The goal of this thesis was to propose algorithms for procedural generation of realistic three-dimensional tree models and implement them as a library. This library uses a set of 92 mostly numerical parameters as an input and enables to export generated model into 3DS or OBJ file. It's an objective library, written in C++ language and designed mainly for MS Windows platform. Proposed algorithms are able to generate specific biologic species of broadleaf and coniferous trees.

Background and objectives: The control of anchorage is integral to successful orthodontic treatment. The objective of this research was to undertake three related projects to evaluate methods of increasing anchorage with the aim of adding to orthodontic knowledge and improve methods of treatment delivery. Methods: Two Cochrane systematic reviews were undertaken according to the methods published in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.1.0. The influence of functional appliances on tooth position and the extraction decision was performed as a retrospective study using participants from a completed multicentre randomized trial. Results: 1- Statistically and clinically significant differences were found between the mean values of distal molar movement when surgical anchorage and conventional anchorage were compared. 2- Statistically significant differences were found between the mean values of distal molar movement and mesial upper incisor movement when intraoral distalising appliances and cervical headgear were compared.3- Fixed and removable functional appliances are equally effective in anchorage preparation. The type of functional appliance and time spent in Phase I treatment influenced the amount of lower incisor proclination. Conclusions: 1- Surgical anchorage is more effective than headgear without the inherent risks and compliance issues. However, intraoral appliances used in adolescence for distalisation of upper molars do not appear to have any advantages over cervical headgear. 2- Functional appliances reduce the anchorage requirements of a case primarily by reduction of the overjet, both fixed and removable functional appliances are equally effective in obtaining this. However, fixed functional appliances result in greater lower incisor proclination than removable functional appliances. 3- The type of functional appliance (removable or fixed) does not influence the extraction decision, however, this is influenced by overall space requirements.

This diploma thesis deals with geometrical surfaces and their engineering aplications. The teoretic parts are focused on the definitions of basic concepts and mathematical descriptions of curves, surfaces and trans- formations. Further, the classification of geometrical surfaces is described as well as examples of their usage in technical practice with deep focus on screws, tools, gears and other parts of machines. The last part describes cre- ation process of four models for education. We used 3D printing technology and 3D modeling in Rhinoceros 3D software for the production of these mo- dels. Source codes and files with the 3D models can be found in electronic attachment. The thesis also includes photographic attachment with pictures of created models. 1

Los medios fracturados de baja permeabilidad (MFBP) pueden definirse como una matriz impermeable atravesada por una cantidad mayor o menor de fracturas conductivas. La experiencia indica que la mayor parte del flujo circula solo por unas pocas de estas fracturas, característica que marca el comportamiento del medio. Por esto, es necesario caracterizar estas fracturas para comprender el sistema.Desgraciadamente, no existe una metodología ampliamente aceptada para ello, en este contexto el objetivo de esta tesis es triple:1. Definir una metodología para modelar este tipo de medios 2. Explicar cómo la modelación explícita de las principales fracturas ayuda a explicar el efecto escala.3. Aplicar esta metodología a dos casos reales: FEBEX en Grimsel y Mina Ratones en Cáceres.La tesis está formada por tres artículos independientes pero complementarios, que se describen a continuación.En el primero se presenta la metodología para identificar las fracturas hidráulicamente más importantes. El método se basa en la interpretación de los ensayos de interferencia, y se apoya en los datos de geología, geofísica y ensayos hidráulicos. La metodología se ha aplicado en la caracterización hidrogeológica del bloque granítico que rodea al experimento FEBEX, en Suiza. La caracterización de este medio comienza por la identificación geométrica de las fracturas, basada en datos geológicos y geofísicos. Los ensayos hidráulicos de sondeo único ayudan a descartar aquellas fracturas no transmisivas, pero las conectividades entre puntos y la extensión de las fracturas se realiza mediante ensayos de interferencia. La geometría resultante se reproduce con un modelo 3D, donde los planos de fractura se representan con elementos 2D incluidos en la matriz 3D (matriz más fracturación menor). Los parámetros hidráulicos se obtienen de la interpretación conjunta de todos los ensayos de interferencia con modelos numéricos 3D, utilizando técnicas de calibración y ajustando todas las medidas simultáneamente. Siguiendo la misma metodología se ha podido reproducir los niveles en estacionario e incluso cuantificar el flujo de agua hacia la zona experimental de la galería FEBEX.Una característica de los MFBP es que al aumentar el volumen de roca ensayado, la conductividad hidráulica equivalente obtenida aumenta. En el entorno de la galería FEBEX se han llevado a cabo diferentes tipos de ensayos hidráulicos (pulsos, recuperación, interferencia, etc.). Estos ensayos se han interpretado utilizando métodos convencionales, en los que se asume que el medio es homogéneo, y las conductividades hidráulicas obtenidas como resultado muestran un efecto de escala (aumentan en órdenes de magnitud con el volumen de roca ensayado). El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que este efecto de escala refleja las limitaciones de la conductividad hidráulica equivalente derivada de la interpretación de los ensayos con modelos homogéneos. Para alcanzar este objetivo se ha utilizado la metodología descrita en el artículo anterior. En resumen, el modelo final es coherente con todas las medidas tomadas a diferentes escalas. La mayor parte de los ensayos a pequeña escala se han realizado en intervalos situados en matriz, esto hace que la conductividad hidráulica equivalente promedio sea pequeña. Al aumentar la escala el ensayo afecta a más fracturas, con lo que aumenta la conectividad del sistema haciendo que la conductividad hidráulica equivalente aumente. Finalmente, la metodología propuesta se aplica a la caracterización hidráulica de la mina de uranio "Los Ratones". Para verificar que la caracterización hidráulica ha sido satisfactoria, se ha realizado la predicción a ciegas de un bombeo a gran escala desde la mina. Los resultados obtenidos con esta simulación muestran unos buenos ajustes de los puntos de observación al bombeo desde la mina. Esto confirma la robustez y fiabilidad del modelo, y por lo tanto de la metodología utilizada. / Low permeability fractured media (LFFM) can be viewed as consisting of a virtually impervious matrix transversed by more or less conductive fractures. Experience dictates that a few of these concentrate most of the flow, this controlling the overall behaviour of the medium. Therefore, they need to be characterized for proper understanding of the system. Unfortunately, no widely accepted methodology is available to this end. In this context the objective of this thesis is three fold: 1. Define a methodology to model this type of media. 2. Explain how the explicit modeling of hydraulically dominant fracture helps in explaining scale effects.3. Apply the methodology to two real case studies: the FEBEX at Grimsel and the Ratones mine.The thesis consists of three independent but complementary papers. They are described below.First, I present a methodology to identify the most significant water conductive fractures. The method is based on the interpretation of cross-hole tests, and is supported by geology, geophysics and hydraulic data. This methodology has been applied to the hydrogeological characterization of a granitic block within FEBEX experiment, Switzerland. Characterising this medium starts by achieving a geometrical identification of the fractures, which demands mainly geological and geophysical data. Single borehole hydraulic tests help in neglecting those transmissive fractures, but the only means to assess the connectivity between points and the fractures extent consists of conducting cross-hole tests. The resulting geometry is later implemented into a 3D finite element mesh, where the fractures are simulated as 2D elements that are embedded into a 3D porous media that includes the effect of minor fractures. Hydraulic parameters have been obtained from the joint interpretation of cross-hole tests with 3D numerical models, using automatic calibration techniques and adjusting all the measurements simultaneously. This methodology has proved capable of reproducing steady state heads, and also of quantifying groundwater flow to the experimental area of the FEBEX tunnel.Different types of hydraulic tests (pulse, recovery, cross-hole and tunnel inflow measurements) have been performed in low permeability fractured granite around the FEBEX tunnel in Grimsel (Switzerland). We have interpreted the tests using conventional methods that treat the medium as a homogeneous one. Results display scale effects. Hydraulic conductivities increase, by orders of magnitude, with the volume of rock tested (from pulse to cross-hole tests). The objective of our work is to show that this scale effect is apparent. It reflects the limitations of the equivalent hydraulic conductivity derived from the homogeneous model interpretation of the tests.For this purpose, we have used the methodology described in the first paper. In summary, the final model is consistent with all the relevant measurements, taken at different support scales. This provides some insight into the issue of scale effects, which has been a topic of debate in the literature. In essence, the majority of small scale tests are performed in matrix intervals. Thus, any averaging of these values would suggest relatively small effective permeability. Yet large scale permeability of the rock is controlled by a few fractures, which provide high connectivity to the system, but are intersected by few testing intervals. As a result, large scale permeability is qualitatively different and quantitatively larger than small scale permeability.Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to the hydraulic characterization of the "Los Ratones" uranium mine. To verify that the site characterization is satisfactory, a blind-prediction has been carried out with the data recorded during a large-scale pumping test from the mine. The results obtained with this simulation show a good response to the mine pumping, so that both the robustness and reliability of the model are confirmed.

Virtuelle 3D-Modelle finden in den historischen Disziplinen in zweierlei Art Verwendung. Zum einen dienen diese zur Erfassung und Digitalisierung existierender historischer Objekte. Daneben dient die Erstellung von virtuellen 3D-Rekonstruktionen der Nachbildung nicht mehr existierender Objekte und Strukturen. Während technische Abläufe beider Ansätze ebenso wie methodische und wissenschaftstheoretische Aspekte in der Fachliteratur häufig und umfassend thematisiert werden, ist eine Frage nach sozialen Aspekten und sozialer Interaktion im Kontext derartiger Vorhaben bisher unbeleuchtet geblieben. Ziel der Arbeit stellt dar, eine Bandbreite und Relevanz von Aspekten der Kooperation als „Zusammenarbeit mit gemeinsamem Ziel, gegenseitiger Abstimmung, planvollem Vorgehen sowie Vorteilen für alle Akteure“ (Hagenhoff, 2004) im Kontext derartiger geschichtswissenschaftlicher 3D-Modellierungsvorhaben mittels sozialwissenschaftlicher Methoden zu beleuchten. Dabei zielt eine Darlegung auf unterschiedliche Skalierungen von Kooperation ab – angefangen bei einer Wissenschaftslandschaft über Kooperationsstrukturen bis hin zu einer Betrachtung von spezifischen Kooperationsphänomenen und -strategien innerhalb von Arbeits- und Erstellungsprozessen.