Current research on girls and delinquency has brought to awareness the often stressful and traumatic lives of girls. Furthermore, the last three decades have seen an increase in the proportion of girls entering the Juvenile Justice System and an increase in the proportion of girl’s court ordered to attend military structured treatment programs. Developed with boys in mind, many researchers in the area of female delinquency believe that military structured treatment programs are less effectiveness for girls. Thus, the goal of the current study is to consider the experience of girls in a military structured residential treatment facility. Additionally, this study sought to answer the following questions posed by the administrative personnel of this program: 1) Why do staff members report more difficulties when working with the girls? 2) Why are girls more emotionally labile than boys? 3) What changes can be made to the program to increase girls’ success in the program? Participants in this study were referred to a military structured residential treatment program. At the time of the study, four girls, ages 14 to 16, participated in the study. In addition to the girls’ participation, staff members including drill instructors, program officers, teachers, health professionals, and administrative staff participated in the study. The current study utilized an ethnographic approach to explore and identify information that may be useful in better understanding the research questions. The Listening Guide Method (Brown & Gilligan, 1992) was utilized to conduct a narrative analysis of the interviews with both the girls and staff members. Results demonstrated that while in the program, services provided were uneven in both scope and quality. For example, lack of training among staff members resulted in missed opportunities to teach the girls necessary skills that would enable them to tolerate emotional distress while in the program and at home. In order to better meet the needs of the girls, it is recommended that this program strive to integrate both military and therapeutic programming, and educate and train all its staff members in the delivery of gender-responsive programming. / text

Ao longo do presente trabalho procuramos identificar algumas das linhas principais da análise realizada por Friedrich Engels a respeito das instituições militares e da guerra que permeiam parte considerável de sua produção teórica, investigando suas características particulares e o contexto onde foram produzidos. Para realizar tal tarefa tivemos em conta o tipo de discurso (prático ou teórico) e o contexto político e social em que foram escritos os seguintes textos: As reivindicações do partido comunista da Alemanha (1848), um panfleto ligado à conjuntura política da Revolução Alemã de 1848; Notas marginais sobre as táticas de massa, parte do artigo Condições e prospectos para uma guerra da Santa Aliança contra a França em 1852 (1852), um texto prospectivo quanto à futura conjuntura militar; A questão militar prussiana e o partido dos trabalhadores alemães (1865), que expõe a crítica ao programa militar prussiano ligada ao sentido da conscrição; o Diário da Guerra Franco-prussiana (1870-71), a análise de eventos militares na condição de correspondente de guerra a partir de considerações a político-militares; As táticas de infantaria derivadas de suas causas materiais (1876), o que expõe um sentido da história segundo um pressuposto materialista válido para eventos fora da economia política, no caso, de uma formação particular dos exércitos regulares, e por fim A Europa pode se desarmar? (1893), um esboço de avaliação sobre a mudança das condições políticas frente o desenvolvimento acelerado da indústria bélica e do esforço de guerra que restringiriam os pressupostos de ação democrática. A partir deste repertório realizamos o esboço a respeito da crítica engelsiana da guerra, com foco no desenvolvimento técnico das organizações militares, passando principalmente pela análise da conscrição e seus impactos na política. / Throughout this work, we identify some of the main lines of analysis made by Friedrich Engels on war and on military institutions, which permeate a considerable part of his theoretical work. Our analysis investigates particular characteristics and the context in which these texts were produced. To accomplish this task we consider the type of discourse (practical or theoretical) and the political and social context in which were written the following texts: The claims of the German Communist Party (1848), a pamphlet on the political situation of the German Revolution of 1848, the Marginal Notes on Mass Tactics, part of the article Conditions and prospects for a war of the Holy Alliance against France in 1852 (1852), a prospective text about the future military situation; The Prussian Military Question and the German Workers\' Party (1865), which exposes the criticism of Prussian military program linked to the meaning of conscription, the Notes on War (1870-71), an analysis of events from the Franco-Prussian War from the political-military point of view; Infantry tactics, derived from its material causes (1876), which elaborates a meaning of history according to a materialistic assumption valid for events outside of political economy, in this case the formation of standing armies, and lastly Can Europe disarm? (1893), a sketch of review on the changing political conditions regarding the accelerated development of the defense industry and the war effort that would restrict the assumptions of democratic action. From this repertoire we outline an engelsian criticism of war, focusing on the technical development of military techniques, passing mainly through the analysis of the conscription institution and its impact on politics.

Orientador: Marcius Cesar Soares Freire / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto dee Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T04:46:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rego_DanielaDominguesLeao_M.pdf: 933664 bytes, checksum: 4e4d086c267680f3bd8928005227dd0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é fazer uma análise das características imagéticas e sonoras que marcaram o Cine Jornal Brasileiro, realizado pelo Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda (DIP) do Estado Novo, entre 1939 e 1942. Desta forma, pretende-se focar, dentro da multiplicidade de temas que o objeto fílmico contém, um assunto que pareceu predominante nos filmes no momento em questão: a militarização do corpo1. Este tema deverá agregar outros assuntos presentes e interligálos. Na verdade, a proposta de uma temática única torna a idéia de uma unidade nacional, propagada pelo Estado Novo, mais coerente. Por isso, o tema do corpo sugere a idéia de nação posta pelo estadonovista e também agrega ideologias que estavam em voga naquele contexto histórico. Para esta última, deve-se atribuir a influência estética, mesmo que indireta, de filmes, não necessariamente do mesmo tipo, produzidos por outras nações de cunho autoritário. Estas nações esperavam, de certa forma, sua regeneração ou sua "correção", através da ordem e da disciplina. Para tanto, os princípios disciplinares que compunham a instituição militar eram os mais eficientes. Ou seja, a força, a disciplina, a higiene e a audácia, que estavam embutidas no pensamento militar, deveriam servir de exemplo para a "correção" de uma sociedade "doente". Por isso, um Estado ordeiro só poderia se constituir pela disciplina militarizada da sociedade. E é neste âmbito que o corpo em "atividade física" representou, no campo imagético, a união entre o Estado e sociedade / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to make an analysis of the image and sonorous characteristics, which marked Cine Jornal Brasileiro, a jornal produced by the Department of the Press and Propaganda (Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda - DIP) of the New State (Estado Novo) between 1939 till 1942. In this way, it is intended to focus, taking into account the multiplicity of subjects that the filmic object content, a subject that seemed predominant in the films at the moment in question, the militarization of the body.[1] This theme should add other subjects that are present and connect them. In Truth, the proposal of a one kind of thematic turns the idea of a national unity, propagated by the New State, more coherent. By that, the theme (subject) of the body suggests the idea of a nation proposed by the New State and also communicate ideologies that were in vogue in that historical context. For this idea, the aesthetic influence of the films, must be attributed, even if indirect and not necessarily of the same type, produced for other nations of authoritarian matrix. These nations wish, of a certain form, its regeneration or its correction through the order and discipline. For this, the principles to discipline that composed the military institution were most efficient. That is, the force, the discipline, the hygiene and the audacity that was inlaid in the military thought should be the example for the correction of a "sick" society. Therefore, an organized State only could be consisted by the militarized discipline of the society. And it is in this scope that the body, in "physical activity", represents in the image field the union between the State and society / Mestrado / Mestre em Multimeios

研究主旨在於探討軍紀概念的理論基礎，完成海軍軍紀指標的理論性建構，以茲作為未來在實務層面建立專業紀律評核制度之依據。本研究主要有五個研究目的：（一）就「軍紀評核制度」的完備性而言，探討「軍紀」組成構面暨發展各構面之指標項目。（二）探討這些指標項目對於評量部隊之軍紀實況的代表性和有效性。（三）探討這些指標項目對於評量部隊違反紀律所造成之影響的代表性和有效性。（四）探討這些指標項目對於區辨出軍紀事件之「肇因性質」係屬「意外」或「非意外」的代表性和有效性。（五）依據研究結果，提出具體建議，以供海軍未來擬定軍紀政策及相關學術研究之參考。 本研究為達成上述之目的，先根據文獻探討結果，建立海軍紀律指標的理論基礎，並審視國軍現行相關法規，據以演繹出「軍紀」具有生活、工作、訓練和戰鬥等四個構面。繼之運用「修正型德爾菲法」實施兩回合問卷調查，藉由專家小組反覆性意見回饋，及其對指標項目之「重要性」意見的統計結果，以及專家小組成員在意見上的「一致性」與「穩定性」的統計分析，以驗證各項指標的代表性和有效性，完成「海軍紀律指標」的理論建構。本研究指標項目總數96項，扣除無效指標4項，有效指標計有92項，其中主要指標47項，次要指標45項。 根據研究結果之統計資料分析，有以下四項之主要研究發現： （一）本研究建構之紀律指標，其中滿分指標與無效指標，這兩種極端情形均佔總數的比率極低；另外，主要指標與次要指標佔總數的比率極高，且分配情形呈現出相當的對稱性。（二）可提供未來評核紀律的專業基準。（三）軍紀指標應兼顧「質性」與「量性」指標，方能建立合理公平的評核制度。（四）著手應然面的學術研究，可提供軍隊實然面的制度改革。 / In this essay the author looks from the theoretical inquiry about the military discipline to construct the R.O.C. Navy discipline indicators. The construction is to be the base that establishing academically the system of Navy discipline examination further. There are five purposes of this research. Firstly, the purpose is to explore that the military discipline contains which dimensions and each dimension of military discipline contains which indicators, serves to develop further the system of Navy discipline examination. Secondly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if estimate accurately actual condition of army discipline. Thirdly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if estimate appropriately effects on the army that caused by discipline disobey. Fourthly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if distinguish incident from non-incident about the essentiality of causes of discipline disobey. Fifthly, in accordance with major findings to provide suggestions for improving the military discipline policy and academic investigation. For achieving the five purposes aforementioned, after reviewing some relevant references, completes the theoretical construction of the military discipline indicator. Meanwhile, after reviewing the regulations and rules of R.O.C. military discipline, deduces that military discipline contains four dimensions of life discipline、work discipline、training discipline and combat discipline. In short, there are 96 R.O.C. Navy discipline indicators deduced by theoretical construction and existing regulations. Then, expert panel constituted that consists of 10 experts whose specialty are about military discipline. Applying Modified Delphi Technique processes two times questionnaire anonymously answered by expert panel. Verifying the propriety of the constructions is based on interaction and feedback of the expert’s opinion through the two times questionnaire anonymously. After the estimation of importance、consensus and stability of 96 Navy discipline indicators, finds out that 4 indicators are irrelevant, the others are relevant. Some of the relevant indicators, including 47 indicators are first grade indicators, 45 indicators are second grade indicators. According as statistical results indicated that：(1)Those two extreme kinds of full marks indicators and irrelevant indicators are few in the constructions. Also, the percentage of the first grade indicators and the second grade indicators are high in the construction that consists of 96 indicators. Both of the indicators distribute symmetrically. (2)The findings have served to establish academically the system of Navy discipline examination further. (3)Military indicator in constructing should consider after both sides of qualitative assessment and quantitative assessment that will enable the system of Navy discipline examination to practice reasonably and equitably. (4)Academic research will contribute to revolution in military affairs of discipline examination further.

Exploring Puritanical cultural habits in the 21st century American military, the following study focuses on U.S. Army courts-martial in the Global War on Terrorism. The study uses Emile Durkheim's original sociological interpretation of crime and deviance. That interpretation is linked with responsibility as described by Durkheim's follower Paul Fauconnet in Responsibility: A Study in Sociology ([1928] 1978) and with a new cultural reading of Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ([1905] 1976). The study is an inductive, descriptive examination of the Puritanical aspects of American military culture based on its treatment of acts labeled as deviant and criminal in the Global War on Terrorism. Four sets of war crimes are included in the study: Abu Ghraib (which occurred in Iraq in 2004), Operation Iron Triangle (which occurred in Iraq in 2006), the Baghdad canal killings (which occurred in Iraq in 2007), and the Maywand District killings (which occurred in Afghanistan in 2010). My data include primary data collected through participation and observation as a consultant for courts-martial related to all the cases except Abu Ghraib. Records of trial, investigation reports, charge sheets, sworn statements, and other documentation are also included in the study as secondary data sources. The study illuminates how unconscious, Puritan cultural habits color and shape both military actions and their perceptions. I explore Puritanism and its influence on military law, responsibility, revenge, "magic" (in its sociological sense), and narcissism. The study concludes with observations and recommendations for changes in U.S. military law.