CASTRO, Déborah Praciano de. Composição, distribuição estacional e uso de habitats em uma assembléia de anuros de afloramentos rochosos do semiárido brasileiro. 2012. 91 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T19:41:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_dpcastro.pdf: 1265846 bytes, checksum: a5c382fe66c1a5b925c86b27adb93c3d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T20:12:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_dpcastro.pdf: 1265846 bytes, checksum: a5c382fe66c1a5b925c86b27adb93c3d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T20:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_dpcastro.pdf: 1265846 bytes, checksum: a5c382fe66c1a5b925c86b27adb93c3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Comprehending the levels of abundance and spatial distribution of species in their habitats is a central theme in ecology. Spatial patterns of species distribution, combined with environmental factors such as seasonality, provide important information to unravel the forces that maintain and structure biological diversity. Anuran amphibians are great starting points for studying ecological assemblages, and the fact that they are highly dependent on environmental variables makes the study of these animals even more interesting. Based on these assumptions, we present the main objective of this study to provide information on richness, diversity, reproductive modes and use of microhabitats by an assembly of anurans of rocky outcrops in Brazilian semi-arid region. The field work was conducted from July 2010 to July 2011 in monthly collections lasting three days in the city of Itapipoca, Ceará, in the area called Paleontological Site Lajinha. Methodologies were used in an active search and occasional encounters at breeding sites to demonstrate the richness, frequency and abundance of species. We find 19 anuran species, distributed in 13 genera from five different families, most of them with broad occurrence in Brazil and Latin America. The assemblage had a greater number of species of the Leptodactylidae family, and the most abundant species were Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pleurodema diplolister, Physalaemus albifrons and Scinax xsignatus. All species of the assemblage made differential use of microhabitats as a way to resist the dry season, and showed reproductive events restricted to the rainy season. Most patterns found were already expected for the Caatinga domain, and we believe that this underscores that the Caatinga anuran fauna, in spite of the vegetation type considered, will generally be similar, using similar behavioral strategies, with sharp behavioral flexibility and heavy reliance on rains. / Compreender os níveis de abundância e distribuição espacial das espécies em seus habitats é um dos temas centrais em ecologia. Padrões de distribuição espacial das espécies, aliados a fatores ambientais, tais como estacionalidade, fornecem informações importantes para decifrar as forças que mantém e estruturam a diversidade biológica. Anfíbios anuros constituem ótimos pontos de partida para o estudo de assembléias ecológicas, e o fato de serem altamente dependentes de variáveis ambientais, torna o estudo destes animais ainda mais interessante. Partindo destes pressupostos, nós apresentamos como principal objetivo deste estudo fornecer informações sobre riqueza, diversidade, modos reprodutivos e uso de microhabitats por uma assembléia de anuros de afloramentos rochosos do semiárido brasileiro. As pesquisas de campo foram realizadas de julho de 2010 a julho de 2011 em coletas mensais com duração de três dias, no município de Itapipoca-Ceará, na área denominada de Sítio Paleontológico Lajinhas. Foram utilizadas as metodologias de busca ativa em sítios reprodutivos e encontros ocasionais para demonstrar a riqueza, frequência e abundância das espécies. Foram encontradas 19 espécies de anuros, distribuídas em 13 gêneros de cinco diferentes famílias. A assembléia apresentou um maior número de espécies pertencentes à família Leptodactylidae e as espécies mais abundantes foram Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pleurodema diplolister, Physalaemus albifrons e Scinax xsignatus. Todas as espécies da assembléia fizeram uso diferencial de microhabitats como forma de resistir ao período seco do ano e apresentaram eventos reprodutivos restritos ao período chuvoso. A maioria dos padrões encontrados já era esperado para o domínio das Caatingas, e demonstram que a anurofauna da Caatinga, independente da fitofisionomia abordada, tende a ser similar, utilizando estratégias comportamentais parecidas, apresentando flexibilidade comportamental acentuada e grande dependência de chuvas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana (PNSI), Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil (10º4052 S e 37º2515 W, 180-670 m alt., 7966 ha) apresenta dois tipos fisionômicos principais de vegetação: áreas fechadas, compostas por florestas secundárias encontradas nas margens dos riachos das encostas leste e oeste; áreas abertas, com solos de areias brancas, mais freqüentes na encosta leste. O clima da região é tropical quente subúmido, com 4 a 5 meses secos e temperaturas sempre superiores a 18 °C, com chuvas de outono-inverno e pluviosidade anual entre 1.200 - 1.300 mm. Esporocarpos de mixomicetos foram coletados durante 20 meses consecutivos, desde abril/ 2002 até dezembro/2003. Fez-se inventário das Stemonitales e avaliou-se a riqueza, abundância e constância das espécies presentes em diferentes ambientes, microhabitats e níveis altitudinais do PNSI comparou-se a riqueza, freqüência, abundância e sazonalidade de esporulação dos mixomicetos ocorrentes em áreas representativas dos dois tipos fitofisionômicos: Riacho Coqueiro (fechada) e Mangabeira (aberta). Os resultados estão descritos em dois artigos: o primeiro foram identificadas 14 espécies de Stemonitaceae, pertencentes aos gêneros Collaria, Comatricha, Lamproderma, Stemonitis e Stemonitopsis. Representantes da ordem estiveram presentes em todos os microhabitats analisados, predominando as lignícolas, seguidas das foliícolas. Stemonitis flavogenita foi a única espécie areícola, comportando-se também como suculentícola. Nos cultivos em câmaraúmida, registrou-se uma espécie fimícola Comatricha mirabilis, três suculentícolas Collaria arcyrionema, Comatricha laxa e Stemonitis fusca. As espécies mais abundantes foram S. fusca (constante), S. smithii, S. axifera e S. splendens (acessórias), presentes nos diferentes níveis altitudinais. Exceto C. mirabilis, todos os gêneros e espécies constituem primeira referência para o estado de Sergipe. No segundo artigo foram comparados os 590 espécimes obtidos (campo e câmara-úmida) em seis parcelas permanentes (10m x 10 m) lançadas nos dois tipos de ambiente, pertencentes a 61 espécies de mixomicetos. Trichiales foi a ordem mais representativa no ambiente Riacho Coqueiro e Stemonitales no ambiente Mangabeira. Arcyria cinerea e Cribraria microcarpa foram as espécies mais freqüentes e abundantes nos dois ambientes. Dentre as Stemonitales, destacaram-se Stemonitis fusca e Stemonitis smithii. Os mixomicetos esporularam durante todos os meses de 2002/2003 no ambiente Riacho Coqueiro, com esporulação bem definidas na estação chuvosa. No ambiente Mangabeira, não houve xv esporulação na estação de estiagem só, nos meses chuvosos. Nas duas fitofisionomias a mixobiota assemelha-se quanto à diversidade taxonômica, mas a área fechada possui maior riqueza, freqüência e abundância de espécies. Echinostelium minutum , registrado na localidade Mangabeira, Didymium nigripes, registrado na área fechada e Clastoderma debaryanum, registrado nos dois ambientes, são referidos pela primeira vez para o estado de Sergipe. Physarum sessile, está sendo referido pela primeira vez para a Região Nordeste e Didymium verrucosporum para o Brasil

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Compreender os nÃveis de abundÃncia e distribuiÃÃo espacial das espÃcies em seus habitats à um dos temas centrais em ecologia. PadrÃes de distribuiÃÃo espacial das espÃcies, aliados a fatores ambientais, tais como estacionalidade, fornecem informaÃÃes importantes para decifrar as forÃas que mantÃm e estruturam a diversidade biolÃgica. AnfÃbios anuros constituem Ãtimos pontos de partida para o estudo de assemblÃias ecolÃgicas, e o fato de serem altamente dependentes de variÃveis ambientais, torna o estudo destes animais ainda mais interessante. Partindo destes pressupostos, nÃs apresentamos como principal objetivo deste estudo fornecer informaÃÃes sobre riqueza, diversidade, modos reprodutivos e uso de microhabitats por uma assemblÃia de anuros de afloramentos rochosos do semiÃrido brasileiro. As pesquisas de campo foram realizadas de julho de 2010 a julho de 2011 em coletas mensais com duraÃÃo de trÃs dias, no municÃpio de Itapipoca-CearÃ, na Ãrea denominada de SÃtio PaleontolÃgico Lajinhas. Foram utilizadas as metodologias de busca ativa em sÃtios reprodutivos e encontros ocasionais para demonstrar a riqueza, frequÃncia e abundÃncia das espÃcies. Foram encontradas 19 espÃcies de anuros, distribuÃdas em 13 gÃneros de cinco diferentes famÃlias. A assemblÃia apresentou um maior nÃmero de espÃcies pertencentes à famÃlia Leptodactylidae e as espÃcies mais abundantes foram Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pleurodema diplolister, Physalaemus albifrons e Scinax xsignatus. Todas as espÃcies da assemblÃia fizeram uso diferencial de microhabitats como forma de resistir ao perÃodo seco do ano e apresentaram eventos reprodutivos restritos ao perÃodo chuvoso. A maioria dos padrÃes encontrados jà era esperado para o domÃnio das Caatingas, e demonstram que a anurofauna da Caatinga, independente da fitofisionomia abordada, tende a ser similar, utilizando estratÃgias comportamentais parecidas, apresentando flexibilidade comportamental acentuada e grande dependÃncia de chuvas. / Comprehending the levels of abundance and spatial distribution of species in their habitats is a central theme in ecology. Spatial patterns of species distribution, combined with environmental factors such as seasonality, provide important information to unravel the forces that maintain and structure biological diversity. Anuran amphibians are great starting points for studying ecological assemblages, and the fact that they are highly dependent on environmental variables makes the study of these animals even more interesting. Based on these assumptions, we present the main objective of this study to provide information on richness, diversity, reproductive modes and use of microhabitats by an assembly of anurans of rocky outcrops in Brazilian semi-arid region. The field work was conducted from July 2010 to July 2011 in monthly collections lasting three days in the city of Itapipoca, CearÃ, in the area called Paleontological Site Lajinha. Methodologies were used in an active search and occasional encounters at breeding sites to demonstrate the richness, frequency and abundance of species. We find 19 anuran species, distributed in 13 genera from five different families, most of them with broad occurrence in Brazil and Latin America. The assemblage had a greater number of species of the Leptodactylidae family, and the most abundant species were Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pleurodema diplolister, Physalaemus albifrons and Scinax xsignatus. All species of the assemblage made differential use of microhabitats as a way to resist the dry season, and showed reproductive events restricted to the rainy season. Most patterns found were already expected for the Caatinga domain, and we believe that this underscores that the Caatinga anuran fauna, in spite of the vegetation type considered, will generally be similar, using similar behavioral strategies, with sharp behavioral flexibility and heavy reliance on rains.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-15T14:25:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Melo dos Santos.pdf: 428920 bytes, checksum: 322bb464473f572f27942b042957d2dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T14:25:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danielle Melo dos Santos.pdf: 428920 bytes, checksum: 322bb464473f572f27942b042957d2dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-15 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Space-time heterogeneity that occurs in dry forests changes seedling emergence rates and habitat’s species richness by influencing soil seed bank density. Therefore, considering the importance of understanding how these space-time variations influence seed bank dynamics in an area of caatinga, this study aims to answer the following questions: 1. Do soil bank species richness and seed density differ according to the microhabitat type and annual precipitation totals? 2. Is there an interaction between annual precipitation totals and microhabitat types in determining soil bank species richness and seed density? The study was performed in a fragment of caatinga in Caruaru-PE. Three microhabitat types are easily found in the study area. The riparian corresponds to the terrain zone with a smooth inclination on the margins of Olaria stream, not considering the part of the stream bed where water runs during high precipitation periods; the flat microhabitat corresponds to the somewhat flat terrains, with no significant elevations and up to 150 m distant from the stream bed margins; the rocky microhabitat corresponds to the places with small rock outcrops, within an area varying from 2 to 5 m², which occur as distinct patches dispersed in the flat microhabitat. In the interior of the study area there are 105 1 x 1 m randomly placed parcels for the study of herbaceous vegetation, 35 in each microhabitat. Soil was collected around the 1x 1m parcels (35 samples for each microhabitat) in a 5 cm depth considering litter. These collections were performed in the end of rainy and dry seasons during three consecutive years (2006, 2007 and 2008), summing 630 samples. Differences in log-transformed data of species richness and seedling emergence in the soil bank between years and microhabitats were evaluated with a two-way ANOVA, with a 5% probability and using Turkey as a posteriori test. During the three years of the study, a total of 79 species emerged from the soil bank, 63 species in the riparian microhabitat, 43 in the flat one and 42 in the rocky microhabitat. There was a significant difference for both average species richness and average seedling emergence between microhabitats and between monitoring years, with a significant interaction between them. The influence of microhabitat and annual precipitation on the soil bank species richness and seed density was not the same, or at least did not act with the same intensity, since while precipitation explained 48% of soil bank species richness, microhabitat only explained 7%. Regarding seed density, the opposite was recorded, since while microhabitat explained 31% of seedling emergence, precipitation only accounted for 5%. The results of this study showed that, in order to better understand seed bank dynamics of semi-arid environments, it is also necessary to consider variations inducted by microhabitat conditions, which help for a better adjusting of predictions about seed availability in the soil bank for population renewal and conservation of these environments. / A heterogeneidade espaço-temporal que ocorre nas florestas tropicais secas, altera a taxa de emergência de plântulas e a riqueza de espécies dos habitats por influenciar a densidade do banco de sementes do solo. Deste modo, considerando a importância de se entender como estas variações espaço-temporal vão influenciar a dinâmica do banco de sementes de uma área de caatinga, este estudo objetiva responder as seguintes perguntas: 1. A riqueza de espécies e a densidade de sementes no banco do solo diferem em relação ao tipo de microhabitat e os totais de precipitação de cada ano? 2. Existe interação entre os totais de precipitação anuais e os tipos de microhabitats na determinação da riqueza de espécies e densidade de sementes do banco do solo? O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de caatinga, em Caruaru, PE. Na área de estudo, três tipos de microhabitats são facilmente visualizados, o ciliar corresponde à faixa de terreno com inclinação suave às margens do riacho Olaria, sem considerar a parte do leito onde corre água do riacho na época de maior precipitação; o microhabitat plano corresponde aos terrenos razoavelmente planos, sem maiores elevações e que distam até 150 m das margens do leito do Riacho; o rochoso corresponde aos locais com pequenos afloramentos rochosos, com área variando de 2 a 5 m2 e altura 0,1 a 1 m, que ocorrem como manchas distintas dispersas no microhabitat plano. No interior da área estudada existem aleatoriamente alocadas 105 parcelas de 1x1 m para o estudo da vegetação herbácea, sendo 35 em cada microhabitat. O solo foi coletado no entorno das parcelas de 1x1 m (35 amostras em cada microhabitat), a 5 cm de profundidade e considerando a serrapilheira. Estas coletas foram realizadas nos finais das estações chuvosas e secas, durante três anos consecutivos (2006, 2007 e 2008), totalizando 630 amostras. Diferenças nos dados logaritmizados de riqueza de espécies e de emergência de plântulas do banco do solo entre anos e microhabitats foram avaliadas através de uma Anova-two way, a 5% de probabilidade com teste a posteriori de Tukey. Durante os três anos de estudos, um total de 79 espécies emergiu do banco do solo, sendo 63 espécies no microhabitat ciliar, 43 no plano e 42 no rochoso. Houve diferença significativa tanto na riqueza média de espécies bem como na emergência média de plântulas entre microhabitats e entre anos de monitoramento, com interação significativa entre os mesmos. A influência do microhabitat e da precipitação anual sobre a riqueza de espécies e a densidade de sementes do banco do solo não foi à mesma, ou pelo menos não atuou na mesma intensidade, pois enquanto a precipitação explicou 48% da riqueza de espécies do banco do solo, microhabitat explicou apenas 7%. Já em relação à densidade de sementes, o inverso foi registrado, pois enquanto microhabitat explicou 31% da emergência de plântulas, precipitação explicou apenas 5%. Por fim, os resultados deste estudo mostram que para compreender bem a dinâmica do banco de sementes de ambientes semi-áridos torna-se necessário também considerar as variações induzidas pelas condições de microhabitats, as quais possibilitam ajustar melhor as predições sobre a disponibilidade de sementes no banco solo para renovação das populações e conservação destes ambientes.

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Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-14T12:58:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Brygida Carolyne Freire Alves.pdf: 2334423 bytes, checksum: 3fe2d94b621b5f557c0d7a494a69d0d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-14T18:23:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Brygida Carolyne Freire Alves.pdf: 2334423 bytes, checksum: 3fe2d94b621b5f557c0d7a494a69d0d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-14T18:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Brygida Carolyne Freire Alves.pdf: 2334423 bytes, checksum: 3fe2d94b621b5f557c0d7a494a69d0d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / The Neotropical Region has the highest rates of endemism and species richness of amphibians in the world, but there are many gaps in the evaluation of the structure of assemblages in neotropical environments, mainly in the Atlantic Forest. These environments suffer a gradual process of fragmentation resulting from anthropogenic activity, being characterized as a mosaic of forest patches with different disturbances regimes. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the anuran assemblages associated with puddles and flooded areas used as breeding sites in the Biological Reserve Guaribas, assessing the existence of patterns of resource use in along the anthropogenic disturbance and the influence of habitat and environmental variables. The samplings were made during the rainy season and wet season form 2013 and twelve environmental variables corresponding to physicochemical aspects of water and soil, as well as characteristics of the vegetation stratification. The environmental variables that contributed most to the dissimilarity between areas was described by PCA, the patterns in structuring the assemblage of anurans between areas was verified by nMDS, the environment/species matrices were related through analysis for CCA check the influence of these environmental factors on anuran assemblage. The hypotheses to be tested were: (1) there is a strong relationship between habitat structure with the anuran assemblages and (2) the environmental factors the puddles and flooded areas influence the patterns of the assemblages structure in a gradient of anthropic disturbance. Twenty species totaling 289 individuals were recorded. The results corroborate the patterns of distribution and richness of frogs in puddles and flooded areas and showed a strong influence of environmental factors. The variables that better explained the structure of the assemblies were related to vertical stratification of vegetation, litter depth, depth of the water body, pH and water temperature. there was a record of the use of 11 distinct microhabitats for reproductive activity, herbaceous vegetation in water and soil and dry soil were the most used. The widespread use of different microhabitats for several species, distributed in breeding sites, indicate the importance of these habitats for the conservation of local anurans in the Atlantic Forest. / A região Neotropical apresenta os maiores índices de riqueza de espécies e endemismos de anfíbios anuros do mundo, porém muitas são as lacunas quanto à avaliação da estruturação das taxocenoses em ambientes neotropicais, sobretudo na Mata Atlântica. Esses ambientes sofrem com o gradativo processo de fragmentação decorrentes da ação antrópica, sendo caracterizadas como um mosaico de manchas de florestas, com diferentes regimes de distúrbios. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a taxocenose de anuros associada a poças e zonas alagadas, utilizadas como sítios reprodutivos na Reserva Biológica Guaribas, verificando a existência de padrões no uso de recursos em um eixo de perturbação antrópica e a influência das variáveis ambientais e dos habitats estudados. As coletas foram realizadas durante o período chuvoso e de estiagem de 2013 e doze variáveis ambientais correspondentes a aspectos fisicoquímicos da água e do solo, bem como características da estratificação vegetal. As variáveis ambientais que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade entre as áreas foram descritas através da PCA, os padrões na estruturação da taxocenose de anuros entre as áreas foram verificados através da técnica de ordenação nMDS, as matrizes ambiente/espécies foram relacionadas através da análise CCA para verificar a influência desses fatores ambientais na taxocenose de anuros. As hipóteses testadas foram: (1) há uma forte relação entre a estrutura do hábitat com as assembleias de anuros e (2) os fatores ambientais das poças e áreas alagadas influenciam nos padrões da estrutura das assembleias em um gradiente de perturbação antrópica. Foram registradas 20 espécies, totalizando 289 indivíduos. Os resultados corroboram com os padrões de distribuição e riqueza de anuros em áreas alagadas e poças e evidenciaram uma forte influência dos fatores ambientais. As variáveis que melhor explicaram a estrutura das assembleias foram estratificação vertical da vegetação, profundidade da serrapilheira, profundidade do corpo d’água, pH e temperatura da água. Foi registrado o uso de 11 microhábitats distintos para atividade reprodutiva, vegetação herbácea na água e no solo e solo seco foram os mais utilizados. O uso generalizado dos diversos microhábitats por várias espécies, distribuídos nos sítios de reprodução, indicam a importância desses ambientes para a conservação da anurofauna local no remanescente de Mata Atlântica.

The goal of biodiversity conservation has been described as the conservation of diversity at three levels: ecosystem, species and genetic diversity. Developing a representative system of marine protected areas is considered an effective way to achieve this goal in the marine environment. The growing concern associated with threats to the marine environment has resulted in an increased demand for marine reserves (i.e. no-take areas) that conserve representative and adequate examples of biodiversity. Often, the decisions about where to locate reserves must be made in the absence of detailed information on the patterns of distribution of the biota. Alternative approaches are required that include defining habitats as surrogates for biodiversity. The development of biodiversity surrogates at fine-scales (i.e. habitats) will have an increasingly important role in the identification of sites that will contribute to a representative system of marine protected areas. This is because it will increase the likelihood that the system will adequately achieve biodiversity objectives by ensuring protection of a greater range of habitats and species. Surrogate measures of biodiversity enable decisions about where to locate marine reserves to be made more reliably in the absence of detailed data on the distribution of species. There is concern, however, about the reliability of surrogate measures to represent biotic diversity and the use of such measures in the design of marine reserve systems. Currently, surrogate measures are most often based on broad-scale (100s to 1000s of kilometres) bioregional frameworks that define general categories (sandy beach, rocky shore) for intertidal systems. These broad-scale categories are inadequate when making decisions about conservation priorities at the local level (10s to 100s of metres). This study provides an explanation of an intertidal shoreline habitat surrogate (i.e. shoreline types) used to describe 24,216 kilometres of Queensland’s coastline. The protective status of shoreline types was evaluated to assist with designing a representative system of intertidal marine protected areas. The shoreline types derived using physical properties of the shoreline were used as a surrogate for intertidal biodiversity to assist with the identification of sites for inclusion in a candidate system of intertidal marine reserves for 17,463 kilometres of the mainland coast of Queensland, Australia. This represents the first systematic approach, on essentially one-dimensional data, using fine-scale (10s to 100s of metres) intertidal habitats to identify a system of marine reserves for such a large length of coast. A range of solutions would provide for the protection of a representative example of shoreline types in Queensland. Shoreline types were used as a surrogate for intertidal biodiversity (i.e. habitats, microhabitats) to assist with the identification of sites to be included in a representative system of marine reserves in south east Queensland. The use of local-scale shoreline types increased the likelihood that sites identified for conservation achieved representation goals for the mosaic of habitats and microhabitats, and therefore the associated biodiversity present on rocky shores, than that provided by the existing marine reserve protection in south east Queensland. These results indicate that using broad-scale surrogate measures (rocky shore, sandy beach) for biodiversity (habitats, microhabitats and species) are likely to result in poor representation of fine-scale habitats and microhabitats, and therefore intertidal assemblages in marine reserves. When additional fine-scale data were added to reserve selection the summed irreplaceability of 24% (for spatial extent of habitats), and 29% (for presence/absence of microhabitats) of rocky shore sites increased above zero, where a value close to one means a site is necessary, for inclusion in a reserve system, to meet conservation targets. The use of finer-scale physical data to support marine reserve design is more likely to result in the selection of reserves that achieve representation at habitat and microhabitat levels, increasing the likelihood that conservation goals will be achieved. The design and planning of marine and terrestrial protected areas systems should not be undertaken independently of each other because it is likely to lead to inadequate representation of intertidal habitats in either system. The development of reserve systems specially designed to protect intertidal habitats should be integrated into the design of terrestrial and marine protected area systems. Marine reserve networks are a necessary and effective tool for conserving marine biodiversity. They also have an important role in the governance of oceans and the sustainable management of marine resources. The translation of marine reserve network theory into practice is a challenge for conservation practitioners. Barriers to implementing marine reserves include varying levels of political will and agency support and leadership, poorly coordinated marine conservation policy, inconsistencies with the use of legislation, polarised views and opposition from some stakeholders, and difficulties with defining and mapping conservation features. The future success of marine reserve network implementation will become increasingly dependent on: increasing political commitment and agency leadership to remove conflicts within and between government agencies involved in site identification and selection; greater involvement and collaboration with stakeholders; and the provision of resources to define and map conservation features. Key elements of translating marine reserve theory into implementation of a network of marine reserves are discussed based on approaches used successfully in New Zealand and New South Wales (Australia).

Epigeic beetle communities were studied on four types of biomass bales in the cadastral unit Vrbice u Žitné, district Prachatice. Involved were bales a of grass silage stored on the edge of permanent grassland, on hay bales individually placed on permanent grassland , followed by straw bales scattered in the fields of arable land and straw bales stored on the edge of arable land. The first three types of bales were in position only few months (2-3), while straw bales at the fourth position had been more than one year. The sampling method was selected a sieving of detritus. In the bales of hay were found 9 species of 5 families. In hay bales were found 7 species of 4 families. In the straw bales (which spent in position less time - 3 months), were found 10 species of 6 families. In the bales which were in position 13 months, were found 14 species of 4 families. Index of anthropogenic influence on communities demonstrated that the positions are strongly influenced.

A natural arsenic anomaly at Mokrsko is a site of biogenic precipitation of realgar (As4S4) in stream sediment. The extent of the phenomenon in Mokrsko is globally unique. A previous study showed the ability of microorganisms to solubilize arsenic from its secondary minerals and to produce realgar precursors, i.e. sulfides and arsenites, by anaerobic respiration. The study also raised questions about the mechanism of realgar precipitation since physicochemical conditions favoring this reaction were never detected despite significant sampling efforts. We chemically and microbiologically analyzed sedimentary profiles to the depth of ca. 120 cm in order to understand the functioning of the biogeochemical system. The profiles comprised both the unsaturated and the saturated zone. We distinguished six different domains representing environments from the surface soil to anoxic sedimnent containing realgar-encrusted wood. An analysis of phylogenetic dissimilarity revealed that microbial communities from the various domains form distinct clusters. This suggests that different conditions prevail in the various domains, and that different biogeochemical processes take place there. Incubation (microcosm) experiments showed that bioprecipitation of realgar can be conducted in vitro. It requires a suppression...

Un indicateur permet de mesurer des grandeurs ou des phénomènes trop compliqués ou trop coûteux à mesurer de manière directe. Lorsqu’il s’agit de biodiversité, les indicateurs sont indispensables au regard de la complexité à avoir une image précise de l’état et de la dynamique des espèces. En forêt, les microhabitats des arbres (e.g.cavités, fentes du bois, carpophores de champignons lignicoles) sont considérés comme des indicateurs potentiels de biodiversité, plus spécifiques que des structures telles que le volume de bois mort total. Cependant, les références scientifiques établissant le lien entre métriques de microhabitats et mesures de biodiversité restent rares, et ne concernent la plupart du temps qu’un seul groupe taxonomique. Plus largement, et à l’instar d’autres indicateurs, les microhabitats ne bénéficient pas d’une démarche standardisée permettant de les valider en tant qu’indicateurs de biodiversité forestière. Ce travail de thèse contribue à cette validation. Il s’articule autour de trois aspects entrant en compte dans la validation d’un indicateur, il s’est agi : (i) De quantifier et réduire les incertitudes sur les inventaires de microhabitats. A cette fin, une première typologie de référence a été établie, avec pour but de standardiser et d’homogénéiser les relevés de microhabitats. Cette typologie adopte une structure hiérarchique et évolutive, ce qui permet de l’utiliser dans différents contextes. Le biais potentiel lié aux observateurs a également été quantifié, de manière à pouvoir mieux le prendre en compte dans les futurs inventaires ;(ii) De mieux comprendre les facteurs d’influence des microhabitats aux deux échelles. A l’échelle de l’arbre, l’analyse d’un jeu de données national a permis de généraliser la relation entre caractéristiques individuelles des arbres (espèce, diamètre, vitalité) et le nombre et l’occurrence des microhabitats. A l’échelle de la parcelle forestière, une analyse des densités et des types d’arbres porteurs de microhabitats sur un gradient élargi d’exploitation forestière, comparant zones exploitées et non exploitées, a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle crucial des gros arbres et des arbres morts ; (iii) D’établir le lien entre microhabitats et la diversité de trois groupes taxonomiques au travers d’une approche mobilisant le cadre analytique des modèles d’équations structurelles. Les microhabitats sont médiateurs de l’arrêt de l’exploitation et de structures typiques des vieilles forêts (gros arbres vivants et morts) sur la biodiversité des chauves-souris et des oiseaux, et dans une moindre mesure des coléoptères saproxyliques. Au final, les microhabitats ne constituent pas un indicateur universel de biodiversité mais ont un rôle complémentaire des autres structures forestières traditionnellement utilisées pour décrire la biodiversité. Ce travail de thèse contribue à préciser leur potentiel indicateur et envisage des pistes de recherche permettant de continuer à valider leur rôle. / An indicator is a tool to measure metrics or phenomenons too complex or costly to measure directly. In the case of biodiversity, indicators are essential regarding the complexity to assess species state and dynamics. In forest, tree microhabitats (e.g.cavities, cracks in the wood, conks of lignicolous fungi) have been recently considered as a potential biodiversity indicator, with a more specific focus than other structures like deadwood volume. However, scientific references linking tree microhabitat metrics and biodiversity measures are still rare, and limited to a few taxonomic groups. More generally, like other indicators, the validation process of microhabitats as biodiversity indicators is not standardized. This ph-d thesis contributes to this validation and adresses three aspects included in an indicator validation process. The main aims were to: (i) Quantify and reduce incertitudes on tree microhabitat inventories. We thus proposed a first reference typology to standardize and homogenize microhabitats inventories. This typology has a hierarchical and evolutive structure, which allows its use in different contexts and for different purposes. We also quantified the potential bias linked to observer effects, in order to better take it into account in future inventories ; (ii) Better understand the influence of different factors on tree microhabitats at two different scales. At the tree scale, through the analysis of a national database, we generalized the relationships between tree characteristics (species, diameter, vitality) and number and occurrence of tree microhabitats. At the stand scale, we analysed the densities and types of microhabitat-bearing trees on an enlarged forest management gradient, comparing strict reserves and managed forests. These two studies evidenced the crucial role of large trees and snags in the provision of tree microhabitats ; (iii) Link tree microhabitats with the biodiversity of three taxonomic groups through the framework of structural equation models. We showed that microhabitats mediate the effects of management abandonment and old-growth forest features (large living and dead trees) on the biodiversity of birds and bats, and to a lesser extent on saproxylic beetles. In the end, tree microhabitat are not a universal biodiversity indicator but have a complementary role compared to other forest structures traditionally used to assess biodiversity. This ph-d thesis specifies the role of tree microhabitats as biodiversity indicators and proposes further research to continue validating them as such.