This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simple FCs in some highly-inflected Indo-European languages, the complement of the fear verb (which represents the fear source) is case-marked not accusative but genitive (Baltic and Slavic languages, Sanskrit, Anglo-Saxon) or ablative (Armenian, Sanskrit, Old Persian). These two directional case inflections are generally used to represent the notion of movement away from. In simple FCs in these languages, the movement away is the subject/Experiencer’s recoiling or desire to distance him-/herself from the fear Source. In this way the grammar of simple FCs of these languages mirrors, or metaphorizes, the reflexive avoidance behavior of the fear response. In the subordinate clause of complex FCs in certain Indo-European languages (such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Old English, Baltic and Slavic languages, French, and Catalan), irrealis mood marking on the verb together with a negative particle that does not affect syntactic negation of the verb syntactically mark the potentiality of the feared event or state represented by the subordinate clause (which has not yet occurred and may not occur) and its undesirability for the subject/Experiencer of the fear verb in the main clause. In this way the negative particle + irrealis mood fear clause metaphorizes on the morphosyntactic level the primary semantic features of the emotion of fear: anticipation of a potential undesired event that the Experiencer seeks to negate. The analysis of complex FCs is followed by a case study proposing the evolution of these constructions in Latin from negative purpose clauses. This dissertation includes previously published material.

Cette étude adopte une analyse cognitive et contrastive des métaphores de l'alimentation en arabe tunisien, en français et en anglais. Cette étude a pour objectif la comparaison des métaphores dans leurs cadres culturels tout en analysant l'effet du contexte socioculturel sur la compréhension et l'utilisation de ces métaphores. Cette étude part d'un corpus qui contient des expressions métaphoriques utilisant des termes en rapport avec l'alimentation. Ces termes incluent les différents types d'aliments et la description des expériences accompagnant l'alimentation. Le corpus a été collecté en consultant des dictionnaires pour le français et l'anglais dans les langues étudiées et en enregistrant des communications avec des sujets parlant la langue arabe tunisienne, où ils répondent à des questions portant sur l'utilisation des termes de l’alimentation. L'analyse qualitative du corpus est basée essentiellement sur les correspondances entre les domaines (cross-domain mapping) (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980 ; Lakoff, 1993) l'un des principaux axes sur lesquels la théorie de la métaphore conceptuelle est construite. L'étude est divisée en trois grandes étapes : 1-Une description et l'analyse des différentes métaphores de l'alimentation dans les trois langues tout en essayant d’extraire les différentes métaphores conceptuelles et en expliquant leur rôle en interaction avec la théorie de l’incorporation (embodiment) : Johnson, 1987 ; Lakoff & Johnson, 1999 ; Maalej, 2004) dans la compréhension et l'utilisation de ces métaphores. 2- Une comparaison de ces métaphores en se basant sur le modèle postulé par Kövecses (2005) analysant la variation métaphorique et l'effet du contexte culturel. Ce modèle étudie les différents aspects de variation métaphorique entre langues/cultures. Ces aspects sont les domaines source et cible, les relations entre la source et la cible, les métaphores linguistiques, les correspondances et modèles culturels. 3- Une investigation de l'effet du contexte socioculturel sur la compréhension et l'utilisation des métaphores de l'alimentation a lieu à travers une étude basée sur la décomposition des différentes métaphores étudiées en métaphores simples et métaphores complexes. Ce modèle développé par Yu (2008) démontre à travers une étude comparative des métaphores conceptuelles l’existence d’un filtre culturel qui permet l’apparition ou l’absence de certaines métaphores spécifiques à la langue/culture en question. / This study adopts a cognitive contrastive analysis of English, French and Tunisian Arabic (for short TA) food metaphors corpora. The three main objectives of the present study are: 1) reveal the cognitive tools governing the understanding of food metaphors across the three languages. 2) sort out and compare the different target domains of food in the three languages with a particular focus on universality and variation. 3) address through variation, the impact of the socio-cultural context on metaphors understanding, use, creation and recreation. Investigating the conceptual role of food expressions, the impact of culture and the interaction between mind, body and culture is the common point among the main objectives of the present research. The study started with collecting a corpus of food-related terms used metaphorically in context. The data collection relied on written and spoken material. The corpus was then analysed qualitatively on the basis of the cross-domain mapping. The study investigated the pertinence of food and related practices in conceptualizing abstract experiences and then being a depository of familiar experiences ready for being created and recreated to frame newly abstract domains and situations. By doing so, the present work defined the role of the socio-cultural settings in metaphorical thought and reviewed the ways through which the context shapes metaphor use and understanding.

This thesis presents a discursive analysis of clients’ and counsellors’ metaphorical talk in counselling sessions. Permission was granted for access to, and the research use of, existing data originally collected from the Pluralistic Therapy for Depression Clinic at the University of Strathclyde. This data took the form of audio recordings of counsellors’ and clients’ oneto- one counselling sessions. Of the data obtained, a total of thirteen counselling sessions from the therapy of three client-counsellor pairs’ were transcribed using a modified version of Jeffersonian notation. Transcriptions were then coded to distinguish occasions of metaphorical talk. Subsequently they were analysed using a discursive psychology approach which drew on conversation analytic and ethnomethodological principles. This method considered the consequentiality of metaphorical talk on the surrounding interaction, how metaphorical constructions were assembled, and what actions were performed with metaphorical talk in the situated context of the therapeutic discourse. This was followed by a critical revisiting of some of the findings. The analysis found clients’ and counsellors’ uses of metaphor within the data related to three spheres of activity. The first related to constructions of identity through metaphorical talk – in particular a) the construction of relationships by both clients and counsellors using metaphors related to familial role categories, and b) clients’ metaphorical constructions of past versus present identities. The second involved clients’ use of metaphor to do topic management and resistance. The third involved the use of metaphor as a discursive resource in the construction of shared-meaning. Following this the implications of these findings for counselling psychology practice and other psychological therapists were discussed. In particular, a greater awareness of the possible impact of metaphorical talk and claims, and reflection on their impact in both limiting and freeing what is possible in the discourse was suggested.

This thesis brings together two fields of theological ideas. On the one hand, at the heart of Christian theology and faith are the person and work of Jesus Christ, centred on God's initiative of Atonement through the cross. Here God addresses the whole condition of creation and humanity, usually expressed in terms of dealing with sin. On the other hand, the growing field of Christian disability theology is seeking a positive theological account of disability, viewing it as an integral part of the variety of humanity, and resisting normate assumptions that cast what is regarded as disability in a wholly negative light. Drawing these fields together, does the way we think about the Atonement, and what God addresses and achieves through the Atonement, need to be disrupted and re-formed in light of the insights of disability theology? Conversely, if disability theology is to be distinctively Christian, should the Atonement play a far more foundational role within it than it has to date? If so, given the often negative juxtaposition of disability and sin within theology and in biblical texts, how is all this to come about? The approach taken is first to examine both of these fields and the extent of their current interaction. In particular, their use of ideas and metaphor are explored, to determine whether these provide the means for making that interaction more fruitful. However, the interaction is found to be partial at best, and the ideas and metaphors shared are not found to provide the means for the task at hand. Based on that work, however, a proposal is developed for reconsidering what sort of event the Atonement is, and the nature of God's presence within it. Building on insights from Frances Young, Jurgen Moltmann, Eberhard Jungel and Paul Fiddes, it is proposed that the Atonement should be understood as God's deepest, once for all participation in the risk (both moral and contingent) of creation, through which all that alienates us from God and each other is addressed. This opens up a theological space to talk of disability, sin and the cross together, one that does not require all aspects of what we identify as disability to fit into a binary sin/not sin analysis. This Atonement-as-participation also provides an account of the Atonement that is inherently inclusive of humanity in all its variety, where disability is not a special case. This enables God's initiative of the Atonement to function as a foundation for the various themes within disability theology as these continue to develop.

Using ethnographic observations and interview based research I document the production of research mathematics in four European research institutes, interviewing 45 mathematicians from three areas of pure mathematics: topology, algebraic geometry and differential geometry. I use Bourdieu's notions of habitus, field and practice to explore how mathematicians come to perceive and interact with abstract mathematical spaces and constructions. Perception of mathematical reality, I explain, depends upon enculturation within a mathematical discipline. This process of socialisation involves positioning an individual within a field of production. Within a field mathematicians acquire certain structured sets of dispositions which constitute habitus, and these habitus then provide both perspectives and perceptual lenses through which to construe mathematical objects and spaces. I describe how mathematical perception is built up through interactions within three domains of experience: physical spaces, conceptual spaces and discourse spaces. These domains share analogous structuring schemas, which are related through Lakoff and Johnson's notions of metaphorical mappings and image schemas. Such schemas are mobilised during problem solving and proof construction, in order to guide mathematicians' intuitions; and are utilised during communicative acts, in order to create common ground and common reference frames. However, different structuring principles are utilised according to the contexts in which the act of knowledge production or communication take place. The degree of formality, privacy or competitiveness of environments affects the presentation of mathematicians' selves and ideas. Goffman's concept of interaction frame, front-stage and backstage are therefore used to explain how certain positions in the field shape dispositions, and lead to the realisation of different structuring schemas or scripts. I use Sewell's qualifications of Bourdieu's theories to explore the multiplicity of schemas present within mathematicians' habitus, and detail how they are given expression through craftwork and bricolage. I argue that mathematicians' perception of mathematical phenomena are dependent upon their positions and relations. I develop the notion of social space, providing definitions of such spaces and how they are generated, how positions are determined, and how individuals reposition within space through acquisition of capital.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-07T17:41:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaAraujo.pdf: 2437389 bytes, checksum: 094b50d27b8fd7e9fad07e01312541e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T17:41:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaAraujo.pdf: 2437389 bytes, checksum: 094b50d27b8fd7e9fad07e01312541e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-25 / The present study, which is part of Cognitive Linguistics, aims to identify and analyse the metaphorical formations which exist in the crab's lexicon in Maranhão. This study was inspired by the interest to verify the recurrance of metaphorical formations in the language spoken by the professionals in that universe, in a labor context, given the fact that various studies have shown such recurrance in other knowledge domains, like the work of Costa (2007), Maciel e Silva (2010), Oliveira (2011), etc. The analysed corpus consists of 14 interviews produced between 2007 and 2008 in São Luís/MA and Araioses/MA, executed with men whose work is to capture the crabs in the mangrove and/or to sell the product, and also with women who are responsible for removing the already cooked and ready for commercialization crab's flesh. It’s worth noting that some denominations were designated to the three kinds of activity mentioned above, respectively: catação (capture), comercialização (commercialization) and processamento de caranguejo (processing of the crab). These interviews are also part of a scientific initiation research, developed by the author of this dissertation, during the undergraduate program in Letras, which had as the main target the construction of the Glossário de Termos do Universo do Caranguejo: São Luís e Araioses, also handled and analysed while the study, which is now presented here, was being completed. This research is done according to the methodological assumptions of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, created by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1986), who affirm that our conceptual system is widely metaphorical and plays a nuclear role in the definition of our everyday realities. The data reveal that the metaphors are present in the speaking of the professionals and that the lexical units of the crab’s universe find motivation in the similarity that exists between objects of the human dayly life and the culture itself of the people involved with the universe under study, like the metaphorical lexical units nipper and forceps, in which we notice a conceptual relation established between the nipper and forceps (from the domain of the tools) with the nipper and forceps (crab's claws), among other metaphors. / O presente estudo, que se insere no âmbito da Linguística Cognitiva, busca identificar e analisar as metáforas conceituais presentes no léxico do caranguejo no Maranhão. Este estudo justifica-se pelo interesse em verificarmos a existência dessas metáforas na linguagem de profissionais desse universo, em contextos laborais, já que vários estudos apontam tal ocorrência em outros domínios do saber, como mostram os trabalhos de Costa (2007), Maciel e Silva (2010), Oliveira (2011), dentre outros. O corpus analisado é constituído por 14 entrevistas produzidas entre os anos de 2007 e 2008, em São Luís/MA e Araioses/MA, realizadas com homens que se ocupam da retirada do caranguejo no mangue e/ou da venda do produto, e com mulheres que realizam a atividade de remoção da carne do caranguejo já cozido para comercialização. Aos três tipos de atividade acima mencionados adotamos as seguintes denominações, respectivamente: catação, comercialização e processamento do caranguejo. Essas entrevistas também fazem parte de uma pesquisa de iniciação científica, desenvolvida pela autora desta dissertação, durante o curso de graduação em Letras, que teve como principal objetivo a construção do Glossário de Termos do Universo do Caranguejo: São Luís e Araioses, também manuseado e analisado durante a realização do estudo que ora se apresenta. Esta pesquisa se pauta nos pressupostos metodológicos da Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual, elaborada por George Lakoff e Mark Johnson (1986), que afirmam que o nosso sistema conceitual é, em grande medida, metafórico e desempenha um papel central na definição de nossas realidades cotidianas. Os dados revelam que as metáforas estão presentes também na fala dos profissionais em foco e que as unidades lexicais do universo do caranguejo encontram motivação na semelhança que há entre objetos do cotidiano humano e a própria cultura das pessoas envolvidas com o universo investigado, como por exemplo as unidades lexicais metafóricas alicate e pinça, em que se percebe a relação conceitual que se estabelece entre o alicate e pinça (do domínio das ferramentas) com o alicate e a pinça (presas do caranguejo), dentre outras metáforas.

This dissertation draws upon local aesthetic attitudes held by members of the elder generation of first-language Scottish Gaelic speakers in Cape Breton Island, Canada towards various forms of communally-based cultural expression as conceived through metaphor. Through such engagement one begins to sense the central role of emplaced identity alongside embodied experience in describing these forms. In many ways, to the ethnographic fieldworker, this is uncharted territory. Here fieldwork functions within emic models of the cèilidh (visit) through collective social engagement in seanchas, an intracultural form of metalinguistic and metacultural discourse. Such a methodological approach facilitates in unveiling an intersubjective understanding of past, present and future acts, the forging of collective identity in the social world and finding meaning in cultural expression. In the context of this dissertation, what began as a seanchas-based exploration into local ethnoaesthetic attitudes revealed a wealth of metaphor in various abstractions arising out of our shared discourse. Such organically yet creatively conceived metaphors function between that which is symbolic and habitual, capable of crossing the boundaries of genre and breaking-down the partitions of that which is at once deemed abstract and concrete. Through the conceptual metaphor theories of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson among others, this works employs a dynamic system of interpretation that, when working in this ethnolinguistic context, makes full use of the available body of cultural and linguistic knowledge both synchronically and diachronically. This ethnography of metaphor, therefore, follows a pathway arising out of a sequential understanding of sensory experience in interpreting both identity and aesthetic thought as expressed by these Scottish Gaels. Beginning with individual orientation in time and space through cultural, social and emotional engagement with both the physical and cognitive landscape, the ethnography goes on to explore both a synaesthetic and kinaesthetic awareness of the various ways in which we conceive expressive sound in its flow. Within this conceptual metaphor framework a system is unveiled in which the expression of communal tradition is seen as emanating from a shared cridhe (heart/centre). Subsequently, the transmission of this knowledge is conceptualised among encultured individuals as capable of being metaphorically eaten and, therefore, (re)internalised in the body. Such an understanding is intrinsically linked to the mutual aesthetic appreciation of language and music through their blas (taste). Ultimately, these metaphors are rooted in an integrated system oriented towards the collective attainment of social wellbeing and a principal desire to sustain that which they serve to describe.

BACKGROUND: The biopsychosocial model of pain suggests that one’s perception of pain is affected by one’s beliefs about pain (Moseley & Butler, 2015). Metaphors have been shown to be effective in educating the patient about pain, which in turn reduces it (Gallagher et al., 2013). How might metaphors be used by the patient to express their pain, and what do these metaphors have in common? This qualitative study will examine the pain-expressing metaphors (PEMs) used by the pediatric chronic pain patients in a graded exposure treatment. METHODS: 36 patients recruited from Pain Treatment Service at Boston Children’s Hospital and the Pediatric Headache Program were enrolled GET Living, a pediatric chronic pain intervention composed of a series of individualized graded exposure sessions. Of these 36 patients, video recordings for GET Living sessions were available for 19. Of these 19 patients, video recordings of at least 5 sessions were available for 11 patients. Each video-recorded session for these 11 patients was viewed, reviewed, and coded for the use of PEM by the patient. RESULTS: Each of the PEMs patients used in this study could be organized into one of 6 categories: Sharp, Burning, Throbbing, Spectrum, Physical Qualities, and Other Sensation. “Other Sensation” was the category into which the most individual PEMs fell, but the category that had PEMs used by the most number of patients was “Sharp.” CONCLUSION: This study added to existing literature regarding categories of pain metaphors, supporting groupings such as sharp, throbbing, and burning. This study furthermore described groupings such as characterizing pain as a spectrum and characterizing pain as something with physical qualities. Future studies with more robust data sets could code PEMs in the same way and then conduct a quantitative analysis of metaphor use by patients enrolled in GET Living, correlating metaphor use with measures such as fear of pain and functional disability as recorded in the GET Living Child Assessment. / 2018-07-11T00:00:00Z

Metaphor is an important tool for describing musical structure and interpretation. Recent research suggests that metaphor goes beyond a linguistic device; we use conceptual metaphor frameworks and cross-domain mapping based upon our embodied experiences to understand our world around us. I review the linguistic origins of metaphor theory and show how the purview of metaphor theory has recently extended into cognitive domains through a case study, primarily using the work of metaphor scholar Zoltán Kövecses. I then review how two prominent music theorists--Michael Spitzer and Lawrence Zbikowski--have developed current theories of metaphor to refine their approach to music analysis. These sources provide an effective backdrop into my case study of isomorphic conceptual underpinnings of metaphors used in two prominent analytical essays in music theory, Donald F. Tovey's, "Tonality" and David Lewin's "Music Theory, Phenomenology, and Modes of Perception." Finally I utilize conceptual metaphor and cross-domain mapping to support my analysis of the tonal role of C♯/D♭ in Beethoven String Quartet No. 7 in F Major, op. 59, no. 1, first movement, and hexatonic cycles in Schubert Piano Trio in E♭ Major, D. 929, first movement. My analyses aim to elucidate the isomorphic aspects of evocative and useful metaphors in music analysis that help us engage with music in a deeper, nuanced manner.

This project examines the rhetorical functionality of metaphors created and used by victims of Nazi terror during the Holocaust. Exploring the link between knowledge, thought and language, along with an examination of metaphors used by Nazi victims, leads to the definition that metaphor is a vital tool creator of meaning, not merely "ornamental." The project first aims to stress the importance of grounding theories that highlight the strong relationship between metaphors and the culture they develop in. By defining metaphor as a trope possible of not only describing, but also shaping the reality of its users, I argue that studying metaphors used by victims in the camps can reveal how they either retained or gained a certain degree agency through the performative use of language. I claim that victims created and used language to their advantage in a way that enabled their survival. Through this lens, victim power and agency can be evaluated in terms of language from a specifically rhetorical theory that stresses the always-active language user. The research is a rhetorical-textual analysis of the discourse of the Holocaust through an examination of metaphors used by the victims and collected from survivor testimonies found in the Voice/Vision Holocaust Survivor Oral History Archive at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. The theoretical perspective from which I approach this archive draws on an interdisciplinary theoretical background that includes the fields of communication, rhetoric, philosophy, linguistics, and social-psychological cognitive research, as well as Holocaust studies. The rhetorical analysis of testimonies in the first phase includes extracting metaphors from Holocaust testimonies, identifying their vehicle terms, and finally, determining their functions in camp discourse. The metaphors are then grouped into five major metaphors that illustrate the functionality of victim-created metaphors and then analyzed in an aim to illustrate both the troping of new metaphors and the counter-troping of Nazi-created metaphors as a perfromative form of gaining agency. The use of these metaphors also functions as agency-gaining devices after the Holocaust among survivors making sense of their past experiences. The subsequent conclusion is that for those seeking to understand the Holocaust, metaphors are an important key necessary for comprehending the horrific realities that survivors are trying to express. The project aims to introduce a new rhetorical lens to uncovering historical events such as the Holocaust. The twentieth century saw other regimes of terror intended to eliminate groups of people creating situations in which lexical voids are created, such as the Bosnian and Rwandan genocides. Since those historical events involve violence in such extreme measures that speakers turn to metaphor in order to both describe their horrific reality and gain agency against their oppressors, it is vital that we identify and define a methodology to uncover truths through metaphor.