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Western countries, institutions, and people from all walks of land, including Africans, have carried the notion that it is riskier to invest in African countries compared to countries in other continents. This study verified if that notion is empirically established or it is just a mere notion born out of people's imagination and unfounded belief. The study did select one special metal mining company listed on the New York stock exchange from every continent using a systematic random sampling of period five. All these stocks' data were daily data spanning the period 2003-06 - 2020:06 obtained from Yahoo Finance. The said duration was used for the analysis because one of the companies selected for the study only had stock data starting from 2003-06-25. Because of Generalized Autoregressive Conditionally Heteroscedastic (GARCH) ability to model the conditional randomly varying volatility, the study trained several of them for a different order of the GARCH terms σ2, and the order of the ARCH terms ε2 and for different distributions. Based on the AIC and BIC, the GARCH model that best fitted the data was GARCH (1,1), thus order one of the GARCH terms σ2 and order one of the ARCH terms ε2 based on student-t innovation. The study proceeded to estimate the risk measure using three of the approaches (risk metrics, Block Maxima Method under extreme value situation, and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) for the tail ends of the distribution). None of the approaches or methods used in calculating VaR or conditional VaR (ES) of the stocks supported the conventional beliefs and age long-held purported gospel that African counties are the riskiest to invest on earth. In the risk metrics approach, the African stock was second riskiest to European stock. At the same time, in extreme value situations, it was third to European and South American; with GPD, it was third once again to South American and European stock. The study proceeded to verify if this founding were statistically significant. Applying analysis of variance (ANOVA), found that none of the differences established above is statistically significant. Meaning, statistically, the value and conditional value of one's investment that will be at risk is not different based on the investment's continental location. Thus, it is not statistically riskier to invest in one continent than the other.

<p>This dissertation explores the transformation of the industrial relations regime in Sweden during the 1990s. Four areas are studied; industrial relations of the growing service sector, industrial relations of small enterprises, effects of re-regulation and introduction of competition on industrial relations in telecommunications service and internationalisation of industrial relations in the metal sector, showing that in the 1990s, the labour market regime of Sweden changed into a new regime, as a result of altered conditions caused by the third industrial revolution. The changes took place within a certain context and were governed by a strong path dependence. The internationalisation or Europeanization of the economy, foremost the upsurge in ingoing foreign direct investments, increased the Swedish industry’s dependence on non-national actors and economy. The employers and the trade unions had strong incentives to come to an agreement (the Industrial Agreement in 1997), to achieve international competitiveness. The increasing dependence on (Western/European) trade and investments caused additional adjustments of industrial relations. The Europeanization of the political decision making process (EU membership) had also an impact, to which was added liberalisation, abandoning monopolies etc, but the effect were not as substantial as that of (economic) internationalisation.</p>

This dissertation explores the transformation of the industrial relations regime in Sweden during the 1990s. Four areas are studied; industrial relations of the growing service sector, industrial relations of small enterprises, effects of re-regulation and introduction of competition on industrial relations in telecommunications service and internationalisation of industrial relations in the metal sector, showing that in the 1990s, the labour market regime of Sweden changed into a new regime, as a result of altered conditions caused by the third industrial revolution. The changes took place within a certain context and were governed by a strong path dependence. The internationalisation or Europeanization of the economy, foremost the upsurge in ingoing foreign direct investments, increased the Swedish industry’s dependence on non-national actors and economy. The employers and the trade unions had strong incentives to come to an agreement (the Industrial Agreement in 1997), to achieve international competitiveness. The increasing dependence on (Western/European) trade and investments caused additional adjustments of industrial relations. The Europeanization of the political decision making process (EU membership) had also an impact, to which was added liberalisation, abandoning monopolies etc, but the effect were not as substantial as that of (economic) internationalisation.

Digitalization is an upcoming trend that divides the manufacturing industry of today. As an increasing number of companies chose to implement digitalization as a business strategy, some companies still struggle with implementing digitalization into their businesses. Previous research has developed digital transformation models, but has been admitted as too generic. This thesis used the most comprehensive transformation model as base and aimed to make it practically implementable for a manufacturing company with a process layout. To enable this, a case study was conducted on a steel-processing company with this layout design. This thesis had an inductive approach, where primary data were collected from one selected company through a pilot study and semi structured interviews, and secondary data were collected through a literature review. During the study, it was discovered that a company can benefit from using a customized guidance of how to implement digitalization, to optimally use digital opportunities. This thesis contributed with additional steps and extensions of the previous transformation model. The contribution consisted of the involvement of competency, creation of definition, identified digitalization trends relating to a SWOT analysis, additional phenomenon to take into consideration when analyzing future scenarios, additional questions to consider when analyzing impacted areas, creation of a digital business strategy, a comparison of impacted areas with previous projects, additional identified actions to fill the gap between current state and goals, and five identified criteria’s on how to prioritize these actions. This study extends current research with details and depth regarding a digital transformation model, and hence make it more practical. For future research, a case study testing the potential of the transformation model on a similar company should be conducted, and thereby improve the model further. / Digitalisering är en uppgående trend som delar upp dagens tillverkningsindustri. Medan ett ökande antal företag väljer att implementera digitalisering som en affärsstrategi, så kämpar fortfarande andra företag med att implementera digitalisering i sin verksamhet. Tidigare forskning har utvecklat digitala transformationsmodeller, men de har ansetts för allmänna. Denna uppsats använder den mest omfattande digitala transformationsmodellen som bas med syfte att göra den praktiskt användbar för ett tillverkande företag med en funktionell verkstadslayout. För att möjliggöra detta genomfördes en fallstudie på ett stålföretag med denna fabriksdesign. Uppsatsen genomfördes med ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt där primärdata samlades in genom en pilotstudie och halvstrukturerade intervjuer, och sekundärdata samlades in genom en litteraturstudie. Under studien framkom det att ett företag skulle ha nytta av en anpassad vägledning för hur digitalisering ska implementeras för att optimalt utnyttja digitala möjligheter. Denna studie bidrog med ytterligare steg och utökningar av den tidigare transformationsmodellen. Studiens bidrag involverar kompetenssäkring, identifierade digitaliseringstrender relaterade till en SWOTanalys, fenomen att ta hänsyn till gällande framtida scenarion, frågor att överväga vid analys av de påverkade områdena, skapande av en digital affärsstrategi, en jämförelse av påverkade områden med tidigare genomförda projekt, åtgärder för att fylla gapet mellan företagets nuvarande tillstånd och mål och kriterier för hur man prioriterar dessa åtgärder. Denna studie utökar aktuell forskning med detaljer och djup gällande en digital transformationsmodell, och gör den därav mer praktisk. I framtida forskning bör en fallstudie som testar potentialen hos transformationsmodellen på ett liknande företag genomföras, och därigenom förbättra modellen ytterligare.