Oligodendroglial tumours originate from oligodendrocytes usually arising in the white matter and could be classified into grade-II oligodendrogliomas (OD) and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOD, grade-III) according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) grading scheme. ODs1 could be diagnosed by pathological and immunohistochemical analyses, however recent evidence suggests that they could be better diagnosed on the basis of defined genetic entities, such as the combined loss of chromosome 1p and 19q arms and IDH mutation. 1p/19q co-deletion is molecular hallmark of ODs and is clinically associated with better prognosis, response to chemo/radio-therapy and overall survival. Typical oligodendroglial histological features are strongly associated with 1p/19q loss and IDH mutation, which is critically important as diagnostic point of view. The examining of exclusive molecular signatures and transcriptome expression profiles added to histological class could compliment the classification of OD subtypes. In this regard, microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) profiles could serve classifier signatures for tumour subsets. MiRNAs are 22nt short non-coding RNAs which are expressed endogenously and regulate diverse cellular process through negative control on gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by direct or imperfect interaction with their target mRNAs. MiRNAs are involved in regulating human tumorigenesis acting as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes. During the passage of tumorigenesis miRNA expression level is significantly increased or decreased compared to corresponding normal tissue. The same is observed with their mRNAs. Therefore, transcriptome profiling of human tumours could identify signatures associated with progression, diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy. However, until recently the information regarding the expression of miRNAs and mRNA in oligodendroglial tumours is scarce. In this study we performed miRNA and mRNA differential expression profiling between grade II and grade III ODs using microarray based expression profiling platforms (723 transcripts and 41,000 genes, respectively). 7 cases for OD grade-II, and 7 for AOD grade-III, and 15 non neoplastic white matter (nnWM) samples were used after microdissection with no previous history of treatment. We performed a systematic evaluation of miRNAs and mRNAs expressions and determined miRNAs and putative target genes that are differentially expressed in grade III AOD, but not in grade II OD and in non-neoplastic white matter (nnWM). 1 ODs when used with ,,s\" will represent both OD and AOD. 50 miRNAs were overexpressed and 43 were down regulated in AOD-III, whereas 7 miRNAs showed significant reduction in expressions in OD-II group. 3 miRNAs were commonly down regulated in comparisons of both groups. The hsa-miR-23a was strongly upregulated and hsamiR-27a was strongly downregulated in AOD-III. The functions of hsa-miR-23a and hsa-miR- 27a were tested in human adult fibroblasts for cell proliferation assay and apoptosis detection. Cells treated with pre-miR-23a and pre-miR-27a showed 20% reduction in cell proliferation as compared with controls. Further, the functional relevance of miRNAs to their target mRNAs was validated for each group, using real time qPCR. 10 key-miRNAs from AOD were subjected to validation by qPCR. We were able to confirm 7 miRNAs (p? 0.05). Among these, 5 miRs (miR- 193a-3p, miR-24, miR-27a, miR-30a-5p and miR-30c) showed reduced expression whose target genes (CCND1, HDAC2, PDGFA and RAB-26) were upregulated. Whereas, 2 miRNAs likewise miR-301b and miR-378 were overexpressed whose target genes BCL2, FGF2, CD44 and PPP4R4 confirmed by qPCR (p? 0.05). Bioinformatics based gene ontology (GO), and networking analysis revealed that differential expression and targets are attributed to differentiation of embryonic stem cells, cell adhesion, angiogenesis and neurogenesis, resistance to apoptosis, protein-protein interactions and cell proliferation. It was possible to identify and validate miRNAs and their mRNA-targets potentially involved in the progression of oligodendrogliomas particularly in grade III-AOD. Collectively, this analysis provides new insights to malignant progression of oligodendroglial tumours and could compliment WHO-2016 diagnosis scheme and may provide predictive outcome in patients as well as decision to therapy. / Oligodendrogliomas originários de oligodendrócitos que geralmente surgem na substância branca podendo ser classificados em grau oligodendroglioma (II-OD), e anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (grau III-AOD). Os ODs2 podem ser diagnosticados por análises patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas, porém evidências recentes sugerem que poderiam ser melhor diagnosticados com base em assinaturas moleculares, como a deleção combinada dos cromossomas 1p e 19q - marcadores moleculares dos OD associados clinicamente a um melhor prognóstico, resposta à terapia e melhor sobrevida. As características histológicas típicas dos oligodendrogliomas também estão fortemente associadas à deleção de 1p/19q, que é criticamente importante como ponto de vista diagnóstico. Assim, os subtipos de gliomas podem ser fortemente diferenciados não somente em relação ao seu perfil histológico mas também com base em seu perfil de expressão genica e suas assinaturas moleculares exclusivas. Os microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) emergiram como assinaturas moleculares para os diferentes graus. Os miRNAs são RNAs não codificantes, contendo em torno de 22 nucleótidos. São expressos endogenamente e regulam diversos processos celulares através do controle negativo da expressão gênica em nivel pós-transcricional e por interacção directa ou imperfeita com o RNAm-alvo. Os miRNAs estão envolvidos na regulação da tumorigenese humana atuando como supressores de tumour ou oncogenes. Durante o processo da tumorigenese o nível de expressão dos miRNAs é aumentado ou diminuído significativamente em comparação com tecido normal correspondente. O perfil de expressão de miRNA de tumores humanos poderia identificar assinaturas associadas com progressão, diagnóstico, prognóstico e resposta à terapia. Contudo, até recentemente a informação sobre a expressão de miRNAs em oligodendrogliomas é escassa. Neste estudo, avaliamos o perfil de expressão diferencial de miRNA e RNAm em ODs graus II e III usando plataformas de perfis de expressão baseadas em microarray (723 transcritos e 41.000 genes, respectivamente). Foram utilizados 14 casos de ODs microdissecados, sendo 7 OD grau II, e 7 AOD grau III (anaplasicos) sem histórico prévio de tratamento, além de 15 amostras de substancia branca não neoplásica (nnSB). Por meio de avaliações sistemáticas foram determinados miRNAs e mRNAs expressos em AOD grau III, mas não em OD grau II e em substancias brancas não neoplásicas (nnSB). 2 ODs when used with ,,s\" will represent both OD and AOD. Assim, foram encontrados 50 miRNAs com alta expressão e 43 miRNAs com baixa expressão em AOD-III, enquanto que 7 miRNAs apresentaram expressões reduzidas no grupo OD-II. Na comparação entre os dois grupos, 3 miRNAs apresentaram baixa expressão. A hsa-miR-23a mostrou alta expressão e a hsa-miR-27a apresentou uma diminuição de expressão importante em AOD III. A atividade dos hsa-miR-23a e hsa-miR-27a foram testadas em células de fibroblastos adultos humanos usando ensaios de proliferação celular e detecção de apoptose. As células tratadas com pre-miR-23a e pre-miR-27a mostraram 20% redução de proliferação celular em comparação com os controles. Para cada grupo, a relevância funcional dos miRNAs e seus mRNAs alvos foi validada utilizando qPCR. Dos 10 miRNAs submetidos a validação em grau III, foi possivel confirmar 7 miRNA(p<0,05). Entre esses, 5 miRs (miR-193a-3p, miR-24, miR- 27a, miR-30a-5p e miR-30c) mostraram expressão reduzida, cujos genes alvos (CCND1, HDAC2, PDGFA e RAB-26) apresentavam alta expressão. Enquanto que, 2 miRNAs como miR-301b e miR-378 apresentaram alta expressão cujos genes alvo BCL2, FGF2, CD44 e PPP4R4 foram confirmados por qPCR (p<0,05). Ferramentas de bioinformática (Gene Ontology) e a análises em rede revelaram que a expressão diferencial e os alvos são atribuídos à diferenciação de células-tronco embrionárias, adesão de celular, angiogênese e neurogênese, resistência à apoptose, interações proteína-proteína e proliferação celular. Foi possível identificar e validar miRNAs e RNAm-alvos potencialmente envolvidos na progressão de oligodendrogliomas. Coletivamente, esta análise fornece novos achados relacionados a progressão maligna de tumores oligodendrogliais e poderia facilitar o diagnóstico preciso e mais restritivo, o desfecho preditivo em pacientes, bem como auxiliar na decisão da terapia.

La littérature indique que les miARN sont régulés à plusieurs niveaux de leur biogenèse et de leur activité. Cependant, il existe très peu d’information concernant la régulation de la stabilité des miARN. Le projet de thèse a consisté à étudier la dégradation spécifique d’un miRNA cellulaire (miR-27) induite par un transcrit viral (m169) au cours de l’infection par le cytomégalovirus murin (MCMV). Ce miARN est déstabilisé par un mécanisme moléculaire appelé ‘target-RNA directed miRNA degradation’ (TDMD). En suivant deux grands axes de recherche j’ai entrepris : premièrement l’étude et la caractérisation des déterminants moléculaires et des facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans le mécanisme de TDMD ; puis dans un second temps, la mise en place d’une approche protéomique permettant l’identification des partenaires de la protéine AGO2 potentiellement impliqué dans le TDMD dans des cellules infectées ou non par le MCMV. / Several regulatory mechanisms have been uncovered at every level of the biogenesis and the activity of miRNAs. However, there is less information about the regulation of the stability of miRNAs. The PhD project entailed the study of a process, which specifically enables the degradation of a cellular miRNA (miR-27) induced by a viral transcript (m169) during an infection by the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). This miRNA is destabilized by a process called ‘target-RNA directed miRNA degradation’ (TDMD). I first undertook the study and the characterization of the molecular determinants and the cellular factors implicated in TDMD. Moreover, I started to set up a protocol in order to identify AGO2 partners of viral or host origin during MCMV infection, which would potentially be implicated in TDMD.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in the world. First, we hypothesized that microRNA expression is altered in the bronchial epithelium of patients with lung cancer and that incorporating microRNA expression into an existing mRNA biomarker may improve its performance. Using bronchial brushings collected from current and former smokers, we profiled microRNA expression via small RNA sequencing for 347 patients with available mRNA data. We found that four microRNAs were under-expressed in cancer patients compared to controls (p<0.002, FDR<0.2). We explored the role of these microRNAs and their gene targets in cancer. In addition, we found that adding a microRNA feature to an existing 23-gene biomarker significantly improves its performance (AUC) in a test set (p<0.05). Next, we generalized the biomarker discovery process, and developed a visualization tool for biomarker selection. We built upon an existing biomarker discovery pipeline and created a web-based interface to visualize the performance of multiple predictors. The “visualization” component is the key to sorting through a thousand potential biomarkers, and developing clinically useful molecular predictors. Finally, we explored the molecular events leading to the development of COPD and ILD, two heterogeneous diseases with high mortality. We hypothesized that integrative genetic and expression networks can help identify drivers and elucidate mechanisms of genetic susceptibility. We utilized 262 lung tissue specimens profiled with microRNA sequencing, microarray gene expression and SNP chip genotyping. Next, we built condition specific integrative networks using a causality inference test for predicting SNP-microRNA-mRNA associations, where the microRNA is a predicted mediator of the SNP’s effect on gene expression. We identified the microRNAs predicted to affect the most genes within each network. Members of miR-34/449 family, known to promote airway differentiation by repressing the Notch pathway, were among the top ranked microRNAs in COPD and ILD networks, but not in the non-disease network. In addition, the miR-34/449 gene module was enriched among genes that increase in expression over time when airway basal cells are differentiated at an air-liquid interface and among genes that increase in expression with the airway wall thickening in patients with emphysema. / 2019-07-31T00:00:00Z

Cells must employ a diversity of strategies to regulate the quantity and functionality of different proteins during development and adult homeostasis. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene transcripts by microRNAs (miRNAs) is recognized as an important mechanism by which the dosage of proteins is regulated. Despite this, the physiological relevance of direct regulation of an endogenous gene transcript by miRNAs in vivo is rarely investigated. PAX6 is a useful model gene for studying miRNA regulation directly. PAX6 is highly dosage-sensitive transcription factor that is dynamically expressed during development of the eye, nose, central nervous system, gut and endocrine pancreas, and is mutated in the haploinsufficiency disease aniridia. Several miRNAs have been implicated in regulating PAX6 in different developmental contexts. Notably, miR-7 appears to regulate Pax6 during specification of olfactory bulb interneurons in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the brain and during development of the endocrine pancreas. Here, we produced a bioinformatics tool to enable selective mutation of candidate microRNA recognition elements (MREs) for specific miRNAs while ensuring that new MREs are not inadvertently generated in the process. We then performed the first comprehensive analysis of the mouse Pax6 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) to identify MREs that may mediate miRNA regulation of Pax6 and to identify miRNAs capable of interacting with the 3’UTR of Pax6. Using Pax6 3’UTR genetic reporter assay, we confirmed that two MREs for miR-7-5 located at 3’UTR positions 517 and 655 function together to regulate PAX6. We generated mice harbouring mutations in the Pax6 3’UTR that disrupt these miR-7-5p MREs, individually or in combination, to explore the biological relevance of miRNA regulation directly. PAX6 protein abundance was elevated in double miR-7-5p MRE mutants relative to wild type and single mutants in the ventral V-SVZ. However, this increase in PAX6 was not associated with an altered dopaminergic periglomerular neuron phenotype in the olfactory bulb. Our findings suggest that, in vivo, microRNA regulation can be mediated through redundant MRE interactions. This work also reveals that directly mutating predicted MREs at the genomic level is necessary to fully characterize the specific phenotypic consequences of miRNA-target regulation. / Graduate

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant and diverse class of small, non-protein coding RNAs that guide the post-transcriptional repression of messenger RNA (mRNA) targets in a sequence-specific manner. Hundreds, if not thousands of distinct miRNA sequences have been described, each of which has the potential to regulate a large number of mRNAs. Over the last decade, miRNAs have been ascribed roles in nearly all biological processes in which they have been tested. More recently, interest has grown in understanding how individual miRNAs evolved, and how they are regulated. In this work, we demonstrate that Transposable Elements are a source for novel miRNA genes and miRNA target sites. We find that primate-specific miRNA binding sites were gained through the transposition of Alu elements. We also find that remnants of Mammalian Interspersed Repeat transposition, which occurred early in mammalian evolution, provide highly conserved functional miRNA binding sites in the human genome. We also provide data to support that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can provide a novel miRNA binding substrate which, rather than inhibiting the miRNA target, inhibits the miRNA. As such, lncRNAs are proposed to function as endogenous miRNA "sponges," competing for miRNA binding and reducing miRNA-mediated repression of protein-coding mRNA targets. We also explored how dynamic changes to miRNA binding sites can occur by A-to-I editing of the 3 `UTRs of mRNA targets. These works, together with knowledge gained from the regulatory activity of endogenous and exogenously added miRNAs, provided a platform for algorithm development that can be used in the rational design of artificial RNAi triggers with improved target specificity. The cumulative results from our studies identify and in some cases clarify important mechanisms for the emergence of miRNAs and miRNA binding sites on large (over eons) and small (developmental) time scales, and help in translating these gene silencing processes into practical application.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / 2018, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated that prostate cancer (PCa) was the second leading cause of death in males worldwide. The number of deaths are expected to raise by 50 % in the next decade. This rise is attributed to the shortcomings of the current diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers used in the management of the disease. Therefore, research into more sensitive, specific and effective biomarkers is a requirement. The use of biomarkers in PCa diagnosis and management takes advantage of the genetic alterations and abnormalities that characterise the disease. In this regard, a microRNA, hsa-miR-5698 was identified in a previous study as a differentiating biomarker between prostate adenocarcinoma and bone metastasis. Six putative translational targets (CDKN1A, CTNND1, FOXC1, LRP8, ELK1 and BIRC2) of this microRNA were discovered using in silico approaches. The aim of this study was to analyse via expression profiling and characterization, the target genes of hsa-miR-5698 in order to determine their ability to act as putative dynamic network biomarkers for PCa. The study was conducted using a combined in silico and molecular approach. The in silico part of the study investigated the putative transcriptional effects of hsa-miR-5698 on the promotors of its translational targets, the correlation between hsa-miR-5698 and mRNA expression profiles as well as the co-expression analysis, pathway analysis and prognostic ability of the target genes. A number of computational software were employed for these purposes, including, R Studio, Trident algorithm, STRING, KEGG, MEME Suite, SurvExpress and ProGgene. The molecular part of the study involved expression profiling of the genes in two PCa cell line LNCaP and PC3 via qPCR.

Chronic consumption of, and acute intoxication from, alcohol can have profound effects on the functional integrity of the central nervous system (CNS). The resident immunomodulatory cells of the CNS, microglia, provide signaling factors with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects for protection. Microglial activation ranges through a multiplex of phases, of which have yet to be defined when induced by exposure to alcohol, and how the activation impacts surrounding cells. Exposure of alcohol has been revealed to induce an immune response in microglia, which can exhibit characteristics unique to a pro-inflammatory response depending on dose and time of alcohol exposure. To define the activation state produced by microglia in response to alcohol, ethanol-induced microglial protein and microRNA (miRNA) global profile expression changes were obtained in vitro, using the BV2 murine microglial cells, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and microarray-based transcriptomic approaches, respectively, revealing potential regulatory miRNAs for inflammation mediation. The 2,277 protein groups identified through mass spectrometry and 3,195 miRNA genes identified using microarray analysis provided a strong foundation to determine miRNA-mRNA regulators and the pathways in which they are involved, that potentially play a role in microglial activation. The comparison of the miRNA expressed in microglia after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ethanol (EtOH) exposure, indicate that EtOH influenced miRNA does not signify having a pro-inflammatory activation phenotype, but the miRNA expressed under the influence of LPS does support this phenotype. The global pathway regulation evidence and defined proteins and miRNA-mRNA interactions upon microglial activation have the possibility to unite the pathways described in previous studies and further our understanding of EtOH-induced microglial activation, and their role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Further research to determine and validate the extent of gene regulation by miRNAs and subsequent impact on specific protein levels should be employed to define the miRNA transcriptome influence on pathways relevant to microglial function.

MicroRNAs are important biomolecules for regulating biological processes. Moreover, the secondary structure of microRNA is important for its activity and has been used previously as a mean for finding unknown microRNAs. A phylogenetic study of the microRNA secondary structure reveals more information than its primary sequence, because the primary sequence can undergo mutations that give rise to different phylogenetic relationships, whereas the secondary structure is more robust against mutations and therefore sometimes  more informative. Here we constructed a phylogenetic tree entirely based on microRNA secondary structures using tools PHYLIP (Felsenstein, 1995) and RNAforester (Matthias Höchsmann, 2003, Hochsmann et al., 2004), and compared the overall topology and clusters with the phylogenetic tree constructed using microRNA sequence. The purpose behind this comparison was to investigate the sequence and structure similarity in phylogenetic context and also to investigate if functionally similar microRNA genes are closer in their structure-derived phylogenetic tree. Our phylogenetic comparison shows that the sequence similarity has hardly any effect on the structure similarity in the phylogenetic tree. MicroRNAs that have similar function are closer in the phylogenetic tree based on secondary structure than its respective sequence phylogeny. Hence, this approach can be very useful in predicting the functions of the new microRNAs whose function is yet to be known, since the function of the miRNAs heavily relies on its secondary structure.

The first aim of this thesis is to examine relationships between microRNAs targeting gene networks, combining knowledge from microRNA prediction databases into our microRNA Data Integration Portal (mirDIP). Modeling the microRNA:transcript interactome – referred to as the micronome – to build microRNA interaction networks of signalling pathways, we find genes within signalling pathways to be co-targeted by common microRNAs suggesting an unexpected level of transcriptional control. We identify two distinct classes of microRNAs; universe microRNAs, which are involved in many signalling pathways; and intra-pathway microRNAs, which target multiple genes within one signalling pathway. We find universe microRNAs to have more targets, to be more studied and more involved in cancer signalling than their intrapathway counterparts. The second aim was to undertake a more focused view, analyzing the characteristics of microRNAs within the micronome itself beginning with a focus on the under-examined microRNA terminal loop across the micronome to determine if this region of the microRNA structure might contribute to microRNA functioning. We have identified 2 main classes of microRNAs based on loop structure – perfect and occluded, which show biological relevance. We found regulatory motifs within microRNA terminal loops and found a large number of Frequently Occurring Words (FOWs) significantly overrepresented across the micronome. Set analysis of in vitro secreted microRNAs, microRNA expression across a panel of normal tissues, and microRNAs shown to be secreted in lung cancer shows that specific microRNA loop motifs within these groups are significantly overreperesented – suggesting that microRNA terminal loops harbour sequences bearing microRNA processing and localization signals.

Posttranscriptional regulation plays a very important role in animal oocytes and embryos. Maternally synthesized mRNAs and proteins control early animal development up until the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). This is the point when the zygotic genome takes control. The maternally deposited mRNAs are posttranscriptionally regulated right from the time they are produced during oogenesis, through egg activation, and in the embryo. microRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators that have been shown to play a role in both RNA stability and translation. I examined miRNA abundance in Drosophila stage 14 oocytes, activated unfertilized eggs, and embryos and have grouped all the then known Drosophila miRNAs into four distinct temporal classes. Class I and III appear to be maternally deposited, while Class II appears to be both maternally and zygotically transcribed, and Class IV appears to be strictly zygotically transcribed. Follow-up experiments validated three of the four classes.