No

In the past decades, teaching and learning has undergone rapid transformation partly because of advances in technology and access to such technology (Sung, Chang, and Liu, 2016). Mobile technologies (i.e. tablets, smartphones, and access to Internet) have become widespread, and is visible, even in the developing world (Aguayo, Cochrane, and Narayan , 2017). Mobile technologies allow for online learners to access learning resources on the go (McQuiggan, McQuiggan, Sabourin, and Kosturko, 2015). Instructional message design principles advance empirical tools aimed at producing lessons that allow for effective learning (Bishop, 2014). The purpose of this study was to develop a set of considerations for designing messages for mobile learning primarily through literature review and expert reviewers' feedback. The research methodology employed in the study is based on design and development research methodology (Richey and Klein, 2007). The study utilized Clark and Mayer's (2016) multimedia principles, Center for Universal Design's (1997) universal design for instruction (UDI) and mobile interface design best practices. Five expert reviewers with varied expertise in human computer interaction, special education, mobile learning, and instructional design were sought to review the considerations and provide feedback on its effectiveness for instructional message design. Overall the expert reviewers agreed that the considerations were effective and will be helpful to instructional designers, instructors of instructional design and content developers. They provided several helpful recommendations which were used to revise the considerations for designing content for mobile phones. / Ph. D. / In the past decades, teaching and learning has undergone rapid transformation partly because of advances in technology and access to such technology (Sung, Chang, & Liu, 2016). Mobile technologies (i.e. tablets, smartphones, and access to Internet) have become widespread, and is visible, even in the developing world (Aguayo, Cochrane, & Narayan, 2017). The Mobile technologies allow for online learners to access learning resources on the go (McQuiggan, McQuiggan, Sabourin, & Kosturko, 2015). Instructional message design principles advance empirical tools aimed at producing lessons that allow for effective learning (Bishop, 2014). The purpose of this study was to develop a set of considerations for designing messages for mobile learning primarily through literature review and expert reviewers’ feedback. The research methodology employed in the study is based on design and development research methodology (Richey & Klein, 2007). The study utilized Clark and Mayer’s (2016) multimedia principles, Center for Universal Design’s (1997) universal design for instruction (UDI) and mobile interface design best practices Five expert reviewers with varied expertise in human computer interaction, special education, mobile learning, and instructional design were sought to review the considerations and provide feedback on its effectiveness for instructional message design. Overall, the expert reviewers agreed that the considerations were effective and will be helpful to instructional designers, instructors of instructional design and content developers. They provided several helpful recommendations which were used to revise the considerations for designing content for mobile phones

Estudos indicam que a utilização de aplicativos educacionais móveis vêm crescendo continuamente, possibilitando a alunos e professores maior flexibilidade e comodidade na execução de atividades e práticas educacionais. Embora várias instituições já tenham aderido à modalidade de aprendizagem móvel (m-learning), sua adoção ainda traz problemas e desafios organizacionais, culturais e tecnológicos. Um destes problemas consiste em como avaliar adequadamente a qualidade dos aplicativos educacionais desenvolvidos. De fato, os métodos existentes para avaliação da qualidade de software ainda são muito genéricos, não contemplando aspectos específicos aos contextos pedagógico e móvel. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho apresenta o método MoLEva, desenvolvido para avaliar a qualidade de aplicativos educacionais móveis. O método tem como base a norma ISO/IEC 25000, sendo composto por: (i) modelo de qualidade; (ii) métricas; e (iii) critérios de julgamento. Para validar o método, foram realizados dois estudos de caso; o primeiro consistiu na aplicação do MoLEva para avaliar o aplicativo do ENEM; o segundo consistiu na aplicação do método para avaliação de aplicativos para o ensino de idiomas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar problemas e pontos de melhoria nos aplicativos avaliados. Além disso, os estudos de caso conduzidos forneceram bons indicativos a respeito da viabilidade de uso do método MoLEva na avaliação de aplicativos educacionais móveis. / Studies indicate that the use of mobile learning applications has grown continuously, allowing students and teachers greater flexibility and convenience in the execution of educational activities and practices. Although several institutions have already adhered to the mobile learning (m-learning) modality, their adoption still brings organizational, cultural and technological problems and challenges. One of these problems is how to adequately evaluated the quality of the mobile learning applications developed. In fact, existing methods for evaluating software quality are still very generic, not considering aspects specific to the pedagogical and mobile contexts. In this scenario, the present work presents the MoLEva method, developed to evaluate the quality of mobile learning applications. The method is based on the ISO / IEC 25000 standard, being composed of: (i) quality model; (ii) metrics; and (iii) criteria of judgment. To validate the method, two case studies were performed; the first consisted of applying MoLEva to evaluate the ENEM application; the second consisted of applying the method for evaluating applications for language teaching. From the obtained results, it was possible to identify problems and improvement points in the evaluated applications. In addition, the case studies conducted provided good indications regarding the feasibility of using the MoLEva method in evaluating mobile learning applications.

The development and use of computational applications to support teaching and learning, together with the evolution of mobile computing, have contributed significantly to the establishment of a new learning modality known as mobile learning. Despite the benefits and facilities offered by educational applications, some problems and issues they present must be addressed. Challenges associated with mobile learning are not limited to developmental aspects or technologies. We should also consider the pedagogical aspects of this kind of application. When dealing with domain-specific software, we must be concerned about domain requirements. Therefore, it is important to have expert knowledge in the requirements engineering team and, in the case of mobile learning applications projects, such knowledge come from educators, teachers and tutors. However, capturing and transferring tacit knowledge are not trivial tasks and a supporting mechanism that guides the requirements elicitation phase in mobile learning applications projects would be of major importance. Pattern languages as a method to describe tacit knowledge is acknowledged and could be used as a supporting mechanism. Patterns constitute a mechanism for capturing domain experience and knowledge to allow such experience and knowledge to be reapplied when a new problem is encountered. Similarly, pedagogical patterns try to capture expert knowledge of the practice of teaching and learning. Aiming to solve, or at least diminish, the problems associated with mobile learning and due the lack of pedagogical patterns for this purpose, this work aims to create a pedagogical pattern language to assist the requirements elicitation phase of mobile learning applications projects. In this context, a pedagogical pattern language, named MLearning-PL, was created. It is composed of 14 patterns and focuses on assisting in the definition of mobile applications in order to keep learners motivated and committed to using such applications, considering their different learning styles and an effective knowledge acquisition. Experimental studies comparing MLearning-PL to an ad hoc approach in a pedagogical problem resolution scenario were conducted. The results obtained provided preliminary evidences of the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of MLearning-PL. / O desenvolvimento e a utilização de aplicações computacionais como apoio ao ensino e aprendizagem, aliados à evolução da computação móvel, tem contribuído significativamente para o estabelecimento de uma nova modalidade de ensino conhecida como aprendizagem móvel. Neste cenário, as aplicações educacionais existentes, mesmo possuindo diversos benefícios e facilidades, apresentam problemas e desafios. Os desafios associados à aprendizagem móvel não se limitam a aspectos de desenvolvimento ou tecnologias. Deve-se, também, considerar os aspectos pedagógicos deste tipo de aplicação. Ao lidar com software específico de determinado domínio, deve-se considerar os requisitos de tal domínio. Portanto, é importante ter conhecimento especializado na equipe de engenharia de requisitos e, no caso de projetos de aplicativos de aprendizagem móvel, esse conhecimento é proveniente de educadores, professores e tutores. No entanto, capturar e transferir o conhecimento tácito não é uma tarefa trivial e um mecanismo de apoio para orientar a fase de elicitação de requisitos em projetos de aplicativos de aprendizagem móvel seria de suma importância. As linguagens de padrões são reconhecidas como método para descrever o conhecimento tácito e podem ser usadas como mecanismo de apoio. Os padrões são um mecanismo para capturar a experiência e o conhecimento do domínio para permitir que ele seja reaplicado quando um novo problema for encontrado. Da mesma forma, os padrões pedagógicos tentam capturar o conhecimento especializado da prática do ensino e da aprendizagem. Com o objetivo de resolver, ou pelo menos minimizar, os problemas associados à aprendizagem móvel e devido à falta de padrões pedagógicos para este propósito, este trabalho tem como objetivo criar uma linguagem de padrões pedagógicos para auxiliar na fase de elicitação de requisitos dos projetos de aplicações de aprendizagem móvel. Neste contexto, foi criada uma linguagem de padrões pedagógicos, denominada MLearning-PL, composta por 14 padrões e cujo foco é auxiliar na definição de aplicativos móveis de maneira a manter os apredizes motivados e comprometidos ao usar tais aplicativos, considerando seus diferentes estilos de aprendizagem e uma aquisição de conhecimento efetiva. Estudos experimentais comparando a MLearning- PL a uma abordagem ad hoc em um cenário de resolução de problemas pedagógicos foram realizados. Os resultados obtidos forneceram evidências preliminares a respeito da aplicabilidade, eficácia e eficiência da MLearning-PL.

The development and use of computational applications to support teaching and learning, together with the evolution of mobile computing, have contributed significantly to the establishment of a new learning modality known as mobile learning. Despite the benefits and facilities offered by educational applications, some problems and issues they present must be addressed. Challenges associated with mobile learning are not limited to developmental aspects or technologies. We should also consider the pedagogical aspects of this kind of application. When dealing with domain-specific software, we must be concerned about domain requirements. Therefore, it is important to have expert knowledge in the requirements engineering team and, in the case of mobile learning applications projects, such knowledge come from educators, teachers and tutors. However, capturing and transferring tacit knowledge are not trivial tasks and a supporting mechanism that guides the requirements elicitation phase in mobile learning applications projects would be of major importance. Pattern languages as a method to describe tacit knowledge is acknowledged and could be used as a supporting mechanism. Patterns constitute a mechanism for capturing domain experience and knowledge to allow such experience and knowledge to be reapplied when a new problem is encountered. Similarly, pedagogical patterns try to capture expert knowledge of the practice of teaching and learning. Aiming to solve, or at least diminish, the problems associated with mobile learning and due the lack of pedagogical patterns for this purpose, this work aims to create a pedagogical pattern language to assist the requirements elicitation phase of mobile learning applications projects. In this context, a pedagogical pattern language, named MLearning-PL, was created. It is composed of 14 patterns and focuses on assisting in the definition of mobile applications in order to keep learners motivated and committed to using such applications, considering their different learning styles and an effective knowledge acquisition. Experimental studies comparing MLearning-PL to an ad hoc approach in a pedagogical problem resolution scenario were conducted. The results obtained provided preliminary evidences of the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of MLearning-PL. / O desenvolvimento e a utilização de aplicações computacionais como apoio ao ensino e aprendizagem, aliados à evolução da computação móvel, tem contribuído significativamente para o estabelecimento de uma nova modalidade de ensino conhecida como aprendizagem móvel. Neste cenário, as aplicações educacionais existentes, mesmo possuindo diversos benefícios e facilidades, apresentam problemas e desafios. Os desafios associados à aprendizagem móvel não se limitam a aspectos de desenvolvimento ou tecnologias. Deve-se, também, considerar os aspectos pedagógicos deste tipo de aplicação. Ao lidar com software específico de determinado domínio, deve-se considerar os requisitos de tal domínio. Portanto, é importante ter conhecimento especializado na equipe de engenharia de requisitos e, no caso de projetos de aplicativos de aprendizagem móvel, esse conhecimento é proveniente de educadores, professores e tutores. No entanto, capturar e transferir o conhecimento tácito não é uma tarefa trivial e um mecanismo de apoio para orientar a fase de elicitação de requisitos em projetos de aplicativos de aprendizagem móvel seria de suma importância. As linguagens de padrões são reconhecidas como método para descrever o conhecimento tácito e podem ser usadas como mecanismo de apoio. Os padrões são um mecanismo para capturar a experiência e o conhecimento do domínio para permitir que ele seja reaplicado quando um novo problema for encontrado. Da mesma forma, os padrões pedagógicos tentam capturar o conhecimento especializado da prática do ensino e da aprendizagem. Com o objetivo de resolver, ou pelo menos minimizar, os problemas associados à aprendizagem móvel e devido à falta de padrões pedagógicos para este propósito, este trabalho tem como objetivo criar uma linguagem de padrões pedagógicos para auxiliar na fase de elicitação de requisitos dos projetos de aplicações de aprendizagem móvel. Neste contexto, foi criada uma linguagem de padrões pedagógicos, denominada MLearning-PL, composta por 14 padrões e cujo foco é auxiliar na definição de aplicativos móveis de maneira a manter os apredizes motivados e comprometidos ao usar tais aplicativos, considerando seus diferentes estilos de aprendizagem e uma aquisição de conhecimento efetiva. Estudos experimentais comparando a MLearning- PL a uma abordagem ad hoc em um cenário de resolução de problemas pedagógicos foram realizados. Os resultados obtidos forneceram evidências preliminares a respeito da aplicabilidade, eficácia e eficiência da MLearning-PL.

Estudos indicam que a utilização de aplicativos educacionais móveis vêm crescendo continuamente, possibilitando a alunos e professores maior flexibilidade e comodidade na execução de atividades e práticas educacionais. Embora várias instituições já tenham aderido à modalidade de aprendizagem móvel (m-learning), sua adoção ainda traz problemas e desafios organizacionais, culturais e tecnológicos. Um destes problemas consiste em como avaliar adequadamente a qualidade dos aplicativos educacionais desenvolvidos. De fato, os métodos existentes para avaliação da qualidade de software ainda são muito genéricos, não contemplando aspectos específicos aos contextos pedagógico e móvel. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho apresenta o método MoLEva, desenvolvido para avaliar a qualidade de aplicativos educacionais móveis. O método tem como base a norma ISO/IEC 25000, sendo composto por: (i) modelo de qualidade; (ii) métricas; e (iii) critérios de julgamento. Para validar o método, foram realizados dois estudos de caso; o primeiro consistiu na aplicação do MoLEva para avaliar o aplicativo do ENEM; o segundo consistiu na aplicação do método para avaliação de aplicativos para o ensino de idiomas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar problemas e pontos de melhoria nos aplicativos avaliados. Além disso, os estudos de caso conduzidos forneceram bons indicativos a respeito da viabilidade de uso do método MoLEva na avaliação de aplicativos educacionais móveis. / Studies indicate that the use of mobile learning applications has grown continuously, allowing students and teachers greater flexibility and convenience in the execution of educational activities and practices. Although several institutions have already adhered to the mobile learning (m-learning) modality, their adoption still brings organizational, cultural and technological problems and challenges. One of these problems is how to adequately evaluated the quality of the mobile learning applications developed. In fact, existing methods for evaluating software quality are still very generic, not considering aspects specific to the pedagogical and mobile contexts. In this scenario, the present work presents the MoLEva method, developed to evaluate the quality of mobile learning applications. The method is based on the ISO / IEC 25000 standard, being composed of: (i) quality model; (ii) metrics; and (iii) criteria of judgment. To validate the method, two case studies were performed; the first consisted of applying MoLEva to evaluate the ENEM application; the second consisted of applying the method for evaluating applications for language teaching. From the obtained results, it was possible to identify problems and improvement points in the evaluated applications. In addition, the case studies conducted provided good indications regarding the feasibility of using the MoLEva method in evaluating mobile learning applications.

<p>This research investigates mobile learning effectiveness in higher education. Mobile learning is composition of two words Mobile and Learning. In simple words mobile learning is mobility of learners by using mobile technologies in learning environment. Many researches addressed mobile learning but few of them covered mobile learning effectiveness. This study explores mobile learning effectiveness with the help of learning theories and models. Behaviorist, cognitive, humanistic, situational, and mobile learning theories are discussed that elaborate social, psychological, and philosophical aspects of learning.  Detailed evolution of learning is also part of this report that covers the literature of distance learning, electronic learning as well as formal and informal learning. Three effective learning models are taken in consideration: the Garrison’s Community of Inquiry, the Swan’s Interactivity and Online Learning, and the Danaher and his colleagues’ model of mobile learning and teaching evaluation model. Danaher’s model is selected as a conceptual framework of the study that is composed of three elements that are engagement, presence and flexibility. Engagement is the active participation of the learner in learning activities. Presence means being there, physically or mentally, in learning activity or place. Flexibility is how easy and facilitative the system is for teachers and students. These three elements are used to determine mobile learning effectiveness.  Survey method was used as our research approach. Empirical data was collected from Linnaeus University (prev. Växjö University) Sweden, by using two separate questionnaires for students and teachers. Collected data was analyzed with respect to learning theories and the theoretical model. The result reveals the potential of mobile learning as an effective mode of learning in terms of engagement and presence but flexibilty approved to be weaker in mobile learning.</p>

The article considers three main aspects of developing mobile learning for serious learning scenarios at universities and further educational training sectors. The first is about getting in touch with mobile learning in general and analysing actual e-learning-systems at the Technische Universität Dresden. The second aspect focuses on micro learning as a potential didactical approach. Having a look on prototyping pitfalls and problems will complete the introduction. For discussing the presented issues concerning technical, didactical, learning and teaching problems there will be a workshop session with three round tables using the worldcafé method.

This research investigates mobile learning effectiveness in higher education. Mobile learning is composition of two words Mobile and Learning. In simple words mobile learning is mobility of learners by using mobile technologies in learning environment. Many researches addressed mobile learning but few of them covered mobile learning effectiveness. This study explores mobile learning effectiveness with the help of learning theories and models. Behaviorist, cognitive, humanistic, situational, and mobile learning theories are discussed that elaborate social, psychological, and philosophical aspects of learning.  Detailed evolution of learning is also part of this report that covers the literature of distance learning, electronic learning as well as formal and informal learning. Three effective learning models are taken in consideration: the Garrison’s Community of Inquiry, the Swan’s Interactivity and Online Learning, and the Danaher and his colleagues’ model of mobile learning and teaching evaluation model. Danaher’s model is selected as a conceptual framework of the study that is composed of three elements that are engagement, presence and flexibility. Engagement is the active participation of the learner in learning activities. Presence means being there, physically or mentally, in learning activity or place. Flexibility is how easy and facilitative the system is for teachers and students. These three elements are used to determine mobile learning effectiveness.  Survey method was used as our research approach. Empirical data was collected from Linnaeus University (prev. Växjö University) Sweden, by using two separate questionnaires for students and teachers. Collected data was analyzed with respect to learning theories and the theoretical model. The result reveals the potential of mobile learning as an effective mode of learning in terms of engagement and presence but flexibilty approved to be weaker in mobile learning.

Mobiltelefoner används i dagsläget knappt som lärverktyg i matematikundervisningen trots att den digitala tekniken är en stor del av det svenska samhället. Genom mobile learning ges elever möjlighet att utnyttja mobiltelefonen som lärverktyg både i formella och informella sammanhang. Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om huruvida lärare ser mobiltelefonen som ett potentiellt lärverktyg i grundskolans tidigare år. Studien besvarar frågor om elva lärares inställning till och kunskap om mobiltelefonen, vad de ser som möjligheter och svårigheter med verktyget samt deras syn på mobile learning i utomhusmatematik. För att besvara dessa frågor används kvalitativa intervjuer och teorierna Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge och Radical-local teaching and learning. Resultatet visar att lärare generellt är positivt inställda till mobiltelefonen som lärverktyg och mobile learning, dock i olika utsträckning. Utifrån resultatet kan slutsatsen dras att lärare behöver fortbildning för att bli mer förtrogna med mobiltelefonens användning som lärverktyg i matematikämnet. / Cellphones are currently barely used as a learning tool in mathematics education, even though digital technology is a large part of the Swedish society. Through mobile learning, students are given the opportunity to use the cellphone as a learning tool in both formal and informal contexts. The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about whether eleven teachers see the cellphone as a potential learning tool in the previous years of primary school. The study answers teachers' attitudes to and knowledge of the cellphone, what they see as opportunities and difficulties with the tool and their view of mobile learning in outdoor mathematics. To answer these questions, qualitative interviews and the theories Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge and Radical-local teaching and learning are used. The results show that the teachers in general are positive to the cellphone as a learning tool and the concept of mobile learning, but in varying degrees. Based on the results, it can be concluded that teachers need further training to become more confident to use cellphones as a learning tool in the subject of mathematics.