The well-known problems of decreasing birth rates and population ageing represent a major challenge for the Austrian pension system. It is expected that the group of pensioners will grow steadily in the future, while the proportion of people that support them - the taxpayers - will shrink. In this regard, microsimulation provides a valuable tool to identify the impact of various policy measures. With microsimulation, it is not only possible to predict cross-sectional data (e.g., the distribution of age groups in 2050), but also to simulate lifecourses of people, providing longitudinal outcomes. The demographics module is the first in a series of modules that are part of a microsimulation prototype. This prototype is being developed in order to predict the long-term evolution of Employment Biographies in Austria.

Diploma thesis deals with microscopic traffic model of the streets Veveří and Kounicova including adjacent road network. This model was created in software Aimsun based on maps, the results of the directional survey, traffic intensity at junctions and signal plans. Elaborated model of the current state location of interest was calibrated according to the traffic intensities on the entrance and exit roads. They have also been designed and created three possible variants of the solution streets Veveří and Kounicova. All variants were finally compared and evaluated.

As the number of vehicles on our roads increases, the problems related to this phenomenon emerge more dramatically. These problems include car accidents, congestions and CO2 emissions production, increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. In order to minimize these impacts and to use the road infrastructure eff ectively, the use of traffic simulators can come in handy. Thanks to these tools, it is possible to evaluate the evolution of a traffic flow with various initial states of the simulation and thus know what to do and how to react in different states of the real-world traffic situations. This thesis deals with acceleration of microscopic urban traffic simulation using OpenCL. Supposing it is necessary to simulate a large network traffic, the need to accelerate the simulation is necessary. For this purpose, it is possible, for example, to use the graphics processing units (GPUs) and the technique of GPGPU for general purpose computations, which is used in this work. The results show that the performance gains of GPUs are significant compared to a parallel implementation on CPU.

En el presente trabajo de investigación, analizamos la calibración simultánea de vehículos y peatones que interactúan en determinados puntos de conflicto del sistema vial. Para esto, trabajamos en un caso de una avenida regional, donde hay una gran demanda del parque automotor tanto de vehículos ligeros, de transporte público y provincial, así como el de pesados, en la que los peatones prefieren el paso a nivel en relación a un puente peatonal existente en la zona. La información de campo requerida se recopiló para el análisis, como aforo de vehículos, cantidad de peatones que hacen uso o no del puente, tiempos de viaje y distancias. Posteriormente, la información se procesó en el software Vissim 9, en el que se modeló el estudio de caso y se realizó la respectiva calibración simultánea del modelo para su respectiva validación. Para esto, fue necesario iterar los parámetros como el Wiedemann 74 (vehículos), Tau y Lambda (peatones) hasta obtener la representación más cercana a los datos tomados en el campo. Finalmente, los resultados se presentan mediante la validación de la simulación en términos de número de simulaciones, número de carreras, tiempo de viaje y tasa de uso de la carretera, todo ello para que pueda servir de base a futuras simulaciones que reúnan las características de la zona en estudio. / In this research, we analyze the simultaneous calibration of vehicles and pedestrians that interact at certain points of conflict in the road system. For this, we work in a case of a regional avenue, where there is a great demand for the automotive fleet of both light vehicles, public and provincial transport, as well as heavy vehicles, in which pedestrians prefer the level crossing in relation to an existing pedestrian bridge in the area. The required field information was collected for the analysis, such as capacity of vehicles, number of pedestrians who use the bridge or not, travel times and distances. Subsequently, the information was processed in the Vissim 9 software, in which the case study was modeled and the respective simultaneous calibration of the model was performed for its respective validation. For this, it was necessary to iterate the parameters such as the Wiedemann 74 (vehicles), Tau and Lambda (pedestrians) until obtaining the closest representation to the data taken in the field. Finally, the results are presented through the validation of the simulation in terms of number of simulations, number of races, travel time and road use rate, all so that it can serve as a basis for future simulations that meet the characteristics of the area under study. / Trabajo de investigación

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), the city of Lima has more than 9,485,405 inhabitants. This causes problems of pedestrian crowding in public places. The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system called Metropolitano transports 650,000 passengers a day, of which 81,800 of them use the boarding platform of the Naranjal station located in one of the most populated districts of Lima. In this station are concentrated 12.6% users of the entire transportation system. This research proposes a pedestrian microsimulation model with the objective of optimizing the pedestrian area of one of the most demanded platforms in Lima, considering the security protocols established by the Covid-19 Pandemic. To obtain results, the parameters of pedestrian density, bus frequency and queuing time were considered. The effectiveness of the proposed design is validated using a model made with the software Vissim. The results showed that the maximum number of pedestrians that can occupy the Naranjal station following the Covid-19 security protocols are 4166 persons, considering a 180 second bus frequency on lines with the highest demand and a maximum queuing time of 764.51 seconds.

En la presente tesis se realizó el estudio de microsimulación de tráfico de una intersección semaforizada, mediante el empleo del software Vissim 9.0. El cual contiene parámetros físicos de una serie de vehículos predeterminados e introduciendo el comportamiento operacional de un vehículo atípico como las mototaxis. Se identificó esta intersección debido a que la circulación de vehículos y mototaxis es de gran cantidad a lo largo del día. La evaluación se realizó bajo un enfoque microscópico. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante Cámaras de vigilancia y visitas de campo, donde se evidenció deficiencias de flujo de tráfico que generan demoras vehiculares, longitud de colas por demoras por control, conflicto peatón - vehículo y maniobras temerarias por parte de los conductores de vehículos de mototaxis al momento de embarque y desembarque de pasajeros, zona de parqueo no autorizado, específicamente en horarios de alta demanda. Con la obtención de datos se genera la construcción de un modelo de microsimulación con Vissim 9.0. El modelo tiene como principal objetivo representar la problemática en la zona de estudio. Para ello se modelaron las rutas vehiculares y peatonales, el parqueo no autorizado, los principales puntos de conflicto. Se midieron valores en campo como tiempos de viajes de vehículos mixtos (25 mediciones), velocidad de los peatones en accesos (20 mediciones). Se procede a calibrar y validar el modelo para obtener un soporte claro de que los parámetros obtenidos son aplicables. Se utilizó la prueba de Randomization Test mediante el uso de la herramienta Statkey, con la que se calibró y validó el modelo con un grado de efectividad del 95%. Finalmente, se obtuvo una reducción de 65.50% en la demora vehicular y disminución del 43.00% en la longitud de cola vehicular, con la propuesta de mejora planteada. Un comportamiento operacional similar de los mototaxis al de los automóviles, redistribuyendo y generando paraderos autorizados en los perímetros de la intersección, añadiendo la fase de ámbar al ciclo semafórico actual vehicular y peatonal, disminuyendo significativamente las demoras por control. / In this thesis, the traffic microsimulation study of a traffic light intersection was carried out, using the Vissim 9.0 software. Which contains physical parameters of a series of predetermined vehicles and introducing the operational behavior of an atypical vehicle such as motorcycle taxis. This intersection was identified because the circulation of vehicles and motorcycle taxis is large throughout the day. The evaluation was carried out under a microscopic approach. The data was obtained by surveillance cameras and field visits, where it was evident deficiencies in traffic flow that generate vehicle delays, queue length due to control delays, pedestrian-vehicle conflict and reckless maneuvers by mototaxis vehicle drivers. At the time of boarding and disembarking of passengers, unauthorized parking area, specifically during times of high demand. With the obtaining of data, the construction of a microsimulation model with Vissim 9.0, is generated, the model's main objective is to represent the problem in the study area, for which the vehicular routes were modeled it is and pedestrian, unauthorized parking, the main points of conflict. Field values such as travel times of mixed vehicles (25 measurements), pedestrian speed at the entrances (20 measurements). were measured. With these values, the model is calibrated to obtain a clear support that the parameters obtained are applicable. The Randomization Test was used through the use of the Statkey tool, with a degree of effectiveness of 95%. Finally, a 65.50% reduction in vehicle delay and a 43.00% decrease in vehicle tail length were obtained, with the proposed improvement proposed. Operational behavior similar to motorcycle taxis to that of automobiles, redistributing and generating authorized stops at the intersection perimeters, adding the amber phase to the current traffic and pedestrian traffic light cycle, significantly reducing control delays. / Tesis

<p>Previous research on firmography microsimulation model for the City of Hamilton, Ontario, has been conducted by estimating several crucial statistical models, which would serve as the basis for an operational computer simulation model.</p> <p>Based on the previous research, this thesis illustrates the implementation of the firmography microsimulation model for the City of Hamilton. This implementation includes the development of separate computer modules for the survival submodel, the mobility submodel, the location choice submodel and the firm formation submodel, as well as the integration of all these submodels. Meanwhile, the data storage mechanism, the simulation results visualization and analysis functions have been implemented by the support of GIS technology.</p> <p>The microsimulation model starts with the 1990 firm micro data for the City of Hamilton as the base year and proceeds year by year with the simulation. The simulation results of firm distribution are validated by 1997 firm micro data for the City of Hamilton. The validation has proved that the developed firmography model is able to capture the overall trend of urban development processes in terms of firms at the micro level.</p> <p>The limitations of the current model, especially those caused by the requirement for detailed data, are discussed, and some directions for the future research are indicated.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Le vieillissement de la population canadienne prévisible dans les prochaines années entrainera d’importants changements au point de vue social. L’un d’eux est l’augmentation fulgurante du nombre d’aînés en état d’incapacité. Utilisant le modèle de microsimulation LifePaths, cette recherche compare deux projections, ayant des méthodologies différentes, du nombre d’individus en incapacité de 65 ans et plus vivant en ménage privé en 2031. La première méthode utilise le module d’incapacité de LifePaths pour générer les individus en incapacité tandis que la seconde méthode utilise plutôt une régression logistique ordonnée pour les obtenir. Les projections du nombre d’individus en état d’incapacité des deux méthodes nous permettent une comparaison entre ces résultats. Suite à l’élaboration de tableaux et de graphiques permettant de tracer un portait de la situation, cette recherche essaie de démystifier les sources possibles à l’origine de ces différences. Les résultats montrent d’importantes différences entre les projections, spécifiquement pour les individus en état d’incapacité sévère. De plus, lorsqu’on s’intéresse aux variables d’intérêts, on remarque que les différences de projections d’effectifs sont importantes chez les hommes et les gens mariés. Par contre, lorsque les proportions sont analysées, c’est plutôt le groupe d’âges 80 ans et plus ainsi que les projections pour la province du Québec qui créent problème. Ces différences sont attribuables aux caractéristiques d’un modèle de microsimulation, aux populations de départ ainsi qu’aux paramètres définis. Les résultats démontrés dans cette recherche mettent en garde sur les travaux étudiant le nombre d’individus en incapacité dans le futur. Nos deux méthodes ayant des résultats différents, nous ne pouvons pas conclure avec certitude quelle sera la situation dans le futur. / Population ageing in Canada in the forth coming years will bring important changes from the social viewpoint. One of them will be the increasing number of disabled older people. Using the microsimulation Lifepaths model, the study compares two projections, each having a different methodology, of the number of disabled individuals aged 65 and over and living in the community in 2031. The projections were produced using different methodologies. The first method uses the disability module of Lifepaths to generate those disabled older population while the second method uses an ordered logistic regression model. Then, we compare the results between the methods. Furthermore, this research paper attempts to identify the possible causes leading to the differences with appropriate graphs and tables. The results show important differences between the projections, especially for the number of severe disabled individuals. We note important difference for men and married people. Also the age groupe 80 years and older and the projection for de province of Quebec is problematic.These could be the attributed to the characteristics of a microsimulation model, the population at the base as well as the defined parameters. Both methods have different results, we cannot conclude what will be the situation in the future.

Le vieillissement de la population canadienne prévisible dans les prochaines années entrainera d’importants changements au point de vue social. L’un d’eux est l’augmentation fulgurante du nombre d’aînés en état d’incapacité. Utilisant le modèle de microsimulation LifePaths, cette recherche compare deux projections, ayant des méthodologies différentes, du nombre d’individus en incapacité de 65 ans et plus vivant en ménage privé en 2031. La première méthode utilise le module d’incapacité de LifePaths pour générer les individus en incapacité tandis que la seconde méthode utilise plutôt une régression logistique ordonnée pour les obtenir. Les projections du nombre d’individus en état d’incapacité des deux méthodes nous permettent une comparaison entre ces résultats. Suite à l’élaboration de tableaux et de graphiques permettant de tracer un portait de la situation, cette recherche essaie de démystifier les sources possibles à l’origine de ces différences. Les résultats montrent d’importantes différences entre les projections, spécifiquement pour les individus en état d’incapacité sévère. De plus, lorsqu’on s’intéresse aux variables d’intérêts, on remarque que les différences de projections d’effectifs sont importantes chez les hommes et les gens mariés. Par contre, lorsque les proportions sont analysées, c’est plutôt le groupe d’âges 80 ans et plus ainsi que les projections pour la province du Québec qui créent problème. Ces différences sont attribuables aux caractéristiques d’un modèle de microsimulation, aux populations de départ ainsi qu’aux paramètres définis. Les résultats démontrés dans cette recherche mettent en garde sur les travaux étudiant le nombre d’individus en incapacité dans le futur. Nos deux méthodes ayant des résultats différents, nous ne pouvons pas conclure avec certitude quelle sera la situation dans le futur. / Population ageing in Canada in the forth coming years will bring important changes from the social viewpoint. One of them will be the increasing number of disabled older people. Using the microsimulation Lifepaths model, the study compares two projections, each having a different methodology, of the number of disabled individuals aged 65 and over and living in the community in 2031. The projections were produced using different methodologies. The first method uses the disability module of Lifepaths to generate those disabled older population while the second method uses an ordered logistic regression model. Then, we compare the results between the methods. Furthermore, this research paper attempts to identify the possible causes leading to the differences with appropriate graphs and tables. The results show important differences between the projections, especially for the number of severe disabled individuals. We note important difference for men and married people. Also the age groupe 80 years and older and the projection for de province of Quebec is problematic.These could be the attributed to the characteristics of a microsimulation model, the population at the base as well as the defined parameters. Both methods have different results, we cannot conclude what will be the situation in the future.

Cette thèse examine le rôle du système social et fiscal sur la distribution des revenus, en mettant l'accent sur les revenus du travail.La première partie de la thèse présente la méthodologie et les résultats d'un modèle de microsimulation des prélèvements et transferts français. Le premier chapitre offre une description complète de la répartition des recettes fiscales en fonction de la distribution des revenus. Le deuxième chapitre analyse l'impact macro et micro-économique des réponses politiques à la crise de 2008 en France.La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur l’imposition des revenus du travail. Les questions et les méthodes abordées se situent à l'intersection des finances publiques et de la littérature sur l'économie du travail. Le premier chapitre étudie l’ensemble de la distribution des salaires, en insistant sur le rôle des cotisations de sécurité sociale pour l'évolution de l'inégalité. Le dernier chapitre se penche sur l'impact d'une taxe sur les salaires au sommet de la distribution (0,003%, environ 1 500 personnes) sur le processus de fixation des salaires des plus riches. / This thesis examines the role of the tax-and-benefit system on the income distribution, with a focus on labour incomes. Made of two parts, the thesis tackles three central questions for the economics of labour and taxation. The first question relates to the simple description of the distributional impacts of taxes. Second, economic actors paying the real cost of taxes might not be the ones paying it legally: assessing empirically the incidence of taxation is key for identifying their distributive implication. Third, the description of the distributional effects of taxes is further complicated by the fact that taxes affect behaviours. In particular, high income individuals may react more to taxes than the rest of the population. This distinction between the very top and the rest of the income distribution is the third major pivotal question of the dissertation.The first part of the thesis presents the methodology and the results of a microsimulation model of the French tax-and-benefit system. The first chapter offers a comprehensive description of the distribution of tax revenues according to the distribution of income. The second chapter proposes an evaluation of the main policy reforms taken in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. It is based on a dual approach, encompassing both a macro and a micro analysis.The second part of the thesis focuses on the taxation process of labour incomes. The questions and the methods tackled are at the intersection of the public finance and the labour economics literature. The first chapter studies the overall wage distribution, emphasizing the role of social security contributions in the evolution of inequality. The last chapter looks at the impact of a wage tax at the very top of the distribution (top 0.003%, about 1500 individuals) on the wage setting process of top labour income earners. A quasi-experimental variation, the 75% tax on millionaires implemented in 2013 and 2014, and evaluation of public policies methods (difference-in-difference method) are used to document the incidence of the tax and the behavioural responses.