In this study, experimental modal analysis was studied. Experimental modal analysis includes modal testing, modal parameter estimation and calibration. For this purpose a 4 span skewed steel frame was constructed in Structural Mechanics Laboratory of Civil Engineering Department of METU. The model was transported to Vibration and Acoustic Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department of METU. The tests were conducted by cooperation with Vibration and Acoustics Laboratory. Due to lack of experimental modal analysis software in Structural Mechanics Laboratory, modal parameter estimation and finite element updating softwares were written in Matlab platform. The written softwares were executed on the data obtained from modal testing. 15 reasonable modes are extracted from the FRFs that are obtained from modal testing. 59.23 percent consistency is found for the nominal modal comparison. At the end of calibration process 76.14 percent consistency is achieved between the experimental results and analytical results.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 3354442 bytes, checksum: 532efa08cfa28b912005d769b2265b38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Temporary grandstands are structures subjected to dynamic loading. This is mainly due to the type of use they are subjected. Vibration problems were detected in these structures and occurrences of accidents have been reported. In this sense, it is necessary to study and identify dynamic characteristics of grandstand components, in order to develop numerical models that can be used for a better understanding of issues linked to comfort and safety of these structures. The numerical model of this type of structure for vibration analysis enables the design to be analyzed with respect to natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structure, avoiding possible effects of resonance with the excitation due to the public. The objective is to develop and adjust numerical models of a temporary grandstand for the characterization of numerical-experimental behaviour in relation to natural frequencies. A temporary grandstand with a capacity of about 96 people was assembled in the laboratory. Previous studies of structural components are used and supplemented with tests and numerical modeling. Modal tests were performed to characterize the structure and calibrate the numerical models. Such models were developed with different degrees of refinement in order to obtain a comparison of the effect of simplifications while modeling the structure. The study provides knowledge about the development of more accurate numerical models of this type of structure, enabling diagnostic of dynamic behavior in use, with guidelines on the level of refinement that should be adopted to model this type of structure. / Estruturas de arquibancadas temporárias estão sujeitas a carregamentos dinâmicos. Isto se deve principalmente ao tipo de uso a que são submetidas. Problemas de vibração foram detectados nestas estruturas e ocorrência de acidentes vêm sendo registradas. Neste sentido, faz-se necessário estudo e identificação das características dinâmicas dos componentes que constituem as estruturas de arquibancadas temporárias, de forma a elaborar modelos numéricos que possam ser utilizados para melhor entendimento de aspectos associados ao conforto e segurança destas estruturas. O modelo numérico deste tipo de estrutura, para análise de vibração, possibilita a análise quanto às freqüências naturais e as formas modais da estrutura, evitando possíveis efeitos de ressonância com a excitação do público. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e ajustar modelos numéricos de arquibancada temporária com vista à caracterização do comportamento numérico-experimental no que se refere às freqüências naturais. Para tanto, uma arquibancada temporária em estrutura metálica com capacidade de aproximadamente 96 pessoas foi montada em laboratório. Estudos prévios com componentes da estrutura são aproveitados e complementados com a realização de novos testes e modelagens numéricas. Testes modais foram realizados para caracterização da estrutura e calibração de modelos numéricos. Tais modelos foram desenvolvidos com graus de refinamentos diferentes, de forma a se obter uma comparação do efeito de simplificações na modelagem da estrutura. O estudo possibilita aprofundar o conhecimento quanto ao desenvolvimento de modelos numéricos mais precisos deste tipo de estrutura, viabilizando diagnósticos do comportamento dinâmico em uso, com diretrizes quanto ao nível de refinamento que se deve adotar ao modelar este tipo de estrutura.

In the design of a railway bridge that is meant for train speeds larger than 200 km/h, the Swedish Traffic Administration requires a dynamic analysis in addition to the conventional static design. The models used for static design may not always be suitable for dynamic analysis, which could lead to inaccurate estimations of the dynamic response. The reason for this is a limited knowledge of the actual structural dynamic behaviour of bridges, which is why a hydraulic bridge exciter has been developed. With this device, smaller bridges can be excited in a load- or displacement-controlled manner under variable frequency and load. By having known inputs, the bridges’ dynamic properties can be evaluated using experimental modal analysis. A finite element model of the double tracked railway bridge Pershagen was created in order to plan a pilot test of the bridge exciter. The influence of the load amplitude and sweep rate was evaluated. A theoretically optimal excitation position was also investigated in order to excite as many eigenmodes as possible from one position during the pilot test. Based on these results, a pilot test was performed on the Pershagen Bridge. The dynamic properties of the bridge were evaluated based on the results from the test. From the pilot test it could be concluded that the load amplitude had a direct influence on the dynamic properties of the bridge, hence the dynamic behaviour is non-linear. The 1st vertical bending mode and its dynamic properties could also be identified. / Då en järnvägsbro som är avsedd för tåghastigheter över 200 km/h ska dimensioneras ställs det krav av Trafikverket att en dynamisk analys av bron skall utföras, utöver konventionell statisk dimensionering. De bromodeller som används för statisk analys är dock inte alltid lämpliga för dynamisk analys, vilket kan leda till felaktiga skattningar gällande den dynamiska inverkan. Anledningen till detta är att kunskapen om broars dynamiska egenskaper är begränsade, och av denna anledning har en lastexciterare utvecklats. Med hjälp av denna anordning kan mindre broar exciteras med kontrollerad last eller förskjutning under variabel frekvens och last. Då dessa input-parametrar är kända kan broars dynamiska egenskaper utvärderas genom experimentell modal analys. En finit element-modell av den tvåspåriga järnvägsbron vid Pershagen har skapats för att kunna planera ett pilottest av lastexciteraren. Svephastigheten och lastamplituden har analyserats. En teoretiskt optimal exciteringsposition har utvärderats för att excitera största möjliga antal moder från en och samma position under pilottestet. Utifrån dessa resultat utfördes ett pilottest på bron vid Pershagen, där brons dynamiska egenskaper utvärderades utifrån resultaten. Från pilottestet kunde en slutsats dras om att lastamplituden hade en direkt inverkan på de dynamiska egenskaperna, vilket betyder att det dynamiska beteendet är olinjärt. Den första vertikala böjmoden och dess dynamiska egenskaper kunde också fastställas.

Structures made of the thermoplastic polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are widely used in dynamically-loaded applications due to their high-temperature resistance and high mechanical properties. To design these dynamic applications, in addition to the well-known stiffness and strength properties the vibration-damping properties at the given frequencies are required. Depending on the application, frequencies from a few hertz to the ultrasonic range are of interest here. To characterize the frequency-dependent behavior, an experimental approach was chosen and applied to a sample polymer PEEK. The test setup consists of a piezoelectrically driven base excitation of the polymeric specimen and the non-contact measurement of the velocity as well as the surface temperature. The beam’s bending vibrations were analyzed by means of the Timoshenko theory to determine the polymer’s storage modulus. The mechanical loss factor was calculated using the half-power bandwidth method. For PEEK and a considered frequency range of 1 kHz to 16 kHz, a storage modulus between 3.9 GPa and 4.2 GPa and a loss factor between 9 103 and 17 103 were determined. For the used experimental parameters, the resulting mechanical properties were not essentially influenced by the amplitude of excitation, the duration of excitation, or thermal degrad.ation due to self-heating, but rather slightly by the clamping force within the fixation area.

Gurtförderanlagen werden im Bergbau und anderen Industriezweigen zum Transport von Schüttgütern eingesetzt. Der Anlagenbetrieb ist mit Geräuschemissionen verbunden. Dies kann bei Kontrolle und Wartung eine erhöhte Lärmbelastung für betroffene Mitarbeiter hervorrufen. Im Umfeld von Wohnbebauungen oder schutzbedürftigen Objekten kann die Überschreitung von Immissionsrichtwerten zu einer zeitlichen Betriebseinschränkung der hocheffizienten Anlagen führen. Zur Lärmminderung an der Quelle oder deren Nähe erfordert dies technische Schallschutzmaßnahmen. Die Tragrollen im Obertrum der Gurtförderanlagen sind bei der akustischen Wirkung von entscheidender Bedeutung. Mit einem Prüfstand für Tragrollen ist deren Schallleistung bei unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten bestimmbar. Die Ergebnisse lassen Rückschlüsse auf die mechanische Belastung und die Schallemission beim Betrieb in einer Förderanlage zu. Die Arbeit benennt die Ursachen der Geräuschemissionen beim Ablauf der Rollen und stellt diese in Verbindung mit den Eigenschaften der Oberfläche und der Außermittigkeit der Drehachse dar. Die Prüfung beider Parameter basiert auf einer Rundlaufmessung. Die gewonnenen winkelabhängigen Daten erlauben eine Berechnung der Exzentrizität der Drehachse und des Verlaufs der Kreisformabweichung auf dem Rollenmantel. Daraus abgeleitete Kennwerte dienen als Vorgaben zur Anpassung und Entwicklung von Herstellungsverfahren sowie zur gezielten Auswahl geräuscharmer Tragrollen für Gurtförderanlagen. / Belt conveyor systems are used in mining operations and other industry sectors to transport bulk material. The plant operation is being linked to noise emissions. During inspections and maintenance this can cause an increased noise exposure for affected employees. In the environment of residential buildings or areas in need of protection the exceedance of immission guideline values can lead to a temporary operational limitation of these highly efficient plants. Noise abatement measures primarily at the source or in the vicinity are required to reduce noise immission. The idlers on the carrying belt side of the belt conveyor systems are of crucial importance to the acoustical properties. Their sound power level is determinable at different belt speeds with a test stand for idlers. The results allow conclusions about the mechanical stress and sound emissions during operation in a belt conveyor system. The thesis identifies the sources of noise during the roll process and places them in conjunction with the properties of the surface and the centre offset of the axis. The examination of these two parameters is based on a total indicator reading (TIR) measurement. The angle-dependent data obtained allow a calculation of the eccentricity of the axis and the curve of the circular deviation of the roller tubes. Therefrom derived characteristic values serve as specifications for the adaptation and development of manufacturing processes as well as for a careful selection of low noise idlers for belt conveyors.

Gurtförderanlagen werden im Bergbau und anderen Industriezweigen zum Transport von Schüttgütern eingesetzt. Der Anlagenbetrieb ist mit Geräuschemissionen verbunden. Dies kann bei Kontrolle und Wartung eine erhöhte Lärmbelastung für betroffene Mitarbeiter hervorrufen. Im Umfeld von Wohnbebauungen oder schutzbedürftigen Objekten kann die Überschreitung von Immissionsrichtwerten zu einer zeitlichen Betriebseinschränkung der hocheffizienten Anlagen führen. Zur Lärmminderung an der Quelle oder deren Nähe erfordert dies technische Schallschutzmaßnahmen. Die Tragrollen im Obertrum der Gurtförderanlagen sind bei der akustischen Wirkung von entscheidender Bedeutung. Mit einem Prüfstand für Tragrollen ist deren Schallleistung bei unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten bestimmbar. Die Ergebnisse lassen Rückschlüsse auf die mechanische Belastung und die Schallemission beim Betrieb in einer Förderanlage zu. Die Arbeit benennt die Ursachen der Geräuschemissionen beim Ablauf der Rollen und stellt diese in Verbindung mit den Eigenschaften der Oberfläche und der Außermittigkeit der Drehachse dar. Die Prüfung beider Parameter basiert auf einer Rundlaufmessung. Die gewonnenen winkelabhängigen Daten erlauben eine Berechnung der Exzentrizität der Drehachse und des Verlaufs der Kreisformabweichung auf dem Rollenmantel. Daraus abgeleitete Kennwerte dienen als Vorgaben zur Anpassung und Entwicklung von Herstellungsverfahren sowie zur gezielten Auswahl geräuscharmer Tragrollen für Gurtförderanlagen.:1 Veranlassung und Bedeutung des Themas 2 Stand der Technik und des Wissens 3 Weiterentwicklung von Methoden zur Erfassung der Geräuschemission an Gurtförderanlagen 4 Entwicklung und Aufbau eines Prüfstandes zur Beschreibung der akustischen Eigenschaften von Tragrollen 5 Mathematische Modellierung zur Aufnahme geometrischer Rundlaufeigenschaften von Tragrollen 6 Technikums- und Feldversuche zur Validierung des mathematischen Modells und der akustischen Wirkung 7 Schlussfolgerungen zur Geräuschminderung an Förderanlagen / Belt conveyor systems are used in mining operations and other industry sectors to transport bulk material. The plant operation is being linked to noise emissions. During inspections and maintenance this can cause an increased noise exposure for affected employees. In the environment of residential buildings or areas in need of protection the exceedance of immission guideline values can lead to a temporary operational limitation of these highly efficient plants. Noise abatement measures primarily at the source or in the vicinity are required to reduce noise immission. The idlers on the carrying belt side of the belt conveyor systems are of crucial importance to the acoustical properties. Their sound power level is determinable at different belt speeds with a test stand for idlers. The results allow conclusions about the mechanical stress and sound emissions during operation in a belt conveyor system. The thesis identifies the sources of noise during the roll process and places them in conjunction with the properties of the surface and the centre offset of the axis. The examination of these two parameters is based on a total indicator reading (TIR) measurement. The angle-dependent data obtained allow a calculation of the eccentricity of the axis and the curve of the circular deviation of the roller tubes. Therefrom derived characteristic values serve as specifications for the adaptation and development of manufacturing processes as well as for a careful selection of low noise idlers for belt conveyors.:1 Veranlassung und Bedeutung des Themas 2 Stand der Technik und des Wissens 3 Weiterentwicklung von Methoden zur Erfassung der Geräuschemission an Gurtförderanlagen 4 Entwicklung und Aufbau eines Prüfstandes zur Beschreibung der akustischen Eigenschaften von Tragrollen 5 Mathematische Modellierung zur Aufnahme geometrischer Rundlaufeigenschaften von Tragrollen 6 Technikums- und Feldversuche zur Validierung des mathematischen Modells und der akustischen Wirkung 7 Schlussfolgerungen zur Geräuschminderung an Förderanlagen