<p> The purpose of this research paper is to empirically examine the evolution of the Canadian urban system throughout the past century. This task is completed with the use of the rank-size rule and the parameters that emanate from its logarithmic distribution. This process entails the creation of a historical data set from the inception of the urban areas of each one of the twenty-four CMAs that are used in this study. The collection of the evolving slope and yintercept parameters during the study's fourteen rank-size distribution periods, shows how policy decisions are manifested in the empirical changes of the rank-size rule's slope. Confederation and expansion of the railroad into the prairie frontier are distictly evident in the evolving parameters. It was also found that Canada's geographical distribution of CMAs apparently limits the rank-size rule constant to a value of -1.1 . This distribution is steeper than the optimal market efficiency slope of -1.0 as presented in Zipf's explanation of the forces of attraction and dispersion of economic activity. The statistical results of this paper can be used to· compare different national systems or take a more regional approach in comparing Canadian CMA sub-systems. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia de Castro Marino.pdf: 4325695 bytes, checksum: 4158970950980026fff9ec8d70b8fc9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / There is a consensus that the political and administrative boundaries do not adequately limit the metropolis as physical and socioeconomic entity. The motivation for this research assumes that the precarious and deficient territorial planning and policies for the different organs of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, are thus, inefficient and resources wasting, because of the lack of a coordinated structure, supported by a systemic vision. This research is divided in two parts. The first part with the historical context of the metropolis thematic, it defines the concepts of territorial structuring, locally and globally, and formulate consolidated examples. Understanding the compo-sition beyond the metropolitan boundary conflicts, or administrative boundaries, through interdisciplinary parameters and concepts, derived mainly from urban economics and ecology, in order to find answers to systemic issues that concern the metropolitan planning. Also, we analyze technical and political experiences of territorial planning in metropolitan areas: Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. This analysis enables us to dialogue with these different ways of territorial cooperation, for these metropolis of the present, designing the renewed approach of good administration. Thus, we will draw key points through plans and already consolidated experiences in plans for this territorial scale. The second part of this research shows the ways gone through in structuring the metropolis of São Paulo. In order to apprehend the reality of São Paulo we found all aspects that concern territorial planning, from the territorial formation of the city to the trajectory of Emplasa, the São Paulo Metropolitan Planning Company, as well as implications of legal and political status and finally possible improvements as Statute of the City and PAC 2. / É consenso que os limites político-administrativos não delimitam satisfatoriamente a metrópole enquanto ente socioeconômico e físico. Esta pesquisa parte do pressuposto da precariedade e da carência de planejamento e políticas territoriais pelos distintos órgãos da região metropolitana paulistana, sendo assim, ineficiente e desperdiçando recursos por falta de uma estruturação coordenada, uma visão sistêmica. A primeira parte trata de inserir o contexto histórico onde a temática metropolitana se apresenta, definir os conceitos de estruturação territorial, local e global, e extrair exemplos consolidados. Entenderemos a composição metropolitana além dos conflitos de contorno, ou de fronteiras administrativas, através de parâmetros e conceitos interdisciplinares, extraídos principalmente da economia e da ecologia urbana, onde é possível obter respostas às questões sistêmicas que tangem o planejamento metropolitano. Também analisaremos experiências de viés técnico e político, de planejamento em áreas metropolitanas, do Randstad- Holanda, e da Área Metropolitana de Barcelona. Esta análise nos possibilita a interlocução entre diversas maneiras de cooperação territorial pensadas na atualidade, concebendo o enfoque renovado da boa administração. Deste modo, extrairemos pontos chaves através de planos e relatos de experiências consolidadas em planejamento para essa escala territorial. A segunda parte aponta os caminhos percorridos na estruturação da metrópole de São Paulo. Adentrando essa realidade, constatamos todos os aspectos que tangem o planejamento, desde o que diz respeito à sua formação territorial até a trajetória do órgão de governança constituído, Emplasa, assim como implicações do status jurídico-político, e finalmente, possíveis avanços adquiridos recentemente como; o Estatuto da Cidade e o PAC 2. Porém, esses instrumentos ainda são pensados sob uma antiga base de diálogos municipalistas, desconsiderando a visão sistêmica metropolitana, agindo de forma fragmentada e descoordenada na aplicação dos investimentos.

Text in Afrikaans / This dissertation is focused on questions on how the metropolitan municipalities, with specific reference to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM), originated and developed. Against this background, the study consists of a theoretical exploration of the nature of the metropolis as a feature, as well as specific concepts related to it, an investigation into the most important metropolitan problems and an outline of the historical complications regarding the origin of metropolitan municipalities. In addition to this, personnel matters, financial relations and systems, the integrated development plans, ward committees and the role of councillors within the context of the CTMM were also investigated. / Public Administration / M.P.A.

The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.

Text in Afrikaans / This dissertation is focused on questions on how the metropolitan municipalities, with specific reference to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM), originated and developed. Against this background, the study consists of a theoretical exploration of the nature of the metropolis as a feature, as well as specific concepts related to it, an investigation into the most important metropolitan problems and an outline of the historical complications regarding the origin of metropolitan municipalities. In addition to this, personnel matters, financial relations and systems, the integrated development plans, ward committees and the role of councillors within the context of the CTMM were also investigated. / Public Administration and Management / M.P.A.