The thesis represents the design for dual-band quarter wavelength and half wavelength microstrip transmission line. Chapter 2 proposed the design of a novel dual-band asymmetric pi-shaped short-circuited quarter wavelength microstrip transmission line working at frequencies 1GHz and 1.55 GHz for 50Ω transmission line and at frequencies 1GHz and 1.43GHz for 60Ω transmission line. Chapter 3 proposed the design of a novel dual-band quarter wavelength microstrip transmission line with asymmetrically allocated open stubs and short-circuited stubs working at frequencies 1GHz and 1.32GHz. Chapter 4 proposed the design of dual-band pi-shaped open stub half wavelength microstrip transmission line working at frequencies 1GHz and 2.07GHz. Numerical simulations are performed both in HyperLynx 3D EM and in circuit simulator ADS for all of the proposed designs to measure the return loss (S11) and insertion loss (S12) in dB and phase response for S12 in degree.

My thesis is focused on design of a microwave diathermy therapeutic machine. Its main goal is to improve a shape, technical solution, ergonomics and visual aspects of nowadays microwave diathermy machines and to innovate this part of technology, ergonomics, economics and the usage of this device on the field of physiotherapeutical care.

Le concept de l'optique de transformation qui permet de contrôler le trajet des ondes électromagnétiques à volonté en appliquant une variation spatiale judicieusement définie dans les paramètres constitutifs, est exploré pour concevoir des nouveaux types d'antennes et de dispositifs micro-ondes. Dans une première partie, basée sur la transformation de coordonnées, un dispositif d'illusion capable de modifier l'apparence d'une émission électromagnétique et de la délocaliser, est validé par le biais de simulations numériques. Un dispositif de transition de guide d'ondes, permettant d'assurer une transmission quasi totale entre deux guides d'ondes de sections transversales différentes est également conçu et validé expérimentalement par l'utilisation des résonateurs à métamatériaux. Dans une seconde partie, la transformation de l'espace basée sur l'équation de Laplace est étudiée pour concevoir des lentilles pour les applications antennaires. Une lentille de focalisation capable de restaurer les émissions en phase d'un réseau conforme d'éléments rayonnants et une lentille à dépointage qui permet de dévier la direction du faisceau rayonné d'une antenne sont conçues. Des prototypes fabriqués à partir d'un matériau isotrope tout-diélectrique grâce à la technologie d'impression en trois dimensions (3D) permettent de valider expérimentalement la fonctionnalité des lentilles sur une large bande de fréquence. / The concept of transformation optics which can control electromagnetic waves at will by applying a judiciously defined spatial variation in the constitutive parameters is explored to design novel type antennas and microwave devices. In a first part, based on coordinate transformation, an illusion device able to modify the appearance of an electromagnetic emission and then delocalize it is validated through numerical simulations. A waveguide tapering device allowing to assure quasi-total transmission between two waveguides of different cross-sections is also designed and validated experimentally through the use of metamaterial resonators. In a second part, space transformation based on Laplace's equation is studied to design lenses for antenna applications. A beam focusing lens able to restore in-phase emissions from a conformal array of radiators and a beam steering lens that allows deflecting the radiated bema of an antenna are designed. Prototypes fabricated by an all-dielectric isotropic material through three-dimensional (3D) polyjet printing technology allow to experimentally validate the functionality of the lenses on a wide frequency range.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising nanomaterials for high frequency applications due to their unique physical characteristics. CNTs have a low heat capacity, low intrinsic capacitance, and incredibly fast thermal time constants. They can also exhibit ballistic transport at low bias, for both phonons and electrons, as evident by their fairly long mean free paths. However, despite the great potential they present, the RF behavior of these nanostructures is not completely understood. In order to explore this high frequency regime we studied the microwave (MW) and terahertz (THz) response of individual and bundled single wall nanotube based devices. This thesis is an experimental study which attempts to understand the high frequency characteristics of metallic single walled carbon nanotubes, and to develop an ultra-fast and sensitive direct THz detector. First, the appropriate high frequency detector background is introduced. CNTs previously measured behavior draws similarities to two types of detectors: diode and bolometer. Therefore, our CNT devices are geared towards those designs. Second the fabrication process of devices is reviewed. UV lithography is used to pattern THz coupling log periodic antennas, on top of which CNTs are deposited by using a dielectrophoretic process. Third, the fabricated devices are tested at DC, MW, and THz frequencies. All of these measurements are done as a function of temperature, power, and frequency. Finally, the physical processes that give rise to the diode and bolometric detections at MW and THz detection at different temperatures and under different bias regimes (i.e. low and high) are explained.

The effect of microwave radiation on soil bacteria in situ has been studied in both lab and field conditions. Radiation and thermal profiles show that heterotrophic bacteria, spores, fungi, and actinomycetes were not affected by total microwave radiations over the range 0 to 80 seconds of exposure at a net input of 1 KW of intensity. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria were also resistant to these doses. The soil microorganisms were inactivated as a function of microwave radiation in the range of 80 to 480 seconds of exposure to 1 KW of continuous radiation. By studying the relationship between temperature generated in dry and wet organisms and the pattern of destruction of inoculated bacteria by microwave radiation, it was found that inactivation was a function of cell hydration. It also revealed that bacterial cells do not absorb microwave energy and that the lethal effect of microwaves is due to direct energy transfer to cell water and the temperature increase of the suspending medium.

[pt] Este trabalho examina, sob o enfoque de custos, de investimento e operação, dois sistemas de telecomunicações usualmente empregados no estabelecimento da ligação entre dois pontos: sistema de transmissão por cabo coaxial e sistema de transmissão em microondas em visibilidade. Cada sistema está dividido em suas partes componentes, cujos custos são levantados. Calculados estes em ambos os sistemas, define-se uma grandeza que os relaciona. Um sistema é apresentado a partir do número de canais e do comprimento do enlace, ficando perfeitamente caracterizado qual dos sistemas de transmissão é mais econômico, de acordo com o critério de decisão adotado. / [en] This work examines two telecomunications systems which are usually used in the establishment and operation - the transmission system by coaxial cable and the transmission system by microwaves line-of-sight. Both are divided in their campontent parts, which calculation in surveyd. After the surveying of costs of both system, one can define a relating magnitude. The moment a system is defined, considering the number of system is the most economic, according to the adopted criterion of decision.

[pt] Este trabalho analisa o desempenho de sistemas de micro-ondas em visibilidade em função do comportamento dos equipamentos (taxa de falha e tempo de reposição) e das características de propagação (desvanecimento). Os modelos estudados correspondem às configurações dos sistemas usuais e diversos resultados numéricos são apresentados para ilustrar a formulação teórica. A confiabilidade dos equipamentos é estimada a partir de dados relativos aos sistemas da EMBRATEL ( Empresa Brasileira de Telecomunicações) e na parte de propagação são discutidas algumas expressões semi-empíricas para avaliar o efeito desvanecimento rápido. / [en] This work deals with the performance os line-of-sight microwave links as a function of equipment behavior (failure rate and reposition time) and the propagation caracteristics (fading). The studied models correspond to usual system configurations and several numerical results are presented to ilustrate the theoretical formulation. The equipment reliability is estimated from EMBRATEL ( Brasilian Telecommunications Enterprise) systems data and some semi-empirical expressions are discurred to take into account the fast fading effect.

Remote sensing is the process of gathering and analyzing information about the earth's ocean, land and atmosphere using electromagnetic "wireless" techniques. Mathematical models, known as Radiative Transfer Models (RTM), are developed to calculate the observed radiance (brightness temperature) seen by the remote sensor. The RTM calculated brightness temperature is a function of fourteen environmental parameters, including atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure and moisture, sea surface temperature, and cloud liquid water. Input parameters to the RTM model include data from NOAA Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Reynolds weekly Sea Surface Temperature and National Ocean Data Center (NODC) WOA98 Ocean Salinity and special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) cloud liquid water. The calculated brightness temperatures are compared to collocated measurements from the WindSat satellite. The objective of this thesis is to fine tune the RadTb model, using simultaneous environmental parameters and measured brightness temperature from the well-calibrated WindSat radiometer. The model will be evaluated at four microwave frequencies (6.8 GHz, 10.7 GHz, 18.7 GHz, and 37.0 GHz) looking off- nadir for global radiance measurement.

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