Die hypocalcämische Gebärparese, insbesondere die subklinische Hypocalcämie, die oft nicht erkannt wird und Ursache vieler sekundär auftretender Folgeerkrankungen ist, stellt in der intensiven Milchviehhaltung ein bedeutendes Problem dar. Inzwischen gibt es eine Reihe verschiedener Vorbeugungsstrategien, wobei der Einsatz von Zeolith A als Ca-Binder in der Ration gegen Ende der Trächtigkeit eine relativ neue Präventionsmöglichkeit darstellt. Da zu diesem Futterzusatzstoff noch wenige Untersuchungen, insbesondere auf Nebeneffekte vorliegen, war das Ziel dieser Studien, den Einfluss von Zeolith A in verschiedenen Dosierungen auf die Futteraufnahme, den Energiestoffwechsel, die Futterverdaulichkeit und den Ca-, Mg- und P-Stoffwechsel sowie in hohen Dosierungen auch auf den Spurenelement-stoffwechsel zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren sollte untersucht werden, wie sich Zeolith A im Verdauungstrakt hinsichtlich der Freisetzung von Al verhält. In einer ersten Studie an 46 Kühen (≥ 3. Laktation), die in zwei Gruppen unterteilt wurden, wurde Zeolith A in einer Dosierung von 90 g/kg Trockensubstanz (T) in den letzten 2 Wochen der Trächtigkeit bis zum Kalbetag in eine totale Mischration (TMR), welche zur freien Aufnahme vorgelegt wurde, eingemischt. Die Zeolith A-Zulage ante partum zeigte peripartal eine stabilisierende Wirkung auf die Ca-Konzentration im Serum (> 2 mmol/l). Der Rückgang der Häufigkeit der Hypocalcämie (< 2 mmol/l) am Tag der Kalbung lag bei 76 %. Die mittlere Mg-Konzentration im Serum war bei den Kontrolltieren am Tag der Kalbung und 1 Tag post partum signifikant höher im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Versuchsgruppe, lag aber in beiden Gruppen im physiologischen Bereich (0,75-1,30 mmol/l). Auf die Spurenelement-konzentrationen (Cu, Zn, Mn und Fe) im Plasma wurde kein Zeolith A-Effekt festgestellt. Allerdings zeigten die Zeolith A-supplementierten Kühe ante partum einen signifikanten Rückgang in der Futteraufnahme, welche in einer negativen Energiebilanz mit einem signifi-kanten Anstieg der freien Fettsäuren und des Beta-Hydroxybutyrats im Serum resultierte. Dieser Effekt hatte allerdings keine Auswirkung auf die Futteraufnahme post partum und auf die Milchleistung in den ersten 105 Tagen der Folgelaktation. Des weiteren war die mittlere Konzentration des anorganischen Phosphats (Pi) bereits 7 Tage nach Beginn der Zeolith A-Zulage signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Kontrollgruppe und lag bis zum Tag der Kalbung deutlich unter der unteren physiologischen Grenze von 1,25 mmol/l. Die zweite Studie war ein Dosis-Wirkungsversuch an 80 Milchkühen (1.-7. Laktation) mit verschiedenen Zeolith A-Dosierungen (0, 12, 23 bzw. 43 g Zeolith A/kg T TMR). Dazu wurden die Tiere ca. 4 Wochen ante partum in 4 Gruppen und für die Untersuchung des Mineralstoffwechsel noch in zwei Untergruppen (1. + 2. Laktation bzw. ≥ 3. Laktation) unterteilt. Die Tiere erhielten eine TMR ad libitum vorgelegt. In den letzten zwei Wochen erhielten die Tiere Zeolith A in die Ration eingemischt. Eine Einmischung von 43 g Zeolith A/kg T TMR zeigte auf den Ca-, Mg- und Pi-Stoffwechsel sowie auf die Futteraufnahme und den Energiestoffwechsel vergleichbare Effekte wie in der ersten Studie bei einer Zulage von 90 g/kg T TMR. Eine Zeolith A-Zulage von 23 g/kg T TMR bei einem Zeolith A/Ca-Verhältnis von 5,6:1 hatte ebenfalls noch einen stabilisierenden Effekt auf den peripartalen Ca-Stoffwechsel (> 2 mmol/l) bei Kühen ≥ 3. Laktation, jedoch ohne markanten Rückgang in der Futteraufnahme. In dieser Tiergruppe war ein Rückgang der Häufigkeit der Hypocalcämie um 71 % zu verzeichnen. Diese Tiere zeigten auch nur eine moderate Hypophosphatämie. Eine Zeolith A-Zulage von 12 g/kg T TMR zeigte dagegen keine Effekte. In einem Stoffwechselversuch an 8 doppelt fistulierten Milchkühen (Pansen und proximales Duodenum) wurde schließlich der Einfluss von Zeolith A auf verdauungsphysiologische Para-meter und den Mineralstoffwechsel, insbesondere des Phosphors im Verdauungstrakt, sowie auf die Freisetzung von Al aus dem Zeolithverband untersucht. Die Tiere erhielten Mais- und Grassilage und Kraftfutter. Es wurde 0, 10 bzw. 20 g Zeolith A/kg T über einen Zeitraum von 3 Wochen mit dem Kraftfutter verabreicht. Eine Zeolith A-Zulage führte zu einer signifikant reduzierten scheinbaren ruminalen Verdaulichkeit der T sowie der ruminal fermentierten organischen Substanz. Allerdings waren in der fäkalen Ausscheidung der Nährstoffe keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Fütterungsgruppen festzustellen. Es zeigte sich kein Effekt auf die Ca- und Mg-Verdauung. Dagegen korrelierte die Konzentration des löslichen P im Pansen signifikant negativ mit der mittleren Zeolith A-Aufnahme. Des Weiteren hatten die Kühe mit einer Zeolith A-Zulage von 20 g/kg T eine signifikant höhere fäkale Ausscheidung des Gesamtphosphors im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Kontrollgruppe. Die herabgesetzte Bio-verfügbarkeit von P resultierte in einer signifikant erniedrigten Pi-Konzentration im Serum. Gleichzeitig war eine signifikant erhöhte Konzentration des gelösten Al im Pansen und ein signifikant höherer Fluss des gelösten Al im Duodenum festgestellt worden was auf eine Instabilität des Zeolithverbands beruht. Da eine Zeolith A-Dosierung von 12 g/kg T keinen Effekt auf den Ca-Stoffwechsel und eine Dosierung 43 g/kg T unerwünschte Effekte zeigte kann anhand dieser Untersuchungen geschlussfolgert werden, dass eine Einmischung in einem Bereich von 20 bis 30 g Zeolith A/kg T TMR, was bei einer mittleren täglichen T-Aufnahme von 10 kg ca. 200 bis 300 g Zeolith A/Tier/Tag entspricht, bei einem Zeolith A/Ca-Verhältnis von 6 bis 10:1 in der Ration in den letzten 2 Wochen der Trächtigkeit zur Vorbeugung der peripartalen Hypocalcämie zu empfehlen ist, ohne dass negative Effekte auf die Tiergesundheit zu erwarten sind. / Parturient paresis is known to be a frequent problem in high-yielding dairy cows. Subclinical hypocalcemia around calving is especially of particular importance, because it often remains undetected and may cause secondary diseases. In practice different preventive methods have been established, whereas feeding of zeolite A (synthetic sodium-aluminium-silikate) as a calcium binder in the last two weeks of pregnancy is a new strategy to prevent parturient hypocalcemia. However, there exists only little information about side effects of zeolite addition. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of zeolite A, in several doses, on feed intake, energy metabolism, nutrient digestibility, as well as on calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) metabolism, and in high doses on trace element metabolism. Further, it was to investigate the mechanism of zeolite A in the gastrointestinal tract, focused on releasing aluminium (Al). In a first study with 46 cows (≥ 3rd lactation) zeolite A was tested in a dose of 90 g/kg dry matter (DM) in the last two weeks of pregnancy. Therefore the cows were divided in two groups (control and zeolite supplemented group). All cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum. The supplementation of zeolite A had a stabilising effect on Ca concentration in serum (> 2 mmol/l) around calving. The reduction of the hypocalcemia incidence (< 2 mmol/l) was 76 % on the day of calving. The Mg-concentration in serum was significantly higher for the cows without zeolite A supplementation compared to the cows of the experimental group on the day of calving and on the day after calving. However, the mean serum Mg concentration stayed in the physiological range (0.75-1.30 mmol/l) for both groups. No significant effect of the zeolite A supplementation was observed on the mean plasma concentration of trace elements (copper, zinc, manganese, iron). However, the zeolite A supplementation led to a significantly reduced feed intake ante partum, which resulted in a negative energy balance. Furthermore, non esterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum were increased significantly. However, no significant differences were observed in feed intake post partum as well as in milk yield in the first 105 days in the subsequent lactation between the two groups. Furthermore, zeolite A supplementation decreased significantly the concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in serum. Seven days after beginning zeolite A supplementation, on the day of calving, the mean Pi-concentration was considerably below the physiological limit of 1.25 mmol/l. In the second study, zeolite A was tested in several lower doses. Therefore 80 dairy cows (1st – 7th lactation) were divided into four groups in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. Additionally, the cows of each group were divided in two subgroups (1st + 2nd lactation and ≥ 3rd lactation) to determine the influence of zeolite A on mineral metabolism. All animals were fed a TMR ad libitum. In the last two weeks the cows received a daily dose of 0, 12, 23 and 43 g zeolite A/kg DM. Zeolite A supplementation of 43 g/kg DM showed comparable effects on Ca, Mg, and Pi metabolism, as well as on feed intake and energy metabolism as in the first study. For older cows (> 3rd lactation), supplementation of 23 g zeolite A/kg DM, and a zeolite A-Ca ratio of 5.6:1 resulted also in a stabilising effect on Ca metabolism (> 2 mmol/l) around calving without significant reduction of feed intake. The incidence of hypocalcemia was reduced by 71 %. The cows showed only a moderate hypophosphatemia. A zeolite A supplementation of 12 g did not have any preventive effects. In a metabolic-study with eight double fistulated dairy cows (rumen and proximal duodenum), the influence of zeolite A supplementation on several physiological parameters of digestion and on mineral metabolism, especially P in the rumino-intestinal-tract, was determined. Further releasing of Al from the zeolite structure was investigated. The cows were fed a maize/grass-silage (60:40 % based on DM) and concentrate. Several doses of zeolite A (0, 10 and 20 g/kg DM) were added to the concentrate over a period of three weeks. Zeolite A supplementation resulted in a significantly reduced ruminal digestibility of dry matter (DM) and fermentation of organic matter. No effect was observed on faecal digestion of DM and OM. Digestion of Ca and Mg in the rumino-intestinal tract was not influenced by zeolite A supplementation. However, the concentration of soluble P in rumen fluid correlated negatively with the mean zeolite A intake. The faecal excretion of total P increased significantly for cows with a zeolite A dose of 20 g/kg DM compared to the control group. The reduced bioavailability of P resulted in a significantly decreased concentration of Pi in serum. The zeolite A supplemented cows further showed a significantly higher concentration of soluble Al in rumen fluid as well as a significantly higher flow of soluble Al at the duodenum, which is a consequence of an instability of the zeolite structure. According to these results it can be concluded that a daily amount of 20 to 30 g zeolite A/kg DM, which complies a daily amount of 200 to 300 g zeolite A/cow at a daily DM intake of 10 kg, with a zeolite-Ca ratio of 6–10 to 1, for two weeks ante partum seems to be an adequate dose for reducing subclinical hypocalcemia in older cows without negative side effects on animal health. At an expected daily mean DM intake of 10 kg it is a daily amount of 200 to 300 g zeolite A/cow. A zeolite dose of 12 g/kg DM did not have any effect on Ca metabolism, and a dose of 43g/kg DM showed negative side effects.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

O Rio Grande de Sul é o estado brasileiro que tem apresentado o maior crescimento na produtividade leiteira do país. Este aumento pode, em parte, ser explicado pelas oportunidades que a produção de leite tem proporcionado em aumentar a renda por hectare melhorando as condições socioeconômicas dos envolvidos na atividade. Porém, a produção ainda se mantém aquém do esperado para o potencial genético do seu rebanho em termos de produtividade e qualidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar fatores ambientais e metabólicos que podem estar afetando a quantidade e a qualidade do leite, mediante um estudo retrospectivo que utiliza o banco de dados do controle leiteiro do SARLE-UPF, e um estudo metabólico prospectivo com vacas pertencentes a rebanhos do Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul. No primeiro estudo foram analisados 115 rebanhos que totalizaram 187.796 informações individuais de vacas da raça Holandesa em um período de seis anos (2008-2013), onde se avaliou as influências que as estações do ano, dias em lactação e número de partos acarretaram na composição e produção de leite, enquanto o segundo estudo foram analisadas 119 vacas da raça Holandesa durante o período de transição onde se avaliou os transtornos clínicos e subclínicos e seus efeitos sobre a produção e a composição do leite. O estudo retrospectivo apresenta o efeito da sazonalidade, onde no inverno obtiveram-se as maiores produções de leite e de sólidos totais. Vacas no início da lactação (6 a 60 DEL) e aquelas com dois e três partos foram as mais produtivas. O maior desafio a ser vencido é a diminuição da contagem de células somáticas que se correlacionaram negativamente com a produção e o percentual de lactose. No estudo prospectivo foram encontrados 26,9% de transtornos clínicos e 53,8% de transtornos subclínicos, sendo a hipocalcemia subclínica aquela com maior ocorrência. A produção de leite foi afetada por alguns transtornos clínicos e subclínicos e esteve associada com balanço energético negativo. A gordura láctea e o cociente G:P apresentaram-se aumentadas concomitantemente quando ocorreu aumento dos AGNE, BHB e perda acentuada de ECC. / Rio Grande de Sul is the Brazilian state with the largest increase in milk yield. This increase may be partly explained by the opportunities that dairy production has opened up for raises in income per hectare, thus improving dairy farmers’ socioeconomic conditions. However, milk yield is below expectations for the dairy herd’s genetic potential as far as productivity and quality are concerned. The aim of the present thesis is to investigate environmental and metabolic factors that may affect the quantity and quality of milk. A retrospective study based on the milk recording data obtained by the Division of Dairy Herd Analyses of Universidade de Passo Fundo (SARLE-UPF) and a metabolic prospective study in cows from the Plateau Region of Rio Grande do Sul were conducted. The first study assessed 115 herds, totaling 187,796 individual data on Holstein cows within a six-year period (2008-2013), analyzing the effects of seasons of the year, days in milk, and parity on milk composition and yield. The second study included 119 Holstein cows during the transition period, and assessed clinical and subclinical disorders and their effects on milk yield and composition. The retrospective study demonstrated the effect of seasonality, revealing that the largest productions of milk and total solids occurred in winter. Cows in early lactation (6 to 60 DIM) and those in second and third lactations were the most productive ones. The biggest challenge to be overcome rests with the reduction of somatic cell count, which is negatively correlated with yield and with lactose concentration. The prospective study detected 26.9% of clinical disorders and 53.8% of subclinical disorders, among which the highest incidence was that of subclinical hypocalcemia. Milk yield was affected by some clinical and subclinical disorders and was associated with a negative energy balance. Milk fat and the F:P ratio increased concomitantly when high levels of NEFA and BHB and remarkable loss of BCS were observed.

Two meta-analysis of effects of yeast culture and monensin in lactating dairy cows were first performed. Secondly, two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of live yeast (LY) or monensin (M) or both (LY+M) on gas production and fermentation by rumen micro-organisms in vitro in low (40 %) and high (60 %) concentrate diets of dairy cows. Rumen contents were collected from one cannulated lactating Holstein cow. Gas production was measured from 0 to 48 h of incubation. Volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were measured after 48 h. Meta-analysis of monensin indicated decrease dry matter intake (DMI) and increasing milk yield, consequently improving feed efficiency. Meta-analysis of yeast culture did not show improved performance. These results highlighted the importance of the meta-analysis as a useful tool that can be employed to both summarize effects across studies and to investigate factors explaining potential heterogeneity of response. The batch fermentation showed that in high concentrate diet, M significantly increased ammonia nitrogen, decreased acetate, but tended to increase propionate concentration (7.9, 63.2, 18.6 vs. 6.3, 66.8, 14.2 mmol/l; respectively). Addition of LY increased acetate concentration (64.2 vs 66.8 mmol/l). Supplementation with M, LY and LY+M reduced total gas production by 37.1, 22.5 and 26.9 %, respectively, compared to control at 48 h. In low concentrate diet, M and LY+M decreased and increased acetate (60.1 and 69.7 vs. 7.1 mmol/l; respectively). Adding LY and LY+M produced 8.6 % less gas, and M treatment 3.4 % more gas than the control. Overall, at 48 h, high concentrate resulted in less gas than low concentrate diets. High concentrate diets showed increased ammonia (7.9 and 6.4 vs. 5.21 and 4.7 mmol/l) decreased acetate (63.0 and 63.2 vs. 67.0 and 69.7 mmol/l) with a tendency to increased propionate (18.6 and 18.9 vs. 14.6 and 14.1 mmol/l) compared to low concentrate in M and LY+M treated diets. These results indicate that the effects of M and LY on rumen fermentation are substrate dependent, the high-concentrate diet showing the greatest response / Agriculture / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 884532 bytes, checksum: 039c5605e340fbcbeb537d2740cb30f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Data comprising 27,000 test-day milk yield (TDMY) records of 3,362 first lactations of Gyr cows calving between 1990 and 2007 were used to compare random regression models for biweekly TDMY and to evaluate persistency of lactation milk yield (PS) measures. Records were analyzed by random regression models (RRM). Random trajectories were fitted by Wilmink s (W) or Ali & Schaeffer s (AS) parametric functions. The models included the fixed effects of contemporary group (herd-year-month of test), age of cow at calving as covariate (linear and quadratic effects) and the average trend of population. Residual variances (RV) were fitted by 1, 4, 6, or 10 classes. Models were compared by Akaike s (AIC) and Schwarz s Bayesian (BIC) information criteria. The AS function used for modeling the additive genetic and permanent environmental effects with heterogeneous RV adjusted with four classes was the best fitted model. RV estimates for W were higher than RV estimates for AS. TDMY heritability estimates ranged from 0.12 to 0.32 for AS function and from 0.09 to 0.33 for W function and were larger in the first half of the lactation period. Genetic correlations decreased from near unity between adjacent TDMY to negative values between early and late lactation. The AS function used for modeling the additive genetic and permanent environmental effects with heterogeneous RV adjusted four classes (AS4) would be parsimonious to fit TDMY of Gyr cows in Brazil. The AS4 model was used to evaluate nine PS measures. Heritability estimates for persistency measures ranged from 0.09 to 0.40. Genetic correlations between persistency and 297-day milk yield (Y297) ranged from - 0.59 to -0.11. At high PS and Y297 selection intensities there were a few animals in common. A larger percentage of animals in common was selected, as the selection intensity for both traits decreased. The average predicted breeding values for Y297 by the year of birth of cows showed substantial annual increase in the Y297, supporting the effectiveness of Gyr cattle national breeding program. However, no improvement in the genetic average of persistence of lactation yield was observed. The results allow to conclude that the selection for total milk yield does not provide sires and cows that are genetically superior for persistency of lactation yield. / Com o objetivo de avaliar modelos de regressão aleatória para a produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) e comparar medidas de persistência da produção de leite (PS), foram utilizados 27.000 registros de PLDC de 3.362 primeiras lactações de vacas Gir Leiteiro paridas entre 1990 e 2007. As PLDC foram agrupadas em vinte classes quinzenais e analisadas por modelos de regressão aleatória (MRA), cujos efeitos aleatórios, genético-aditivo e de ambiente permanente, foram modelados utilizando-se as funções de Wilmink (W) ou Ali & Schaeffer (AS). O modelo incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo (rebanho-ano-mês de controle), idade da vaca ao parto como covariável (efeitos linear e quadrático) e a curva média de lactação da população. A modelagem da variância residual (VR) foi feita por meio de 1, 4, 6 ou 10 classes. As VR estimadas para o MRA utilizando a função W foram superiores àquelas estimadas pelo MRA empregando a função AS. Os modelos foram comparados pelos critérios de informação de Akaike (AIC) e Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC). O teste BIC indicou o modelo com quatro classes de VR utilizando a função AS como o de melhor ajuste aos dados. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,12 a 0,32 para a função AS e de 0,09 a 0,33 para a função W, sendo maiores ao início da lactação. As correlações entre as PLDC decresceram de valores próximos à unidade entre controles adjacentes para valores negativos entre as PLDC da primeira e duas últimas quinzenas da lactação. O MRA empregando a função AS com quatro classes de VR (AS4), dentre os modelos estudados, é uma opção parcimoniosa para o ajuste das PLDC de vacas Gir Leiteiro no Brasil. Utilizando o modelo AS4, nove medidas de PS foram avaliadas. As correlações genéticas entre as medidas de PS e a produção de leite até 297 dias (P297) variaram entre -0,59 e -0,11. Sob altas intensidades de seleção para PS e P297, poucos animais em comum foram selecionados. À medida que a intensidade de seleção para ambas as características diminuiu, uma maior percentagem de animais em comum foi selecionada. As médias dos valores genéticos preditos para P297, de acordo com o ano de nascimento das vacas, demonstraram substancial incremento genético anual na P297, confirmando a efetividade do programa de melhoramento genético nacional da raça. Em contrapartida, não se observou melhoria na média genética da persistência da produção de leite. Os resultados permitem concluir que a seleção para produção de leite total na lactação não identifica touros e vacas geneticamente superiores para persistência da produção de leite.

Resumo: Esta dissertação teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho animal e econômico da adição de níveis crescentes de torta de girassol em substituição ao farelo de girassol no concentrado para vacas leiteiras. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 0, 20, 40 e 60% de substituição do farelo pela torta. O delineamento experimental foi conduzido em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, sendo utilizados 8 animais. Avaliou-se o consumo de matéria seca total, da silagem e do concentrado, além da produção de leite. A avaliação econômica foi feita pelo método de orçamentos parciais. O consumo de matéria seca total foi de 13,46; 13,28; 14,1 e 13,47 kg/dia respectivamente para os tratamentos com 0; 20; 40 e 60% de substituição respectivamente. Para o concentrado, o consumo foi de 4,13; 3,95; 4,35 e 4,23 kg/dia respectivamente para cada tratamento. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos tanto para consumo de matéria seca total quanto para o volumoso ou concentrado. As produções médias de leite foram de 13,38; 14,00; 13,45 e 13,96 kg/dia para cada um dos tratamentos. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para a produção de leite (P>0,05). Os dados indicam, portanto que a torta pode substituir até 60% do farelo no concentrado, sem prejuízo ao desempenho dos animais. A avaliação econômica mostrou que houve aumento do custo das dietas com a inclusão da torta de girassol, contudo, no segundo cenário, em que a torta é produzida na propriedade, houve aumento da receita líquida. / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of addition of sunflower cake with growing levels of inclusion at the concentrate to dairy cows on the economics and animal performance. The levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60 % of inclusion of the sunflower cake in the concentrate constituted the treatments. The experiment was done into two 4 x 4 latine square and the number of animals used was eight. The intakes of total dry matter (TDMI) and of the silage (SDMI) or concentrate (CDMI) and the milk yield were evaluated. The economic evaluation was done by the method of Partial Budget Analysis. The TDMI was 13.46, 13.28, 14.1 and 13.47 kg/day to the treatments with 0, 20, 40 and 60 % of inclusion respectively. The intakes of dry matter of the concentrate, were 4.13, 3.95, 4.35 e 4.23 kg/day, respectively for each treatment. There were not find significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments as so to the TDMI as to the SDMI or CDMI. The milk yields to each animal were 13.38, 14.00 13.45 and 13.96 kg/day respectively with the levels 0, 20, 40 and 60% of addition of the sunflower cake. In addition, there were not find significant differences between the treatments. Than, the data showed that the sunflower cake could be used with 60% of inclusion and it didn't prejudiced the performance of the animals. The economic evaluation showed that the inclusion of the sunflower cake at the diets, considering the two cenaries, improved the costs with the diet. However, considering a second cenary, were the cake is produced at the farm, the growing of the net income with the inclusion of the cake was observed. / Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Coorientador: Maria Inez Espagnoli Martins / Banca: Paulo de Figueiredo Vieira / Banca: Armando Andrade Rodrigues / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_cc_me_jabo.pdf: 183789 bytes, checksum: f374ab7b94527568686e0c880c1a106d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho animal e econômico da adição de níveis crescentes de torta de girassol em substituição ao farelo de girassol no concentrado para vacas leiteiras. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 0, 20, 40 e 60% de substituição do farelo pela torta. O delineamento experimental foi conduzido em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, sendo utilizados 8 animais. Avaliou-se o consumo de matéria seca total, da silagem e do concentrado, além da produção de leite. A avaliação econômica foi feita pelo método de orçamentos parciais. O consumo de matéria seca total foi de 13,46; 13,28; 14,1 e 13,47 kg/dia respectivamente para os tratamentos com 0; 20; 40 e 60% de substituição respectivamente. Para o concentrado, o consumo foi de 4,13; 3,95; 4,35 e 4,23 kg/dia respectivamente para cada tratamento. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos tanto para consumo de matéria seca total quanto para o volumoso ou concentrado. As produções médias de leite foram de 13,38; 14,00; 13,45 e 13,96 kg/dia para cada um dos tratamentos. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para a produção de leite (P>0,05). Os dados indicam, portanto que a torta pode substituir até 60% do farelo no concentrado, sem prejuízo ao desempenho dos animais. A avaliação econômica mostrou que houve aumento do custo das dietas com a inclusão da torta de girassol, contudo, no segundo cenário, em que a torta é produzida na propriedade, houve aumento da receita líquida. / The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of addition of sunflower cake with growing levels of inclusion at the concentrate to dairy cows on the economics and animal performance. The levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60 % of inclusion of the sunflower cake in the concentrate constituted the treatments. The experiment was done into two 4 x 4 latine square and the number of animals used was eight. The intakes of total dry matter (TDMI) and of the silage (SDMI) or concentrate (CDMI) and the milk yield were evaluated. The economic evaluation was done by the method of Partial Budget Analysis. The TDMI was 13.46, 13.28, 14.1 and 13.47 kg/day to the treatments with 0, 20, 40 and 60 % of inclusion respectively. The intakes of dry matter of the concentrate, were 4.13, 3.95, 4.35 e 4.23 kg/day, respectively for each treatment. There were not find significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments as so to the TDMI as to the SDMI or CDMI. The milk yields to each animal were 13.38, 14.00 13.45 and 13.96 kg/day respectively with the levels 0, 20, 40 and 60% of addition of the sunflower cake. In addition, there were not find significant differences between the treatments. Than, the data showed that the sunflower cake could be used with 60% of inclusion and it didn´t prejudiced the performance of the animals. The economic evaluation showed that the inclusion of the sunflower cake at the diets, considering the two cenaries, improved the costs with the diet. However, considering a second cenary, were the cake is produced at the farm, the growing of the net income with the inclusion of the cake was observed.

O Rio Grande de Sul é o estado brasileiro que tem apresentado o maior crescimento na produtividade leiteira do país. Este aumento pode, em parte, ser explicado pelas oportunidades que a produção de leite tem proporcionado em aumentar a renda por hectare melhorando as condições socioeconômicas dos envolvidos na atividade. Porém, a produção ainda se mantém aquém do esperado para o potencial genético do seu rebanho em termos de produtividade e qualidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar fatores ambientais e metabólicos que podem estar afetando a quantidade e a qualidade do leite, mediante um estudo retrospectivo que utiliza o banco de dados do controle leiteiro do SARLE-UPF, e um estudo metabólico prospectivo com vacas pertencentes a rebanhos do Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul. No primeiro estudo foram analisados 115 rebanhos que totalizaram 187.796 informações individuais de vacas da raça Holandesa em um período de seis anos (2008-2013), onde se avaliou as influências que as estações do ano, dias em lactação e número de partos acarretaram na composição e produção de leite, enquanto o segundo estudo foram analisadas 119 vacas da raça Holandesa durante o período de transição onde se avaliou os transtornos clínicos e subclínicos e seus efeitos sobre a produção e a composição do leite. O estudo retrospectivo apresenta o efeito da sazonalidade, onde no inverno obtiveram-se as maiores produções de leite e de sólidos totais. Vacas no início da lactação (6 a 60 DEL) e aquelas com dois e três partos foram as mais produtivas. O maior desafio a ser vencido é a diminuição da contagem de células somáticas que se correlacionaram negativamente com a produção e o percentual de lactose. No estudo prospectivo foram encontrados 26,9% de transtornos clínicos e 53,8% de transtornos subclínicos, sendo a hipocalcemia subclínica aquela com maior ocorrência. A produção de leite foi afetada por alguns transtornos clínicos e subclínicos e esteve associada com balanço energético negativo. A gordura láctea e o cociente G:P apresentaram-se aumentadas concomitantemente quando ocorreu aumento dos AGNE, BHB e perda acentuada de ECC. / Rio Grande de Sul is the Brazilian state with the largest increase in milk yield. This increase may be partly explained by the opportunities that dairy production has opened up for raises in income per hectare, thus improving dairy farmers’ socioeconomic conditions. However, milk yield is below expectations for the dairy herd’s genetic potential as far as productivity and quality are concerned. The aim of the present thesis is to investigate environmental and metabolic factors that may affect the quantity and quality of milk. A retrospective study based on the milk recording data obtained by the Division of Dairy Herd Analyses of Universidade de Passo Fundo (SARLE-UPF) and a metabolic prospective study in cows from the Plateau Region of Rio Grande do Sul were conducted. The first study assessed 115 herds, totaling 187,796 individual data on Holstein cows within a six-year period (2008-2013), analyzing the effects of seasons of the year, days in milk, and parity on milk composition and yield. The second study included 119 Holstein cows during the transition period, and assessed clinical and subclinical disorders and their effects on milk yield and composition. The retrospective study demonstrated the effect of seasonality, revealing that the largest productions of milk and total solids occurred in winter. Cows in early lactation (6 to 60 DIM) and those in second and third lactations were the most productive ones. The biggest challenge to be overcome rests with the reduction of somatic cell count, which is negatively correlated with yield and with lactose concentration. The prospective study detected 26.9% of clinical disorders and 53.8% of subclinical disorders, among which the highest incidence was that of subclinical hypocalcemia. Milk yield was affected by some clinical and subclinical disorders and was associated with a negative energy balance. Milk fat and the F:P ratio increased concomitantly when high levels of NEFA and BHB and remarkable loss of BCS were observed.

Lactobacillus buchneri é um microrganismo heterolático capaz de produzir quantidades significativas de ácido acético, que tem ação anti-fúngica e melhora a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens. Além de ácido acético, silagens inoculadas com L. buchneri tipicamente apresentam maiores teores de 1-propanol. Acredita-se que este álcool estaria associado à depressão de consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação de silagens de milho com L. buchneri e da suplementação com 1-propanol no desempenho de vacas leiteiras. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP). A cultura do milho foi colhida com aproximadamente 35% de matéria seca (MS) e ensilada em bags com capacidade de 40 t. No momento da ensilagem, dois tratamentos foram impostos: controle (C) e L. buchneri 1 × 105 ufc/g (LB). Após 247 dias de armazenamento, os silos foram abertos e o ensaio de lactação foi iniciado. Vinte vacas Holandesas foram alocadas em sete Quadrados Latinos 3 × 3, com períodos de 21 dias (14 d adaptação). As dietas experimentais continham (% MS): 8% de caroço de algodão, 9,5% de polpa cítrica, 18% de farelo de soja, 9,0% de milho moído, 2,5% de premix mineral+vitaminas e 53% de silagem de milho C ou LB ou silagem de milho C + 1,0% de 1-propanol (PROP). O 1-propanol foi diluído em água (1:1) e aspergido na ração total durante a mistura, imediatamente antes da oferta das refeições. Parâmetros de fermentação e composição bromatológica das silagens foram realizadas nos períodos experimentais, assim como ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia. A taxa de desaparecimento de ácido acético, etanol e 1-propanol foram mensuradas em cada período durante a exposição das rações no cocho. O CMS, a produção e a composição de leite, a digestibilidade aparente no trato total, o comportamento ingestivo e o índice de seleção de partículas foram registrados entre os dias 15 e 21 de cada período experimental. Nos mesmos dias, foram realizadas coletas de fluido ruminal para determinação das concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis e 1-propanol e, de sangue para avaliação das concentrações de glicose e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey-Kramer (&alpha;=0,05), utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS. Os parâmetros de fermentabilidade e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. O CMS, a produção e a composição do leite também não diferiram. Entretanto, a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, foi menor para o tratamento LB. Animais alimentados com 1-propanol apresentaram maior concentração ruminal deste álcool, maior concentração sanguínea de glicose e menor de AGL. A inoculação das silagens com L. buchneri na dose 1 × 105 ufc/g não modifica a qualidade e a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho. A inoculação com L. buchneri na dose 1 × 105 ufc/g e a adição de 1-propanol na dieta não alteraram o desempenho de vacas leiteiras. / L. buchneri is a heterolactic microorganism capable of producing significant amounts of acetic acid that has antifungal action and usually increase the aerobic stability of silage. In addition, silages inoculated with L. buchneri typically exhibit higher levels of 1-propanol. There is a clame that 1-propanol is associated with decreased dry matter intake (DMI). Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of inoculating L. buchneri at corn ensiling and supplementing total mixed rations (TMR) with 1-propanol on the performance of lactating dairy cows. The experiment was conducted in the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ / USP). Corn crop was harvested at 35% DM and ensiled in farm scale bags (40 t/bag). At ensiling, treatments were: control (C) and L. buchneri 1 × 105 cfu/g (LB). After 247 d of storage, silos were opened and the lactation trial was carried out. Twenty Holstein cows housed in a Tie-stall barn were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 21 d periods (14 d adaptation). Diets contained (DM basis): 8% whole cottonseed, 9.5% citrus pulp, 18% soybean meal, 9% dry ground corn, 2.5% premix mineral + vitamins, and 53% corn silage C or LB or corn silage C + 1% of 1-propanol (PROP). The 1-propanol was diluted in water (1:1) and sprayed onto the TMR during mixing, immediately before each feeding. Silage fermentation and chemical composition were evaluatedin each period, as well as the aerobic stability. Fractional disappearance rates of ethanol, acetic acid and 1-propanol were determined in TMR during feedbunk exposure. The DMI, milk yield and composition, total tract digestibility, ingestive behavior and particle sorting index were recorded from d-15 to d-21 in each period.. In addition, rumen fluid and blood were sampled to determine the concentrations of VFA and 1-propanool, and glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), respectively. Analysis of variance was performed using the Mixed procedure of SAS and treatment means were compared by Tukey-Kramer test (&alpha; = 0.05). Silage fermentability and aerobic stability were similar between treatments. The DMI, milk yield and milk composition did not differ among treatments. However, the organic matter digestibility was lower for the treatment LB. Animals fed 1-propanol had higher ruminal concentration of this alcohol, higher blood glucose and lower blood NEFA. Inoculation of silage with L. buchneri at 1 × 105 cfu/g does not alter fermentation and is not sufficient to improve the aerobic stability of corn silages. The inoculation of silages with L. buchneri at 1 × 105 cfu/g and the supplementation of TMR with 1-propanol do not alter the performance of dairy cows.