectin dissolved in DMSO/H2O mixture (90/10 v / v%), respectively. The objective was to produce and characterize amylopectin nanocomplexes with Cr3 +, Fe3 +, Cu2 +, Ni2 +, Co2 + and Pb2 + metal ions in the form of acetate, chloride and nitrate salts, as well as understanding the properties of inorganic and physical-chemical properties (the structure / properties) of complexes formed for future cosmetic applications. The monitoring of molecular characteristics of amylopectin solution was conducted during its preparation under ultrasound at different times and amplitudes, as well as in some complexes, using such as light scattering spectroscopy (LS), viscosimetry, techniques. The reduction of the molecular weight of the polymer solution using ultrasound demonstrated that this methodology is suitable for the reduction and control of the size of the polymer chain. The 23 full factorial design was performed to optimize the complexation reactions showing that the reaction time and concentration are significant variables. In addition, pH, conductivity, infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible (UV-Vis), thermogravimetry (TGA) and static and dynamic light scattering (techniques) were used for the confirmation of complexes formed, and a study in conformational changes occurred after complexation with the solution of amylopectin. Complexes with Cr3+ and Fe3+ have a higher reaction yield compared to the other metals. The rheological study demonstrated a reduction in viscosity when introducing metal salts due to the packing of polymer chains. Since NO3- salts have greater stability, the value of the intrinsic viscosity was found to be 1257 mL.g-1 solution to amylopectin and the critical concentration (c *) of the solution was equal to 0.795 mg.mL-1. It was found that the pH for complexation reactions around 5 is ideal for a higher average complexation. At pH above 8 decreases the complexing power of the metal in solution. The use of statistical tools separation similarity, i-PCA provided a better understanding of the data set extracted from FTIR. Through the study of the structure-properties of metal complexes in solution treated amylopectin concluded that the polymer is in solution as a sphere inhomogeneous and coiled, and after complexation with metal ions, the macromolecule alters its conformation in solution. For all complexes there was an evident increase of Rh, with the exception of Cr3 + salts. The results shown in the Berry plot were most suitable due to the high amylopectin branches whose outer chains are flexible and not rigid, which facilitates the complexation with metal salts. Using the technique of static light scattering of multiple samples (SMSLS) an increased molecular mass by adding salt is evident. The amylopectin nanoparticle developed is highly stable and compatible with cosmetic bases. Further studies will be performed to the applicability in cosmetology, such as hydrogels and oil emulsions.

La catalyse organométallique est à l’origine des avancées les plus significatives au cours des dernières années puisqu’elle a permis de découvrir de nouvelles voies d’accès à des molécules complexes; elle a ainsi révolutionné le monde de la synthèse organique. Bien que de nombreuses réactions s’appuyant sur des complexes organométalliques aient été développées, les catalyseurs organométalliques présentent encore deux inconvénients majeurs : leur toxicité, associée la plupart du temps à la présence de métaux lourds, et leur coût lié à la présence à la fois d’un centre métallique et de ligands élaborés. Dès lors de nombreuses recherches ont été lancées dans le but de mettre au point des techniques permettant de séparer simplement le catalyseur métallique des produits formés et de le recycler. C’est dans ce coeclat_13ntexte que nous avons cherché à développer de nouveaux catalyseurs supportés pouvant être libérés pendant la réaction afin d’effectuer la catalyse en conditions homogènes et de nouveau greffés au support en fin de réaction afin de pouvoir séparer le catalyseur des produits de la réaction et le recycler ensuite via une nouvelle libération. Cette capacité de passage du catalyseur du support vers la solution et vice-versa est basée sur un complexe de coordination lié au support et appelé «agrafe contrôlable» dont la sphère de coordination peut être modulée via un stimulus externe : soit un complexe du ruthénium avec un stimulus photochimique, soit un complexe du cuivre avec un stimulus électrochimique, tels qu’exploités dans de nombreuses machines moléculaires. Les nanotubes de carbone sont choisis comme support, les ligands de type NHC sont choisis comme ligands de base du système catalytique et des complexes du cuivre ou du ruthénium portant des ligands de type bipyridine, phénantroline ou terpyridine constituent le cœur de l’agrafe contrôlable. Des complexes de palladium basés sur des ligands NHC fonctionnalisés ont été synthétisés en utilisant un motif triazole comme lien entre le centre catalytique et la fonctionnalité impliquée dans la récupération du catalyseur. Les tests catalytiques dans des réactions de Suzuki-Miyaura ont montré que les complexes étaient actifs sur une large gamme de substrats et à des charges catalytiques faibles (jusqu’à 50 ppm) et ce, quelle que soit la fonctionnalité ajoutée. Des complexes du ruthénium portant des ligands terpyridine, bipyridine ou phénantroline ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Le concept du switch photochimique a été validé sur un système modèle : nous avons pu montrer que sous irradiation à l’aide d’une lampe à vapeur de mercure, le complexe [Ru(II)(terpyridine)(bipyridine)(PhCN)][(PF6)2] était capable de libérer le ligand benzonitrile et que la réaction inverse se produisait par chauffage du complexe [Ru(II)(terpyridine)(bipyridine)(H2O)][(PF6)2] en présence de benzonitrile. D’autre part, des complexes du cuivre portant des ligands de type bis-bipyridine et terpyridine ont été synthétisés et caractérisés. Le concept du switch électrochimique a été validé sur un système modèle : nous avons pu montrer par voltamétrie cyclique qu’en présence de terpyridine, le complexe [Cu(I)(bis-bipyridine)][BF4] pouvait s’oxyder et former un complexe de type [Cu(II)(bipyridine)(terpyridine)][(BF4)2] et que la réaction inverse se produisait par réduction. Ces travaux démontrent le caractère contrôlable des agrafes choisies via un stimulus électrochimique ou photochimique, sur des systèmes modèles. L’obtention de complexes de palladium comportant un ligand NHC-triazole fonctionnalisé, leur bonne activité et la voie de synthèse mise au point valident notre stratégie de récupération et ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives en catalyse. / Transition metal catalysed reaction is the source of the most significant advances in recent years since it revealed new access routes to complex molecules and as such has revolutionized the way of designing organic syntheses. Although many reactions based on complexes of transition metals have been developed, «organometallic» catalysts have still two major drawbacks: their toxicity, mostly related to the presence of heavy metals, and their cost mainly induced by the presence of both a metal center and sophisticated ligands. Therefore much research has been undertaken in order to develop techniques allowing a simple separation of the metal catalyst from reaction products and the recycling of the former. It is in this context that we sought to develop new supported catalysts that can be released during the reaction to perform catalysis under homogeneous conditions and being grafted back to the support (boomerang catalyst) at the end of the reaction in order to separate the catalyst from the products and then use the catalyst again, homogeneously in a new solution of substrate, through a new release. This ability to shift the catalyst from the support to the solution and vice versa is based on a coordination complex bound to the support and called the «controllable tether» which coordination sphere can be modulated via an external stimulus. Two type of tethers have been explored; one involving a ruthenium complex requiring a photochemical stimulus, and another using a copper complex and an electrochemical stimulus, similar to systems used in molecular machineries. Carbon nanotubes have been selected as solid support and NHC type ligands have been chosen for the robustness of their complexes in catalysis. Complexes of palladium based on functionalized NHC ligands were synthesized using a triazole link between the catalytic center and the function involved in the recovery of the catalyst on the tether. Catalytic reactions of Suzuki - Miyaura showed that the complexes were active on a wide scope of substrates and at catalytic low loads (up to 50 ppm), and this, whatever the added recovery function is. Ruthenium complexes bearing ligands such as terpyridine, bipyridine or phenanthroline have been synthesized and characterized. The concept of photochemical switch has been validated on a model system for which we have shown that under irradiation with a mercury vapor lamp, the complex [Ru(II)(terpyridine)(bipyridine)(PhCN)][(PF6)2] was able to release its benzonitrile ligand and the reverse reaction occurs by heating the complex [Ru(II)(terpyridine)(bipyridine)(H2O)][(PF6)2] in the presence of benzonitrile . On the other hand, copper complexes bearing ligands of bis-bipyridine and terpyridine were synthesized and characterized. The concept of electrochemical switch has been validated on a model system for which we have shown by cyclic voltammetry in the presence of terpyridine that the complex [Cu(I)(bis-bipyridine)][BF4] could be oxidized and form a complex of the type [Cu(II)(bipyridine)(terpyridine)][(BF4)2]; the reverse reaction occuring upon reduction . This work demonstrates the controllability of the selected tethers via an electrochemical or photochemical stimulus on model systems. Obtaining functionalized palladium complexes with good activity through an efficient synthesis route validates our strategy of recovery and opens many opportunities in catalysis.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17525号 / 工博第3684号 / 新制||工||1560(附属図書館) / 30291 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 啓文, 教授 今堀 博, 教授 山本 量一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

M.Sc. / This study deals with the synthesis of nitrogen-donor imidazolyl- and pyrazolyl-salicylaldimine compounds, their reactions with selected transition metals and applications as catalysts for Heck coupling reactions of aryl halides with butyl acrylate, ethylene polymerization reactions and reactions of higher α-olefins. Imidazole-based salicylaldimine compounds 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-{[2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-phenol (L1) and 4-tert-butyl-2-{[2-(1H-imidazole-4-yl)-ethylimino]-methly}-phenol (L2) were prepared by Schiff base condensation reaction of histamine dihydrochloride with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde respectively. The compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy; and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Compounds 2-{[2-(1H-imidazole-4-yl)-ethylimino]-methly}-phenol (L3), 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-{[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-phenol (L4), 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-[(2-pyrazol-1-yl-ethylimino)-methyl]-phenol (L5) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-{[2-(3,5-diphenyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethylimino]-methyl}-phenol (L6) were synthesized according to literature procedure. Reactions of L1-L3 with [PdCl2(MeCN)2] yielded complexes 2.1-2.3 respectively. Ligand L1 was also complexed with [FeCl2] and [CoCl2] to give complexes 2.4 and 2.5 respectively, while complexes 2.6-2.15 were synthesized by reactions of L1, L2 and L4-L6 with [VCl3] and [CrCl3(THF)3]; all in a ratio of 1:1. The palladium(II) complexes (2.1-2.3) were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H} NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis, while complexes 2.4-2.15 were characterized by IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis due to their paramagnetic nature. The structures of complexes 2.1 and 2.4 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the complexes formed were mononuclear.

Luminescent transition metal complexes have arisen as viable alternatives to organic dyes for sensory applications due to their notable advantages. This thesis aimed to synthesize different kinds of iridium(III) complexes as chemosensors and G-quadruplex probes for the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and DNA to demonstrate the versatility of iridium(III) complex in luminescence sensing. Iridium(III) complex chemosensors were synthesized and developed for the detection of Cu2+ and cysteine. The iridium(III) complex plays the role of the "signaling unit", which transduces the analyte binding event into an optical (luminescent) signal and the "receptor unit" attached to the metal complex selectively binds the analyte of interest. Meanwhile, a series of iridium(III) complexes incorporating a variety of C^N and N^N donor ligands were synthesized and were shown to exhibit G-quadruplex-selective binding properties via emission titration, fluorescence resonance energy transfer melting and G-quadruplex fluorescent intercalator displacement experiments. These G-quadruplex-selective Ir(III) complexes were utilized as signal transducers to monitor the conformational changes of oligonucleotides in label-free oligonucleotide-based luminescent detection platforms for metal ion (Ag+), small molecules (cocaine), protein (insulin and AGR2) and gene deletion.

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