Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-12T12:24:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Pires de Andrade.pdf: 4025421 bytes, checksum: 57dc18b6ad7891d4efd6ce288ced7176 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T12:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Pires de Andrade.pdf: 4025421 bytes, checksum: 57dc18b6ad7891d4efd6ce288ced7176 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Migratory birds are hardy and versatile animals, throughout their lives, run an equivalent distance between the earth and the moon. Every year between their shifts now toward the Arctic tundra to start the reproductive period, now heading for the Neotropical region for wintering sites with abundant food, they need to access various environments that do not respect geopolitical boundaries. Over the years, it has been noticed a reduction of many of these birds populations worldwide. Climate change and anthropogenic factors, especially in the vicinity of coastal areas may be the motivators of this scenario. The conservation of species and habitats used by them requires an international effort to plan global policies and actions, but acting regionally in strategic locations for these species. Thus, this thesis was to analyze the possible pressures on populations of Nearctic migratory birds of Charadriidae and Scolopacidae families who frequent the island airplane Crown, in the municipality of Igarassu, Pernambuco, and its respective population behavior. To this were accessed as a research tool local knowledge 240 traditional fishermen in the municipalities of Igarassu, Itapissuma and Itamaracá that were linked to a local colony. It was also performed a collection of ornithological data from conducting a census in place with duration of 29 months and will perform a geoprocessing work of the surrounding area of ​​the island. Similarly, if confronted with the current data surveys conducted by other researchers in previous periods. The results found that the knowledge and the wealth of information that fishermen have on migratory birds and migration periods. The analysis of the actual census indicated that some species possibly less sensitive to changes in the environment are increasing their abundance in preference to the current outras.Quando compared with previous census, it was found that some of the waders species that attend the place delayed in at least one month his arrival at the wintering site, which may be related to changes in the global environment. Finally, we recorded the occurrence of resident species breeding in Airplane Crown Island. / As aves migratórias são animais resistentes e versáteis que, ao longo de suas vidas, percorrem uma distância equivalente entre a terra e a lua. Todos os anos entre seus deslocamentos ora em direção à tundra Ártica para iniciar o período reprodutivo, ora seguindo para a região Neotropical em busca de sítios de invernada com alimentação abundante, elas precisam acessar ambientes diversos que não respeitam fronteiras geopolíticas. Ao longo dos anos, vem sendo percebido uma redução de muitas das populações destas aves a nível mundial. As mudanças climáticas e os fatores antrópicos, principalmente nas proximidades das regiões litorâneas, podem ser os motivadores deste cenário. A conservação das espécies e dos habitats utilizados por elas requer um esforço internacional que planeje políticas e ações globais, mas que atuem regionalmente em locais estratégicos para estas espécies. Assim, esta tese teve por objetivo analisar as possíveis pressões sobre as populações das aves migratórias neárticas das famílias Charadriidae e Scolopacidae que frequentam a ilha da Coroa do Avião, no município de Igarassu, Pernambuco, e seu respectivo comportamento populacional. Para tal foram acessados como ferramenta de investigação os saberes locais de 240 pescadores artesanais dos municípios de Igarassu, Itapissuma e Itamaracá que estivessem vinculados a uma colônia local. Também foi realizado uma coleta de dados ornitológicos a partir da realização de um censo no local com duração de 29 meses e realizado um trabalho de geoprocessamento da área do entorno da ilha. Da mesma forma, confrontou-se os dados atuais com levantamentos realizados por outros pesquisadores em períodos anteriores. Como resultados constatou-se o conhecimento e a riqueza de informações que os pescadores possuem sobre as aves migratórias e períodos de migração. A análise dos censos atuais indicaram que algumas espécies, possivelmente menos sensíveis às mudanças no ambiente, estão aumentando sua abundância em detrimento de outras.Quando comparados o censo atual com os anteriores, verificou-se que algumas das espécies limícolas que frequentam o local retardaram em pelo menos um mês sua chegada ao sítio de invernada, o que pode estar relacionado com alterações no ambiente a nível global. Por fim, registramos a ocorrência de reprodução de espécie residente na Ilha da Coroa do Avião.

Anseriformes mantidos em lagos de zôos e parques estão sob constante risco de exposição às doenças presentes nas populações de aves migratórias, que dividem com eles o mesmo local durante um determinado período todos os anos. São doenças que podem ter implicações para as aves cativas, para a população humana que tem contato com essas aves e para os plantéis de produção. Assim, ações de vigilância, com o objetivo de detectar rapidamente determinadas doenças, representam alternativas interessantes para se fazer gestão de risco. O objetivo do presente estudo foi pesquisar a presença de agentes etiológicos selecionados na população de Cisnes Negros (Cygnus atratus), mantida nos lagos da FPZSP, visto que essa população tem contato com as seguintes aves migrantes que visitam a FPZSP todos os anos: irerês (Dendrocygna viduata), marreca caneleira (Dendrocygna bicolor) e marreca asa de seda (Amazoneta brasiliensis). Assim, foram colhidos suabes de traquéia e cloaca de uma amostra capaz de detectar doença com prevalência estimada em 1% para um nível de confiança de 95%. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo (2001 a 2006) das principais causas de morte nessa população. As principais causas de mortalidade registradas em 184 registros analisados foram: desvio de tendão extensor tarso-metatarsiano (37, 20,1%), desnutrição (20, 10,9%), problemas hepáticos (17, 9,2%), traumas (15, 8,2%), problemas respiratórios (8, 4,3%), septicemias (6, 3,3%), intoxicações (5, 2,7%) e problemas gastrointestinais (3, 1,6%). Um terço das carcaças (62, 33,7%) foi encontrado em estado de putrefação. A taxa de mortalidade foi decrescente de 2001 a 2006 e apresentou sazonalidade, sendo maior entre os meses de novembro a maio. No momento das coletas, não houve nenhuma evidência clínica ou laboratorial da presença dos seguintes agentes: Pasteurella multocida., Salmonella sp., Chlamydophila psittaci, Orthomixovírus (Influenza Aviária), Paramixovirus (Doença de Newcastle) e Coronavirus (Bronquite Infecciosa). / Waterfowls housed in ponds of zoos and parks are under constant risk of exposure to pathogens of migratory birds that visit these places every year. Some of them involving zoo animals and humans. The spread of particular diseases may also become a serious threat for domestic poultry. So, surveillance, focused in early detection of some diseases, can be an interesting tool to do risk management. The goal of the present work was to search the presence of some select pathogens in the captive black swan population (Cygnus atratus) present in the ponds of the Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP), because these animals have contact with the following free-living waterfowls: white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata), fulvous whistling-duck (Dendrocygna bicolor) e brasilian teal (Amazoneta brasiliensis). Swabs of trachea and cloaca were sampled from 239 animals, the sample size required for detecting disease present in at least 1% of the animals (CI = 95%). Moreover, a retrospective study was done about the causes of death to the period from 2001 to 2006. The mainly causes of black swan death in FPZSP were: slipped tendon (37/184, 20,1%), malnutrition (20/184, 10,9%), hepatic problem (17/184, 9,2%), trauma (15/184, 8,2%), respiratory problem (8/184, 4,3%), septicemias (6/184, 3,3%), intoxication (5/184, 2,7%) e gastro-intestinal problems(3/184, 1,6%). One third of the carcass (62/184, 33,7%) was in autolysis. The mortality presented peaks of occurrence from november to may and a decreasing trend from 2001 to 2006. At the moment of the sampling, there was no clinical or laboratorial evidence of the infection by the following pathogens: Pasteurella multocida., Salmonella sp., Chlamydophila psittaci, Orthomixovírus (Avian Influenza), Paramixovirus (Newcastle Disease) e Coronavirus (Infectious Bronchitis).

As migrações constituem um dos pilares da relação entre Brasil e Portugal. Com esta premissa este estudo tem por objetivo compreender a formação, a sustentação no tempo e a configuração atual do sistema migratório luso-brasileiro. Partindo da Geografia da População, dialoga-se tanto com os demais campos da própria ciência geográfica, especialmente a Geografia Política e a Geografia Econômica, como com as demais ciências humanas e sociais, dentre outras a Sociologia e a Antropologia. Adota- se uma periodização que busca articular as migrações e as imaginações geográficas produzidas e produtoras das ordens geopolíticas. Esta perspectiva diacrônica tem como ponto de partida a formação do estado territorial português e, posteriormente, do estado territorial brasileiro. Enfatiza-se, em especial, como homens e mulheres imigrantes brasileiros e portugueses participam das transformações recentes de Portugal e do Brasil, respectivamente. Desde o final da década de 2000 há uma situação em que fluxos e contrafluxos migratórios praticamente se equivalem. Dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram utilizados para demonstrar que portugueses no Brasil e brasileiros em Portugal imigrados a partir de 2000 possuem perfis diferentes quanto à idade, sexo, nível de instrução e inserção no mercado laboral. A análise das semelhanças e divergências entre estes grupos de imigrantes levou à consideração de que enfrentam barreiras e desafios distintos, mas têm em comum sua contribuição para ressignificação de uma relação pretérita e assimétrica, marcada pelo compartilhar de uma população luso-brasileira. / Migration is one of the pillars of the relationship between Brazil and Portugal. Over this assumption, this study aims to understand the formation, the maintenance over time and current configuration of Luso-Brazilian immigration system. Starting from Population Geography, the thesis dialogues with the main disciplines of geographical science, notably Political Geography and Economic Geography, as well as other human sciences like Sociology and Anthropology. A periodization is adopted in an effort to articulate the migration and geographical imaginations seen as result and an inductive process of geopolitical orders. This diachronic perspective takes as bottom line the formation of portuguese territorial state and, later, the formation of brazilian territorial state. The research seeks to emphasize, particularly, how brazilian and portuguese immigrants, men and women, participates on the recent transformations of Brazil and Portugal. Since the end of this decade, there is a situation in which migration flows and counterflows are virtually equivalent. Quantitative and qualitative data were used to demonstrate that portugueses in Brazil and brazilians in Portugal, those whom emigrated from 2000 until now, have different profiles in terms of age, sex, educational level and labour market insertion. The analysis of the similarities and differences between these groups of immigrants led to the consideration that they do face barriers and different challenges, but combine a contribution to a redefinition of a historical and asymmetrical relationship, strongly marked by the sharing of a Luso-Brazilian population.

Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_JuliaBertino_D.pdf: 904265 bytes, checksum: 368a853f839f65caa41e975ab121b4f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta tese trata da política em relação aos refugiados adotada no Brasil, a partir do pósguerra até os dias atuais. Para realizar este trabalho, empregamos diversos métodos de pesquisa: revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e banco de dados sobre condições de vida dos refugiados no Brasil. O objetivo principal da tese foi analisar as decisões estatais brasileiras concernentes aos refugiados, durante a periodização mencionada. A análise se baseou em três eixos interligados: relação entre fatores internos e externos, relações entre atores (estatais e não estatais), regras de entrada e condições de vida propiciadas aos refugiados no país. Procuramos investigar como se deu a interação entre esses atores (órgãos estatais, organização internacional e instituições da sociedade civil e com os refugiados), contextualizada em momentos históricos específicos. Examinamos essas decisões lançando luz sobre a convergência entre os fatores internos e externos que as orientaram. Buscamos explicar que essas decisões focalizaram a regulação imigratória, mas não se centraram na estruturação das condições de vida dos refugiados no país, à medida que houve articulação dos atores estatais com atores não estatais para buscar viabilizá-las. Pretendemos demonstrar, com isso, que tais decisões configuram a política em relação aos refugiados no Brasil no sentido de regulation policy, não acompanhada por uma immigrant policy devidamente estruturada no país / Resumo: Esta tese trata da política em relação aos refugiados adotada no Brasil, a partir do pósguerra até os dias atuais. Para realizar este trabalho, empregamos diversos métodos de pesquisa: revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e banco de dados sobre condições de vida dos refugiados no Brasil. O objetivo principal da tese foi analisar as decisões estatais brasileiras concernentes aos refugiados, durante a periodização mencionada. A análise se baseou em três eixos interligados: relação entre fatores internos e externos, relações entre atores (estatais e não estatais), regras de entrada e condições de vida propiciadas aos refugiados no país. Procuramos investigar como se deu a interação entre esses atores (órgãos estatais, organização internacional e instituições da sociedade civil e com os refugiados), contextualizada em momentos históricos específicos. Examinamos essas decisões lançando luz sobre a convergência entre os fatores internos e externos que as orientaram. Buscamos explicar que essas decisões focalizaram a regulação imigratória, mas não se centraram na estruturação das condições de vida dos refugiados no país, à medida que houve articulação dos atores estatais com atores não estatais para buscar viabilizá-las. Pretendemos demonstrar, com isso, que tais decisões configuram a política em relação aos refugiados no Brasil no sentido de regulation policy, não acompanhada por uma immigrant policy devidamente estruturada no país / Resumo: Esta tese trata da política em relação aos refugiados adotada no Brasil, a partir do pós-guerra até os dias atuais. Para realizar este trabalho, empregamos diversos métodos de pesquisa: revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e banco de dados sobre condições de vida dos refugiados no Brasil. O objetivo principal da tese foi analisar as decisões estatais brasileiras concernentes aos refugiados, durante a periodização mencionada. A análise se baseou em três eixos interligados: relação entre fatores internos e externos, relações entre atores (estatais e não estatais), regras de entrada e condições de vida propiciadas aos refugiados no país. Procuramos investigar como se deu a interação entre esses atores (órgãos estatais, organização internacional e instituições da sociedade civil e com os refugiados), contextualizada em momentos históricos específicos. Examinamos essas decisões lançando luz sobre a convergência entre os fatores internos e externos que as orientaram. Buscamos explicar que essas decisões focalizaram a regulação imigratória, mas não se centraram na estruturação das condições de vida dos refugiados no país, à medida que houve articulação dos atores estatais com atores não estatais para buscar viabilizá-las. Pretendemos demonstrar, com isso, que tais decisões configuram a política em relação aos refugiados no Brasil no sentido de regulation policy, não acompanhada por uma immigrant policy devidamente estruturada no país / Abstract: This PhD dissertation approaches the refugee policy adopted in Brazil, from the post-war until nowadays. In order to accomplish this study, we used different research methods: bibliographic review, documental research, semi-structured interviews and data base on the living conditions of the refugees in Brazil. The main purpose was to analyze the Brazilian state decisions during the above mentioned period. The analysis was based on three interlinked axis: the relation between internal and external factors; the relations among (state and non-state) actors; the rules of entry and the living conditions provided to the refugees in the country. We seek to investigate how the interaction among these actors (state agencies, international organizations, civil society institutions and refugees) occurred in specific historical periods. We examined the decisions relating to refugees highlighting the convergence between internal and external guiding factors within specific contexts. We seek to explain that these decisions focused on the immigratory regulation. However they did not shed light on the structure of the refugees' living conditions in the country, given the fact that state and non state actors articulated themselves in order to provide them. We intend to demonstrate that these decisions characterize the refugee policy in Brazil as regulation policy, not accompanied by a properly structured immigrant policy in the country / Abstract: This PhD dissertation approaches the refugee policy adopted in Brazil, from the post-war until nowadays. In order to accomplish this study, we used different research methods: bibliographic review, documental research, semi-structured interviews and data base on the living conditions of the refugees in Brazil. The main purpose was to analyze the Brazilian state decisions during the above mentioned period. The analysis was based on three interlinked axis: the relation between internal and external factors; the relations among (state and non-state) actors; the rules of entry and the living conditions provided to the refugees in the country. We seek to investigate how the interaction among these actors (state agencies, international organizations, civil society institutions and refugees) occurred in specific historical periods. We examined the decisions relating to refugees highlighting the convergence between internal and external guiding factors within specific contexts. We seek to explain that these decisions focused on the immigratory regulation. However they did not shed light on the structure of the refugees' living conditions in the country, given the fact that state and non state actors articulated themselves in order to provide them. We intend to demonstrate that these decisions characterize the refugee policy in Brazil as regulation policy, not accompanied by a properly structured immigrant policy in the country / Abstract: This PhD dissertation approaches the refugee policy adopted in Brazil, from the post-war until nowadays. In order to accomplish this study, we used different research methods: bibliographic review, documental research, semi-structured interviews and data base on the living conditions of the refugees in Brazil. The main purpose was to analyze the Brazilian state decisions during the above mentioned period. The analysis was based on three interlinked axis: the relation between internal and external factors; the relations among (state and non-state) actors; the rules of entry and the living conditions provided to the refugees in the country. We seek to investigate how the interaction among these actors (state agencies, international organizations, civil society institutions and refugees) occurred in specific historical periods. We examined the decisions relating to refugees highlighting the convergence between internal and external guiding factors within specific contexts. We seek to explain that these decisions focused on the immigratory regulation. However they did not shed light on the structure of the refugees' living conditions in the country, given the fact that state and non state actors articulated themselves in order to provide them. We intend to demonstrate that these decisions characterize the refugee policy in Brazil as regulation policy, not accompanied by a properly structured immigrant policy in the country / Doutorado / Ciencia Politica / Doutor em Ciência Política

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study investigates ways in which migratory trajectories relate to the gradual insertion and eventual integration of immigrants. It therefore shows the contribution of social capital in the migration and insertion into the entrepreneurial city of the host country. The focus of the study is on immigrants of African origin. It is hypothesized that immigrants of different nationalities in South Africa use particular assets to engage in street vending as a way of insertion into their new environment. Data were obtained through a survey of two hundred and eight (208) respondents conveniently selected. The survey was carried out in five suburbs of Cape Town and as well as at some major road junctions where these vendors are found. The Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. The results showed that nationality was an important determinant of the migratory trajectories of immigrant vendors. Migration has been on the increase with the improvement in technology and globalization. In the same light, migration into South African cities mainly from the rest of Africa and Asia took an upward trend especially after the fall of Apartheid Regime and the advent of democracy in the nineties. Street vendors form part of these immigrants in South Africa. Many of them especially from other African countries find it a suitable means of survival. Faced with the difficulty of getting jobs in South Africa, immigrants resort to informal trading as a starting point for survival. They may change to other activities depending on certain variables like duration of stay, level of education, age, sex, marital status, social capital and networks. Coming from different socioeconomic, cultural and political backgrounds, these immigrants resort to different ways of migrating and forms of adaptation aimed at sustaining their livelihood in their new environments. Most studies in the field of migration and entrepreneurship focus on remittances by the migrants as well as their impact on both their place of departure and on the place of destination. Little attention is paid to the way they migrate and how they insert themselves in the entrepreneurial city. / South Africa

La frontière nord du Mexique est une sorte d’aimant qui attire d’immenses migrations humaines. Bien que cette «arrière-mur » entre les deux pays soit l’une des plus longues, dangereuses et traversées du monde, elle est aussi l’une des plus « poreuses » et de plus filmées. La problématique de cette recherche se pose sur la façon dont la frontièreentre le Mexique et les États-Unis est construite, filmiquement parlant, dans un corpus précis de films. Les travaux proposés sont : Los que se quedan (Juan C. Rulfo et Carlos Hargerman, 2008), Norteado (Rigoberto Pérezcano, 2009),également la production étasunienne, A better life (Christian Weitz, 2011). Ma recherche se fonde sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle la trilogie représente la frontière en trois étapes ou facettes de la frontière. D’un point de vue physique ougéographique, dans Los que se quedan la frontière est bien lointaine, elle est vue depuis le Sud. En revanche, dans Norteado la frontière commence à « s’approcher», jusqu'à sa traversée. Tandis que, dans A better life, la frontière estvue depuis le Nord. Le spectateur « construira » la frontière à travers un voyage migratoire, en trois degrés, trois faces et trois films. La focalisation de Los que se quedan se centre sur les témoins plutôt que sur la frontière comme espace. Norteado, se focalise sur deux aspects : la frontière comme un espace ressenti par le personnage en transit. A better life met l’accent sur les ressentiments du protagoniste face à la frontière. / The border between Mexico and the United States is known for being one of the largest, busiest and most dangerous in the world. This "barrier-wall" is not only one of the most extensive, dangerous and crossed in the world, but it is also one of the most "porous" and the most filmed. This doctoral thesis focuses on the representation of that real and imaginary border in cinema. The purpose is to study what elements are used, which ones are reoccurring and how they are related in a corpus of three films whose constants are: the trip, the wait and the failure or success of crossing the border. The corpus is framed in Those Who Remind (Los que se quedan, Juan Rulfo y Carlos C. Hargerman, 2008), Norteado (Rigoberto Pérezcano, 2009), and A Better Life (Christian Weitz, 2011). Together these movies make a kind of a circle where the border, the journey and the crossing are rewritten. Our research is founded on the hypothesis that the trilogy represents the frontier in three stages or facets. From a physical or geographical point of view, in Los que se quedan, the border is perceived as a faraway place, it is seen from the “South”. In Norteado, the border gets closer until the immigrant crosses it. Meanwhile, in A better Lifethe borderline is situated far from the geographical line: In the “North”. The trilogy shows the movement of the border through the immigrant figure, in a trip which is performed in three moments. The spectator “constructs” the border through a migratory journey in three degrees, three faces and in three films. The concentration of Los que se quedan is on the characters rather than on the frontier as a space. Norteado focuses on two aspects: the border as a geographical place and what the character feels in transit. A better Life emphasizes on how the characters feel in front of the border.

Master of Science / Department of Biology / Alice Boyle / Species extinctions over the past two centuries have mainly been caused by habitat destruction. Landscape change typically reduces habitat area, and can fragment contiguous habitat into remnant patches that are more subject to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, changes in the landscape matrix and land-use intensification within remaining natural areas can reduce habitat quality and exacerbate the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation. Accordingly, wildlife conservation requires an understanding of how landscape structure influences habitat selection. However, most studies of habitat selection are conducted at fine spatial scales and fail to account for landscape context. Temperate grasslands are a critically endangered biome, and remaining prairies are threatened by woody encroachment and disruptions to historic fire-grazing regimes. Here, I investigated the effects of habitat area, fragmentation, woody cover, and rangeland management on habitat selection by two species of declining grassland-obligate sparrows: Henslow’s Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) and Grasshopper Sparrows (A. savannarum). I conducted >10,000 bird surveys at sites located throughout eastern Kansas, home to North America’s largest remaining tracts of tallgrass prairie, during the breeding seasons of 2015 and 2016. I assessed the relative importance of different landscape attributes in determining occurrence and within-season site-fidelity of Henslow’s Sparrows using dynamic occupancy models. The species was rare, inhabited <1% of sites, and appeared and disappeared from sites within and between seasons. Henslow’s Sparrows only settled in unburned prairie early in spring, but later in the season, inhabited burned areas and responded to landscape structure at larger scales (50-ha area early in spring vs. 200-ha during mid-season). Sparrows usually settled in unfragmented prairie, strongly favored Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields embedded within rangeland, avoided trees, and disappeared from hayfields after mowing. Having identified fragmentation as an important determinant of Henslow’s Sparrow occurrence, I used N-mixture models to test whether abundance of the more common Grasshopper Sparrow was driven by total habitat area or core habitat area (i.e. grasslands >60 m from woodlands, croplands, or urbanized areas). Among 50-ha landscapes containing the same total grassland area, sparrows favored landscapes with more core habitat, and like Henslow’s Sparrows, avoided trees; in landscapes containing ~50–70% grassland, abundance decreased more than threefold if half the grassland area was near an edge, and the landscape contained trees. Effective conservation requires ensuring that habitat is suitable at spatial scales larger than that of the territory or home range. Protecting prairie remnants from agricultural conversion and woody encroachment, promoting CRP enrollment, and maintaining portions of undisturbed prairie in working rangelands each year are critical to protecting threatened grassland species. Both Henslow’s Sparrows and Grasshopper Sparrows were influenced by habitat fragmentation, underscoring the importance of landscape features in driving habitat selection by migratory birds. As habitat loss threatens animal populations worldwide, conservation efforts focused on protecting and restoring core habitat could help mitigate declines of sensitive species.

A beach conservation programme protecting nesting loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles in South Africa was started in 1963. As initial numbers of nesting females were low for both species (107 loggerheads and 24 leatherbacks) it was proposed that the protection of eggs, hatchlings and nesting females along the nesting beach would induce population growth and prohibit local extinction. Today, 50 years later, the loggerhead population exceeds 650 females per annum, whereas the leatherback population counts about 65 nesting females per year. The trend for leatherback turtles is that the population has been stable for about 30 years whereas loggerheads are increasing exponentially. Thus, this thesis investigated several life-history traits to explain the differing responses to the ongoing beach conservation programme. Reproductive output and success were assessed for both species; it was hypothesised that environmental conditions are sub-optimal for leatherback turtles to reproduce successfully. It was ascertained that nesting loggerhead females deposit larger clutches than leatherbacks (112 ± SD 20 eggs and 100 ± SD 23 eggs, respectively), but that annual reproductive output per individual leatherback female exceeds that of loggerhead turtles (±700 eggs and ±448 eggs, respectively) because they exhibit a higher intra-seasonal nesting frequency (leatherbacks n = 7 and loggerheads n = 4 from Nel et al. 2013). Emergence success (i.e. the percentage of hatchlings produced) per nest was similar for both species (loggerhead 73.6 ± SD 27.68 % and leatherback turtles 73.8 ± SD 22.70 %), but as loggerhead turtles nest in greater numbers, i.e. producing more hatchlings per year, the absolute population growth potential favours the loggerhead turtle. The second factor investigated was sex ratio because sea turtles display temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) where extreme incubation temperatures can skew the sex ratio (i.e. feminising or masculinising a clutch). It was suspected that leatherback turtles are male-biased as this is the southern-most rookery (for both species). Further, leatherback nests are generally closer to the high tide mark, which might induce a cooling effect. Standard histological techniques were applied to sex hatchlings and a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to approximate annual sex ratio. Loggerhead sex ratio (2009 - 2011) was estimated at 86.9 ± SE 0.35 % female-biased; however, sufficient replication for the leatherback population was only obtained for season 2010, which indicated a 97.1 % (95 % CI 93.3 - 98.7) female bias. Both species are, thus, highly female-biased, and current sex ratio for leatherback turtles is not prohibiting population growth. Current sex ratios, however, are not necessarily indicative of sex ratios in the past which would have induced present population growth. Thus, to account for present population growth profiles, sex ratios from the past needed to be ascertained. Annual sex ratios (1997 - 2011) were modelled from historical air and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) but no significant change over time was obtained for either loggerhead or leatherback turtles (linear regression; p ≥ 0.45). The average sex ratio over this 15-year period for the South African loggerhead turtle was approximated at 77.1 ± SE 3.36 % female-biased, whereas leatherbacks exhibited a 99.5 ± SE 0.24 % female bias. Re-analysing data from the mid-80s by Maxwell et al. (1988) also indicated a 77.4 % female bias for the South African loggerhead population. It is, therefore, highly likely that sex ratios of the South African loggerhead and leatherback sea turtle populations have been stable for at least three decades and are not accountable for the differing population growth profiles as they are displayed today. Another possibility that could explain the opposed population growth profiles is the time taken for animals to replace themselves, i.e. age at maturity. It was suspected that age at maturity for the South African loggerhead turtle is comparable with that for leatherbacks. Using data from a 30-year mutilation tagging experiment (i.e. notching), age at first reproduction for South African loggerhead females was estimated. Results ranged broadly but a mean of 36.2 ± SD 7.71 years was obtained using a Gaussian distribution. Age at reproduction of the South African leatherback turtle was not determined but the literature suggests a much younger age of 13.3 - 26.8 years (Zug & Parham 1996, Dutton et al. 2005, Avens et al. 2009, Jones et al. 2011). Therefore, population growth would favour leatherback turtles as they exhibit a much shorter generation time. Finally, it was concluded that all life-history parameters investigated favour leatherback turtles, yet loggerheads are displaying population growth. However, as there were no obvious constraints to population growth on the nesting beach, it is suspected that population growth of the South African leatherback turtle is either unobserved (due to inadequate monitoring not capturing sufficient numbers of nesting events to establish a trend) or that population growth is prohibited by some offshore factor such as industrial fisheries (or some other driver not yet identified). Monitoring should, thus, be expanded and offshore mortality monitored as the leatherback population nesting in South Africa is still critically endangered with nesting numbers dangerously low.

Drawing on the research object of migration, mostly focused on the inclusion of asylum seekers in the European Union (EU hereinafter), this Master thesis aims at measuring the attractiveness/unattractiveness of EU countries on welcoming asylum seekers in. The method used, is then, the comparison of Portugal and Spain, two similar countries, but with quite different outcomes. Furthermore, this work suggests that external factors are on the scope of forced migration, so issues as choice on the destination country, migrant networks, previous knowledge and the integration policies make a country attractive or not. The final results bring to light the interesting findings that asylum seekers coming legally to Portugal would rather live illegal anywhere else. Moreover, even though Spain appears as a relatively more "successful" country on attracting asylum applications, it also shares the same push factors as Portugal.

La démographie de l’espace sibérien constitue le cadre général de cette étude. L’analyse se concentre sur les processus migratoires et sur le rôle qu’ils jouent dans le peuplement et le dépeuplement de l’Est de la Russie. Si les statistiques officielles nous permettent de saisir à diverses échelles géographiques les tendances principales, plusieurs enquêtes de terrain, qualitatives et quantitatives sont au cœur de ce travail, menées dans deux régions de l’Est russe : le kraï de Krasnoïarsk et l’oblast de l’Amour, auprès de la population générale et d’un échantillon de migrants présents dans les deux régions d’étude et originaires d’Ukraine, d’Arménie, d’Azerbaïdjan, Kirghizistan, Ouzbékistan, Tadjikistan et Chine.Après avoir précisé les flux migratoires intrarégionaux, le processus d’exode rural, le déclin des villes secondaires et la forte attractivité des capitales régionales, l’étude portant sur l’échantillon de migrants met l’accent sur la distinction entre les temporaires et permanents, en tenant toutefois compte de l’impossibilité d’appliquer strictement un classement binaire à un phénomène complexe et fluide. Nous identifions différentes stratégies migratoires, indépendantes des statuts légaux accordés aux migrants en Russie. En tenant compte des intentions exprimées par les répondants, on est par ailleurs en mesure d’estimer le degré de conversion des temporaires en permanents, le pourcentage des étrangers ayant l’intention de s’installer à long terme en Russie et, en définitive, l’apport de l’immigration à la population des deux régions.A l’issue de cette recherche les projections démographiques permettent de réfléchir aux conséquences démographiques de différents contextes économiques et sociopolitiques de la Russie. La démarche fait ressortir une fois encore l’importance du facteur migratoire pour le devenir démographique de la Russie, ainsi que la nécessité d’un nouveau développement de l’attractivité des régions périphériques et de la Sibérie en général.Nous développons en conclusion une réflexion sur les conditions permettant un apport positif de la migration à l’économie et à la démographie sibérienne : favoriser la mobilité temporaire et à courte distance pour freiner la migration permanente de l’Est vers l’Ouest, améliorer le potentiel d’attraction des régions sibériennes en menant un réel processus de décentralisation politique et économique. Un tel processus n’est pas d’actualité, mais pourrait prendre place à moyen ou long terme. / The demographics of the Siberian area are the general framework of this study. The analysis focuses on migratory processes and the role they play in the population and depopulation of eastern Russia. Although the official statistics enable us to grasp the main trends on various geographical scales, several qualitative and quantitative field surveys are at the heart of this work, led in two regions of eastern Russia: Krasnoyarsk Krai and Amur Oblast, with the general population and a sample of migrants present in both study regions who were originally from Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China.After having described the intra-regional migratory flows, the rural exodus process, the decline of secondary cities and the strong appeal of the regional capitals, the study based on the sample of migrants places a strong emphasis on the difference between temporary and permanent migrants, yet takes into account the impossibility of strictly applying a binary classification to a complex and fluid phenomenon. We identify various migratory strategies that are independent from the legal statuses granted to migrants in Russia. Taking into account the intentions expressed by the respondents, we are able to estimate to what extent temporary migrants are converted to permanent migrants, the percentage of foreigners who intend to stay in Russia long term and give a definitive picture of immigration's contribution to the population of the two regions.At the end of this research, the demographic projections enable us to discuss the demographic consequences of various economic and socio-political contexts in Russia. The approach once again brings out the importance of the migratory factor to Russia's demographic future, as well as the need to newly develop the appeal of peripheral regions and Siberia in general.In conclusion, we discuss the conditions enabling the positive contribution of migration to the Siberian economy and demography: promoting temporary and short-distance mobility to slow down permanent migration from east to west and improving the potential for Siberian regions to attract migrants by leading a concrete political and economic decentralisation process. These processes are not yet in place, but could be implemented in the medium or long term.