Notre thèse se propose d’analyser la question de la « traduction » de la psychanalyse dans une Culture Autre, spécifiquement dans le monde arabo-musulman, en utilisant une perspective complémentaire qui croise l’anthropologie et la psychanalyse.Après avoir posé les fondements théoriques et méthodologiques en vue d’une psychothérapie métisse, et avoir encadré l’histoire de la psychanalyse au Maghreb, spécifiquement au Maroc et en Tunisie, nous focaliserons notre attention sur le féminin islamique, ainsi que sur le rapport entre sexualité, Islam et psychanalyse.La présentation des Grands-Mères musulmanes, l’analyse des Textes Sacrés à propos du féminin, et la reconstruction de l’histoire des femmes arabo-musulmanes, de l’époque préislamique jusqu’à la contemporanéité, nous permettra de relever le décalage entre la Tradition musulmane et sa mise en pratique.Il sera évident, alors, de voir à quel point l’interprétation des Textes et la lecture des mots du prophète ont été utilisées par les autorités politiques et religieuses de toute époque en un sens patriarcal et machiste, pour soumettre et reléguer la femme dans une position d’infériorité naturalisée.Tout au contraire, nous évoquerons la place centrale de la femme et du féminin dans la Tradition coranique, jusqu’à affirmer qu’elle représente un de plus grands refoulements de l’histoire et de la culture arabo-musulmane.Ce fil rouge traversera toute l’analyse, nous amenant au cœur de la thèse selon laquelle la «psychothérapie au féminin » représente une voie d’accès privilégiée pour la « traduction » et la transmission de la psychanalyse ailleurs, et qu’elle est nécessaire à trois niveaux: individuel, pendant la relation thérapeutique; collectif, pour l’ensemble des femmes arabo- musulmanes; et, théorico-épistémologique concernant les aspects conceptuels de la «traduction».En dessinant l’image métaphorique d’une « psychothérapeute-frontière », nous tracerons le passage entre les frontières géographiques et socioculturelles, psychiques et relationnelles, professionnelles et symboliques, qu’elle recomposerait à travers son mouvement de détachement, découverte et retour dans le monde arabo-musulman, et grâce à ses caractéristiques de puissance émancipatrice et de médiation entre les côtés opposés de la tradition et de la modernité, du local et de l’étranger, du subjectif et du collectif.Cette figure, alors, arriverait à représenter la cause et la conséquence de la libération féminine en accompagnant chaque femme vers la réalisation de son désir, et en contribuant à l’émancipation de la collectivité des femmes arabo-musulmanes.Représentante moderne des mythiques Déesses Mères, la « thérapeute-frontière » devra, avant tout, apprendre certaines capacités propres à l’anthropologie afin de ne pas confondre un problème culturel avec un désordre psychique ou, au contraire, de ne pas réduire le malaise individuel à une donnée socioculturelle.Encore, elle devra acquérir un savoir-faire holistique et une pensée extraterritoriale indispensables pour dominer tant la terminologie scientifique et clinique, que le vocabulaire populaire, et pour se faire conteneur de traumas et de fluctuations identitaires des sujets ou des groupes, ainsi qu’un carrefour de savoirs et disciplines différents… / Our thesis aims analyzing the question of the "translation" of the psychoanalysis in an Other Culture, specifically in the Arab-Muslim world, utilizing the psychoanalysis and the anthropology like Complementary Frames of Reference.Having put the theoretical and methodological basis for a “metis” psychotherapy, and having resume the history of the psychoanalysis in Maghreb, specifically in Morocco and in Tunisia, we shall bring the attention to the Islamic feminine, as well as to the relationship between sexuality, Islam and psychoanalysis.The presentation of the “Great Muslim Mothers”, the analysis of Holy Texts about the feminine, and the reconstruction of the history of the Arab-Muslim women from pre-Islamic period until the contemporaneousness, will allow us to raise the gap between the Muslim Tradition and its application.It will be clear, then, how much the interpretation of Texts and the reading of the words of prophet Mohammed, have been used by the political and religious authorities of any time in a patriarchal and misogynist sense, in order to submit and relegate the woman in a position of naturalized inferiority.Quite the opposite, we shall evoke the central place of the woman and the feminine in the Koranic Tradition, until assert that it represents one of the greatest removal of the history and the culture of the Muslim people.This main thrust will cross all the analysis bringing at the heart of the thesis according to which the "feminine psychotherapy" represents a privileged way in the "translation" and the transmission of the psychoanalysis in another country. We would support that this kind of therapy would be needed at three levels: individual, during the therapeutic relation; collective for the benefit of all Muslim women; and, epistemological degree concerning the most theoretical aspects of the "translation".By drawing the metaphoric image of a "psychotherapist-frontier", we shall draw the passage between the geographical and socio-cultural, psychic and relational, professional and symbolic borders, that she would recompose through her movement of detachment, discovery and return in the Arab-Muslim world. This should be made possible through her characteristics of being be able to emancipate and mediate between the opposite of the tradition and the modernity, or the local and the global, or even the subjective and the collective.This figure, therefore, would arrive to represent the cause and the consequence of the women’s emancipation and would complement every woman towards the realization of her desire contributing to the empowerment of the community of the Arab-Muslim women.Modern representative of the mythical “Goddesses Mothers”, the "therapist-frontier", above all, will have to learn certain capacities of the anthropology in order to not confuse the cultural problems with a psychological disorder or, on the contrary, in order to not reduce an individual illness in a socio-cultural disease.Still, she will have to acquire an holistic “know-how” and an extraterritorial thought essential to dominate both the scientific or clinical terminology and the popular one. And still she will have to become a container of traumas and changing of the subjects or of the groups, as well as a crossroads of different knowledges and disciplines...

In 1869-70 the Métis of the Red River region in Manitoba resisted the transfer of their homeland from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada. The Métis people responded to this transfer by blocking Canadian surveyors, government officials, and taking control of the territory through the establishment of representative institutions. Eventually, the Métis negotiated favourable terms with Ottawa which, this thesis argues, represented according to law, and to the Métis, a treaty. This thesis argues that this treaty was intended to protect the Métis homeland and provide political and social protections. The Manitoba Métis Treaty was intended to guarantee the Métis a land base in Manitoba the total size of which was to be 1.4 million acres. The reservation of this land came with protective obligations so that the entire community would receive a benefit from such lands. While Canada has developed a body of treaty law which will be used to interpret the Manitoba Métis Treaty, matters were convoluted by the enshrinement of this treaty agreement in the Manitoba Act of 1870, a document which would gain constitutional status a year later. The impact of this legislative history has led some researchers to link government obligations entirely to the Act, rather than to the negotiated agreement. Indeed, it would seem that the negotiations have been, for the most part, understood as nothing more than conversations. I reject that position and argue that both the negotiations and the Act must be taken into consideration when assessing the obligations undertaken by the Crown. The unique history of the Manitoba agreement means that Canada was under both constitutional and treaty law obligations to uphold the negotiated agreement between itself and the Métis. This thesis argues that not only is the treaty the correct legal interpretation of the events of 1869-70 but that the government of Canada failed to honour its commitments in several meaningful ways. The approach utilized in this thesis is designed to be reliant upon the basic structure and doctrines of Canadian law but to do so in a manner which gives weight to the Métis voice. It is neither a critique which is wholly internal to Canadian law nor is it completely dismissive of Canadian law. Instead, this thesis will illustrate that with only minor adjustments to the application and interpretation of colonial law, the Manitoba Métis Treaty could find a more receptive audience in Canadian legal thought. In the face of a reasonable alternative, such a project can allow other researchers to question why the courts have chosen a path which denies reception of Métis voice, community and culture in Canadian law.

My research focuses on the experience of policy development and implementation. It draws on my involvement in a government policy taskforce, the development of an organisation’s strategy to the taskforce’s recommendations and the commissioning of frontline services. The research material is my personal experience contained in a number of narrative accounts of important happenings. These are then used as a basis to engage with literature and conversation with practitioners, academics and fellow researchers. It is from this iterative process that the argument develops. The approach is therefore qualitative and reflexive in nature. I have argued against the traditional separation between the content of research and methodology. This is on the basis that human experience does not distinguish between the two as we make sense of new emerging situations. The research has been heavily influenced by analogies drawn from complexity sciences as a way of increasing our understanding of ongoing human interaction, namely complex responsive processes of relating (Stacey et al, 2000). By paying careful attention to the experience of policy development and implementation over an extended period of time I am illuminating that the development of policy can often be seen in literature and in the techniques people use as an activity that is isolated from the work of frontline staff. For example, a policy group is formed, policy or a strategy is drafted and the work is then seen to be done. This can be demonstrated by paying attention to the modus operandi of how policy and strategy groups work and how performance criteria are established. When it comes to frontline practice, policy is often silent to the multitude of unfolding interconnected possibilities that present themselves to practitioners as they seek to go about their activities. The way that policy is often presented implies that there is linearity from policy to implementation. Drawing on Elias’s notion of Involvement and Detachment (1987) I am highlighting a paradoxical relationship between policy and implementation. In introducing the notion of paradox, there is a “vitality” that is required to prevent a collapse to one of the two ends of a continuum; for example a conscious or unconscious rejection of policy in favour of embracing frontline practice, or an over reliance on policy to blindly drive through organisational change. In spending three years looking at the policy and implementation I argue that it is more helpful to consider policy and implementation as a “flow”, rather than a series of discrete activities that are seen to be completed before moving to the next policy area. In looking at policy as something that occurs over a span of time (as opposed to an isolated bounded activity) there is an opportunity to prevent the collapse of the paradox outlined above. By accepting the concept of paradox and considering policy from a temporal perspective, rather than one that is a spatially bound system, the issue of policymaking practice can be considered. There are books and management experts that recommend that managers should “walk the walk”, and get closer to frontline activity. My research has sought to add clarity here, arguing for an experiential and temporal form of reflexivity of practice (as opposed to reflective practice). In this context working and being present with frontline practitioners, paying very careful attention to the experience of the unfolding contingent nature of activity influences the practice of policy making. This is a different experience from simply being present, and being seen to be present. It would be ironic for my research to be converted into a policy document with key elements extracted and condensed into bullet points to be applied like a rule. Instead my research is best kept alive in evoking stories and reminiscences between people as they make sense of their experience of policymaking and implementation together.

Many important developments have followed from the distinction being made between post-colonial and settler-colonial situations. This distinction has had implications that reach across disciplines, but have especially impacted the immerging field of Indigenous studies in Canada, which had previously been drawing, and to a certain extent continue to draw, on theories from post-colonial studies. I write this at the intersection of Indigenous studies and English literature building on the theories of decolonization in settler-colonial situations. I show that English poetry written by people in the Indigenous prairie context is one particularly active site of decolonization, in the sense that scholars such as Linda Tuhiwai Smith explain. Through the poetry of Louise Halfe, Duncan Mercredi, Gregory Scofield, Marie Annharte (Née Baker) I show how important elements of Indigenous culture are being translated into printed poetry. Furthermore, these poets are Indigenizing aspects of settler-colonial culture. I use Halfe’s poetry, especially her collection Bear Bones & Feathers, to show the ways in which Indigenous concepts of medicine can be translated into printed poetic form and bring healing for the injuries inflicted by colonialism. Scholars Jo-Ann Episkenew and Sam McKegney provide other examples of this practice and the theoretical underpinnings for literature operating as medicine. Mercredi’s poetry reveals that some of the oral character of Indigenous stories can be translated into poetry. Indigenous scholars such as Neal McLeod argue that Indigenous cultures have long engaged in the use of wit and metaphor that is so prolific in poetry. Scofield translates ceremony into poetry. Drawing in part on J.L. Austin’s notion of performativity, I show that Indigenous poetry is an active force within communities. I read Annharte’s poetry as an example of Indigenization and activism in which she destabilizes the authority of the English language. Francis challenges artistic genres to assert his own Indigenous perspective in much the same way many Indigenous people are choosing not to seek the recognition of the neo-liberal state in what Glenn Coulthard calls “the politics of recognition.” I explore the significant potential for decolonization in this writing by authors writing from Indigenous perspectives. / October 2016

The focus of this study is on the South Fork of the Teton River Canyon Settlement, a previously unevaluated historic settlement associated with the history of the Métis in Montana. The site is located along the South Fork of the Teton River, approximately thirty miles west of Choteau, Montana, and was once occupied by Métis families fleeing persecution for alleged involvement in the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. The study establishes precedent for the site's inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and addresses the potential for the site's designation as a Traditional Cultural Property, despite the challenges inherent in such an approach.This study contributes to both existing documentation of the Métis narrative across the state of Montana and to the ongoing discussion among historic preservation professionals concerning the viability and possible revision of National Register Bulletin 38: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.

In this dissertation I argue for the need to develop a Metis Critical Legal Theory, or “MetCrit”, a theory that is particular to the cultures, issues and concerns of Metis people. Suggestions towards the development of MetCrit are proposed in light of the difficulties of Metis rights claimants in British Columbia following creation of the “historic community connection” test in R v Powley, the leading case on the constitutional protection of Metis rights in Canada. Misconceptions about BC Metis history and about Metis communities generally have resulted in legal decisions that hold there are no historic Metis communities in BC, and thus no communities capable of meeting the Powley test. The BC situation reveals that Powley, as it is currently interpreted, cannot adequately deal with the realities of Metis history or with Metis conceptions of community, and that the community connection test itself is flawed. MetCrit is proposed as a possible lens through which to examine BC Metis rights cases in light of the historiography of the Metis of BC, and through which to critique the Powley court’s attempt to concretize Metis community identities. I suggest that MetCrit could provide spectrums of space for avoiding some of the dualities that are reflected in Canadian legal and historical accounts of Metis people and communities. / Graduate / 2020-04-19

Intimacy and family have been pillars of the North American fur trade since its conception. This is especially true for fur trading companies centered in Canada, specifically the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Northwest Company. Kinship ties formed through intimate relations between European fur traders and indigenous women allowed the fur trade to flourish and created an environment for stable, mixed heritage family units to emerge. As mixed heritage children grew into adulthood, they learned to identify with both sides of their parental cultures. However, the connections they formed with each other proved the most valuable and a separate, distinct culture emerged. In Canada this group of people are known as the Métis, a French word meaning mixed. The fur trade continued its move west and eventually reached the Pacific Ocean. This region known as the Pacific Northwest was the farthest removed from fur trade headquarters in Montreal and was home to many different Indigenous Nations. These nations, in combination with fur traders many of whom where Métis, also created families and a new culture once again came into being. It shared aspects of Métis, European, and indigenous cultures, but was something distinctly new. Through the examination of education, kinship ties, language and borders, this groups understanding of self and community came into focus.

The following study is an attempt to comprehend the impact that the Canadian-United States border along the forty-ninth parallel had on the Plains Metis between 1869 and 1885, and how members of this community continued to manipulate the border to meet their own objectives. From the 1860s to 1880s, state definitions of Metis status, as well as government recognition and non-recognition of Metis identity, had a profound impact on the Plains Metis. Imposed state classifications and statuses limited the choices of many to enter treaty, be recognised as a citizen, or reside in a partiuclar country. The implementation of these status definitions began after 1875 when the enforcement of the international boundary began in earnest, and it was this endforcement that represented the beginnings of the colonisation of the Plains Metis. / History

The discourse on education for Aboriginal people has long been limited to a curriculum of cultural assimilation often resulting in an erosion of self-esteem and disengagement. Consequently, this research puts forth narratives of how fiddle programs in northern Manitoba work as a culturally responsive curriculum that in turn address such curricular erosions. As a research methodology, Metissage afforded me pedagogical opportunities to weave the various perspectives of community members, parents, instructors, and former students into an intricate story that attempts to represent some of their social, cultural and historical experiences within the north. Braiding stories of the historical and present impacts of fiddle playing reveals the generative possibilities of school fiddle programs in Canadian Indigenous communities. In addition to building intergenerational bridges, the stories put forth in this thesis demonstrate how the fiddle has become a contemporary instrument of social change for many communities across northern Manitoba.

This dissertation examines the construction and evolution of categories of indigeneity within the context of the Oblate (Roman Catholic) apostolate at Île-à-Crosse in present-day north-western Saskatchewan between 1845 and 1898. While focusing on one central mission station, this study illuminates broad historical processes that informed Oblate perceptions and impelled their evolution over a fifty-three-year period. In particular, this study illuminates processes that shaped Oblate concepts of sauvage and métis. It does this through a qualitative analysis of missionary correspondence, mission records and published reports. In the process, this dissertation challenges the orthodox notion that Oblate commentators simply discovered and described a singular, empirically existing and readily identifiable Métis population. Rather, this dissertation contends that Oblates played an important role in the conceptual production of les métis.