Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, with no therapeutic option to slow or halt disease progression. Development of two characteristic pathologic lesions, amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, in the brain are associated with synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss leading to memory impairment and cognitive decline. Although mutations in genes involved in amyloid beta processing are linked to increased plaque formation in the inherited familial form of AD, the more common idiopathic form, termed sporadic AD, develops in the absence of gene mutations. In contrast, alterations in gene expression and transcription occur in plaque and tangle susceptible brain regions of sporadic AD subjects, even in the earliest stages of development of pathologic burden, and may give insight into the pathogenesis of AD. Epigenetic modifications to cytosine are known to alter transcriptional states and gene expression in embryonic development as well as in cancer studies. With the discovery of enzymatically oxidized derivatives of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), the most common epigenetic cytosine modification, a probable demethylation pathway has been suggested to alter transcriptional states of DNA. The most abundant 5-mC derivative, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), while expressed at low concentrations throughout the body, is expressed at high concentrations in brain cells. To determine the role cytosine modifications play in AD, this study was directed at the quantification of epigenetic modifications to cytosine in several stages of AD progression using global, genome-wide, and gene-specific studies. To determine global levels of each cytosine derivative in brain regions relevant to AD progression, a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry quantitative analysis was utilized to analyze cytosine, 5-mC, and 5-hmC in tissue specimens from multiple brain regions of AD subjects, including early and late stages of AD progression. To determine the genome-wide impact of 5-hmC on biologically relevant pathways in AD, a single-base resolution sequencing analysis was used to map hydroxymethylation throughout the hippocampus of late stage AD subjects. Finally, to determine gene-specific levels of cytosine, 5-mC, and 5-hmC, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol was paired with specific restriction enzyme digestion to analyze target sequences within exons of genes related to sporadic AD. Results from these studies show epigenetic modifications to cytosine are altered on the global, genome-wide, and gene-specific levels in AD subjects compared to normal aging, particularly in early stages of AD progression, suggesting alterations to the epigenetic landscape may play a role in the dysregulation of transcription and the pathogenesis of AD.

La phosphorylation/déphosphorylation des protéines est une modification clé dans les mécanismes qui contrôlent les évènements mitotiques.Classiquement, l’entrée en mitose requiert l’activation de Cdk1. Pour se faire, les phosphorylations inhibitrices sur Cdk1 par Myt1 et Wee1 doivent être éliminées par Cdc25. Le complexe Cdk1-Cycline B (MPF) est ainsi actif, les kinases inhibitrices inactivées.Dernièrement, une nouvelle protéine kinase clé pour l’entrée en mitose a été mise en évidence : Greatwall (Gwl). Les récents résultats publiés par notre équipe montrent que Gwl permet l’entrée et le maintien en mitose en inhibant l’activité de la phosphatase PP2A, la phosphatase responsable de la déphosphorylation des substrats de la protéine kinase Cdk1-Cycline B, via son substrat Arpp19. Gwl phosphoryle Arpp19 sur la sérine 71 lui conférant ainsi la capacité d’inhiber l’activité de la phosphatase PP2A.Une étude sur les modifications post traductionnelles d’Arpp19 a été initiée dans l’équipe et met en évidence plusieurs sites de phosphorylation : <br>• La sérine 71, site de phosphorylation par Gwl <br>• La sérine 28, dont la phosphorylation est attribuée à Cdk1 (vérifié in vitro) <br>• La sérine 113, site de phosphorylation par pKA <br>Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans la suite logique du travail déjà effectué dans l’équipe et a pour objectif de caractériser les modifications post traductionnelles d’Arpp19, leurs rôles dans la progression mitotique, leurs incidences sur la liaison et l’inhibition de la cible d’Arpp19, PP2A.Cette partie du projet repose sur la synthèse de mutants d’Arpp19Xe, mutants phosphomimétiques d’une part (sérine transformée en acide aspartique par mutagenèse dirigée) ou mutants dont la phosphorylation est impossible (sérine en alanine). Ces mutants nous ont permis de travailler sur l’impact de ces différentes phosphorylations dans l’extrait d’œufs de Xénope.Ce projet s’attache également à mettre en lumière l’ensemble de la voie de signalisation aboutissant aux différentes modifications post traductionnelles d’Arpp19, leurs chronologies au cours du cycle et ainsi identifier les protéines effectrices de ces phosphorylations sur Arpp19 qui sont autant de leviers potentiels sur lesquels les thérapies anti-tumorales pourraient s’appuyer. / Proteins phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are key post translational modifications controlling mitotic events.Traditionally, mitotic entry requires Cdk1 activation. To allow this to occur, inhibitory phosphorylations on Cdk1 by Myt1 and Wee1 kinases must be removed by phosphatase Cdc25. Thus, the Cdk1-Cyclin B complex, also called MPF (Mitotic Promoting Factor), is active and inhibitory kinases inactivated.Along this canonic scheme, another key kinase has been shown to play a critical role: the Greatwall (Gwl) kinase also called MAST-L for MAST like. Results published by our team show that in Xenopus laevis, Gwl allows entry and maintains mitosis by inhibiting the activity of the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylation of Cdk1/Cycline B substrates: PP2A. This activity is driven by Gwl target: Arpp19. Gwl phosphorylates Arpp19 on its 71st residue turning it into a potent inhibitor of PP2A.A study of Arpp19 post translational modifications of Arpp19 has been initiated in the team which will allow the further study of several phosphosites: <br>• Serine 71, Gwl phosphosite, the best documented site. <br>• Serine 28, shown in vitro to be a Cdk1-CycB phosphosite. <br>• Serine 113, assigned to PKA. <br>This thesis project joins logically after the work already made in the team and has for objective to characterize the post translational modifications of Arpp19, their roles in mitotic progress, their incidences on binding and inhibition of Arpp19’s target, PP2A.This part of the project relies on mutants' synthesis of Arpp19Xe, phosphomimetics’ mutants on one hand (serine transformed into aspartic acid by mutagenesis) or mutants unable to be phosphorylated (serine into alanine). These mutants allowed us to work on the impact of these various phosphorylations in Xenopus eggs extracts.This project also attempts to highlight the whole signalization pathway ending in the various post translational modifications of Arpp19, their timelines during the cycle and thus to identify effector proteins of these phosphorylations on Arpp19 which are as much as potential levers on which can serve as targets for cancer therapy.

Les gènes soumis à empreinte (GSE) se distinguent du reste du génome par une expression mono-allélique et parent-spécifique. Cette forme de régulation génique dépend de marques de méthylation différentielles héritées des gamètes parentaux au niveau de régions cis-régulatrices appelées ICR (« Imprinting Control Region »). Une centaine de GSE contrôlés par 20 ICR ont été répertoriés chez la souris et sont en général conservés chez l’Homme. Mon projet de thèse a consisté à caractériser de nouvelles ICR maternelles et à analyser leur impact sur la régulation génique, à partir d’un criblage génomique de méthylation réalisé chez la souris. J’ai ainsi participé à la révélation de l’existence de trois formes d’empreinte, qui résultent de sensibilité différente des ICR face aux changements développementaux des profils de méthylation génomique: 1) une empreinte persistante tout au long de la vie et ubiquitaire, qui caractérise les ICR classiques déjà connues, 2) transitoire, avec une existence limitée au développement pré-implantatoire, et 3) persistante tout au long de la vie mais tissu-spécifique. Plus précisément, j’ai déterminé les profils d’histones associées aux ICR des loci Cdh15 et Gpr1/Zdbf2, et mis en évidence la conservation de l’empreinte transitoire au locus GPR1/ZDBF2 chez l’humain. Je me suis ensuite focalisée sur l’ICR candidate associée au gène Socs5, dont l’empreinte s’est avérée être tissu-spécifique mais également, de façon inédite, polymorphique en fonction des lignées de souris. Cette ICR en position intragénique présente les caractéristiques d’une séquence « enhancer », hypothèse que je teste actuellement par invalidation fonctionnelle (système CRISPR/Cas9) chez la souris. La découverte de ces formes atypiques d’empreinte génomique permet de mieux cerner l’étendue du phénomène d’empreinte parentale et d’évaluer son impact sur les phénotypes. / Genomic imprinting refers to the functional non-equivalence of the two parental genomes in mammals. Imprinted genes are expressed only from the paternal or maternal allele: this mono-allelic expression is regulated by parent-inherited DNA methylation of specific cis-regulatory regions called ICRs (Imprinting Control Regions). There are currently around 120 imprinted genes known in the mouse genome, which are under the control of 20 characterized ICRs, and are generally conserved in Human. My thesis project aimed at characterizing new maternal ICRs and at analyzing their impact on gene regulation, based on a genome-wide methylation screen conducted in the mouse. I participated to revealing the existence of three forms of genomic imprinting, which reflects variable susceptibility to developmentally-regulated DNA methylation changes: 1) ubiquitous and life-long imprinting, which refers to the 20 canonical ICRs, 2) transient, whose existence is limited to preimplantation development, and 3) tissue-specific. More specifically, I deciphered the histone modification profiles of two new maternal ICR associated with the Cdh15 and the Gpr1/Zdbf2 loci and confirmed that the GPR1/ZDBF2 locus is also subject to transient imprinting in Human. My main achievement concerns the characterization of a candidate ICR associated with the Socs5 gene, which I found to be tissue-specific but also strain-specific, pointing towards a new form of imprinting polymorphism. This ICR has an intragenic position and has the characteristics of an enhancer, hypothesis that I am functionally testing in vivo by a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion. The discovery of these new forms of genomic imprinting provides a better understanding of this phenomenon and its impact on phenotypes.

Le raccourcissement télomérique est la source majeure de l'instabilité chromosomique (CIN) au cours de la progression tumorale. Nous avons montré que les cellules humaines embryonnaires de rein (cellules HEK) ayant traversé une période de CIN subissent des vastes changements dans l'expression des microARNs, ce qui induit une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM), un processus permettant aux cellules cancéreuses épithéliales migrer et envahir de nouveaux tissus et former des métastases. Notre travail a aussi suggéré que les cellules ayant subi une TEM étaient capables de former des tumeurs dans un microenvironnement sénescent. De surcroît, cette évolution dans la capacité tumorale était associée à une dérégulation supplémentaire des microARNs et à l'acquisition des propriétés des cellules souches. Afin d'étudier comment ce potentiel est mis en place au cours de l'instabilité chromosomique et au contact avec le microenvironnement sénescent, nous avons modulé les niveaux d'expression de miR-145 et avons démontré que la répression de miR-145 était nécessaire pour le développement des caractéristiques des cellules souches. Afin de mieux comprendre l'impact de CIN sur le programme génétique des cellules épithéliales, nous avons utilisé des approches de haut débit et avons caractérisé les changements des paysages chromatiniens et leur mise en place dans les cellules ayant traversé une période de CIN. Nos résultats révèlent pour la première fois que l'instabilité télomérique modifie profondément la distribution des marques d'histones en conduisant aux changements d'expression des gènes et au processus de transformation des cellules épithéliales pré-tumorales. / Telomere shortening is a major source of chromosome instability (CIN) at early stages during carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms through which telomere-driven CIN (T-CIN) contributes to the acquisition of tumor phenotypes remain uncharacterized. We have shown that human epithelial kidney (HEK) cells undergo massive microRNA deregulation upon CIN, in particular a miR-200-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is thought to enable epithelial cancer cells to migrate and invade other tissues to form metastases. Our work also indicated that CIN+ cells that underwent EMT were able to form tumors in a senescent microenvironment. Notably, this progression in tumor capacity was associated with further microRNA deregulation and the manifestation of enhanced stem-like properties. To investigate how stem-like properties are acquired in CIN+ cells in the contact with senescent microenvironment we adapted knockdown and overexpression approaches to modulate miR-145 expression, and demonstrated that enhanced stem-like properties depended on miR-145 repression. To fully apprehend the impact of CIN on the genetic program of epithelial cells, we used an unbiased approach to characterize the chromatin state of HEK CIN+ cells and uncover genome wide redistributions that were in direct correlation with gene expression changes. Our results reveal for the first time that T-CIN profoundly modifies the chromatin landscape genome-wide thereby fueling the transformation process of pre-tumor epithelial cells.

Muscovy ducks are native only to Central and South America, Mexico, and parts of southern Texas and are considered invasive in some areas outside of their native range. Although they have been introduced worldwide, they remain largely unstudied. The primary focus of this study was to relate Muscovy duck abundance to habitat characteristics of wetlands in Tampa, Florida. Muscovy abundance was measured using point count methods at 21 wetland sites that occur within an eight km radius of the University of South Florida’s main campus. Habitat features at these sites were assessed using field methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Arc 10.1v). Mann-Whitney U tests and Chi-squared tests were performed to identify significant differences between quantitative data groups. A Chi-squared test determined that there was not a positive correlation between Muscovy abundance and fountains or water regime, yet identified a significant relationship between Muscovy abundance and fencing, in which Muscovies did not frequently occupy ponds with fencing. Mann-Whitney U tests did not identify significances between Muscovy abundance and other habitat groups. Since Muscovy ducks are listed as an invasive species, identifying habitat preferences and deterrents will assist land managers and property owners with habitat modifications in preventing or controlling nuisance Muscovy populations.

Leishmania est un protozoaire parasite de l’ordre de Kinétoplastida de la famille des Trypanosomatidés, agent pathogène des leishmanioses. Au cours de cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressés à l’apoptose chez L. major. Bien que ce processus soit phénotypiquement identique à l’apoptose des mammifères, les protéines clés et les voies métaboliques impliquées restent largement inconnues. L’autophagie étant paradoxalement étroitement liée à l’apoptose, nous nous sommes également intéressés à ce processus de survie cellulaire. La première partie de ce travail a permis de décrire le phénotype autophagique et de montrer qu’apoptose et autophagie sont deux processus distincts mais également en lien étroit. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la métacaspase de L. major LmjMCA. Nous avons observé un rôle de LmjMCA similaire à celui des caspases humaines au cours de l’apoptose, en lien avec son domaine catalytique. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de LmjMCA induit l’entrée en autophagie des cellules. Enfin, la troisième partie de ce travail s’est concentrée sur l’étude du cytosquelette. Nous avons ainsi pu établir un lien entre (dé)glutamylation, apoptose et autophagie. Nous avons mis en évidence que la polyglutamylation du cytosquelette, entraîne l’entrée en apoptose des cellules tandis que la déglutamylation du cytosquelette est associée au processus de survie cellulaire. Ce travail a permis de mieux caractériser les processus d’autophagie et d’apoptose chez Leishmania. Ces résultats permettent d’ouvrir des perspectives dans le développement de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques. / Leishmania is a protozoan parasite of the Kinetoplastida order and the Trypansomatid family and is the causative agent of leishmaniasis. In this thesis we focused on apoptosis in L. major. Although this process is phenotypically similar to mammal apoptosis, key proteins and metabolic pathways involved remain largely unknown. Autophagy being paradoxically closely linked to apoptosis, we were also interested in this cell survival process and its relationship with programmed cell death. The first part of this thesis has described the phenotypical changes during autophagy and shown that apoptosis and autophagy are two separate processes, but there is also a close relationship between these two mechanisms. In the second part of this thesis, we have demonstrated that LmjMCA has a role similar to the one of human caspases during apoptosis, through its catalytic domain. In addition, we have shown that LmjMCA overexpression induces autophagy entry after nutrient deprivation via its C-terminal domain.The third part of this work has focused on the study of the cytoskeleton. We could establish a link between (de)glutamylation, apoptosis and autophagy. Indeed, we have shown that cytoskeleton polyglutamylation induces cell death while cytoskeleton deglutamylation is associated with the cell survival process autophagy. This thesis allowed us to better characterize the autophagy and apoptosis processes in Leishmania and to identify the metacaspase as involved in the corresponding pathways. These results open perspectives in the development of new therapeutic tools.

Les gestionnaires de l'Etat français sont aujourd'hui exposés à plus d'un siècle de profondes modifications environnementales des cours d'eau : perturbations des conditions d'écoulement par "chenalisation" et incision du lit, aggravation des risques hydrologiques par végétalisation des corridors fluviaux et diminution des zones humides. La Loire fait partie des cours d'eau concernés par ces perturbations Le lit fluvial réagit par l’érosion de son fond (une incision qui atteint localement une valeur de 2 m entre 1995 et 2010), la migration latérale du talweg et la rétraction de la largeur du corridor fluvial. Depuis maintenant plus de 15 ans, la Loire fait l'objet de lourds travaux d'entretien des ouvrages (levées. épis et digues) et du lit fluvial. Ces interventions s'inscrivent dans le cadre du Plan Loire Grandeur Nature, elles visent la protection des riverains contre les risques d'inondation (ouverture des annexes d'écoulements), la préservation des richesses écologiques et l'enrayement de l'enfoncement de la ligne d'eau à l'étiage.Des travaux de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale sont réalisés parallèlement aux actions d'entretien effectués sous la houlette des services de l'Etat. Notre travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette perspective de recherche. Les secteurs d'études ont été définis en concertation avec les gestionnaires du fleuve (DREAL Centre, DDT et Conservatoire du Patrimoine de la Région Centre). Trois sites ateliers ont été retenus le site de La Charité-sur-Loire. le site de Mesves et le site de Guilly. Cela afin de déterminer les modalités de l'évolution hydro-sédimentaire de la bande active, d'analyser les processus d'ajustement fluvial et mettre en lumière l'existence d'un dysfonctionnement, ses causes et ces conséquences. Les résultats obtenus montrent clairement l'impact du forçage anthropique et naturels sur l'évolution morpho-sédimentaire de la bande active. Les débits solide et liquide sont perturbés par différents aménagements fluviaux dont certains n'ont plus de fonction aujourd'hui ces ouvrages provoquent une rupture de la continuité sédimentaire. Cela se traduit par une poursuite de l'incision du chenal principal, un exhaussement des îles et des bras secondaires et une extension du couvert végétal. Les résultats de ce travail de recherche sont mis à la disposition des gestionnaires du fleuve pour optimiser les travaux de restauration réalisés au sein du lit mineur. / Managers of the French goverment are now exposed to more th an a century of profound environmental streams changes disruption of flow conditions by channelization and incision of the river bed, increased hydrological risks through the development of vegetation in river corridors and reducing wetlands. The Loire River is one of the rivers affected by such disruption. The river bed reacts by erosion (an incision that is locally a value of 2 m between 1995 and 2010), the lateral migration of the thalweg and narrowing the width of the river corridor. Since 1995, the Loire riverbed has been a field of restoration and maintenance works. These interventions took place within the "Plan Loire Grandeur Nature" and consisted of the following points : the protection of the inhabitants against flooding risks (opening of the secondary channels), the preservation of the ecological assets and the elimination of the water line sinking at its lower level. Research studies in fluvial geomorphology are made parallel to maintenance actions carried out under the leadership of state services. Our research study is part of this research perspective. Areas of study were defined in consultation with the river managers (DREAL Centre, DDT and Conservatoire du Patrimoine de la Région Centre) Three study sites were selected (the site of La Charité-sur-Loire. the site of Mesves and the site of Guilly) in order to : determine the terms of sediment transfer in accordance with flows, obtain evidence of understanding fluvial adjustment and highlight the presence of a dysfunction. its causes and consequences. Results clearly show the impact of natural and human pressure on the morphosedimentary evolution of active channels. Solid and liquid flows are affected by different river engineering (dams and bridges) some of which have no function today. These river installations encourage the continuation of the main channel incision. an elevation of islands, secondary channels and excessive growth of vegetation Results of this research are made available to managers to optimize river maintenance work carried out in the riverbed.

There are many tools available for the study of post-translational modifications. The majority of these tools is specific towards the individual modification and involves separation of modified proteins from non-modified ones. The drawback of using a modification specific method is that there is a lack of flexibility in its usage for other modifications. The goal of these studies was to investigate the possibility of obtaining a similar separation effect by fractionating post-translationally modified proteins based on the physical properties of proteins. The post-translational modification chosen to be the basis of this study was the O-GlcNAc modification. Using the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line, it was determined that the optimal conditions for producing lysates containing increased yields of O-GlcNAc modified proteins was to treat differentiated C2C12 cells with 10nM insulin, 12g/L glucose and 2mM of the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Streptozotocin for 24 hours. Using the optimized lysis buffer, it was shown that protein separation by surface charge using standard anion exchange separation did not provide enough resolution or material to obtain any identifications of modified proteins. However, when a chromatofocusing method which separates proteins on the basis of their isoelectric points was used, a separation scheme with larger capacity and higher resolution was possible. Using this separation method followed by gel electrophoresis of individual fractions, proteins which are potentially O-GlcNAc modified were identified by mass spectrometry. It was evident from the number of protein bands observed per fraction on the Coomassie stained gels and the number of proteins identified per protein band by mass spectrometry that further reduction in sample complexity was required to assist in the positive identification of O-GlcNAc modified proteins. Among the identified proteins, 32 percent were metabolic proteins, 21 percent were protein processing proteins, 16 percent were structural proteins and the remainder a mix of other proteins. Unfortunately, it was not possible to validate the presence or absence of the O-GlcNAc modification on these proteins using available methodologies such as immunoprecipitation. As such, further work is required to optimize the separation strategy and to verify the usefulness of this separation strategy in identifying O-GlcNAc/post-translationally modified proteins. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medicine, Department of / Experimental Medicine, Division of / Graduate

With an increasingly aging population, a significant challenge in implantology is the creation of biomaterials that actively promote and accelerate tissue integration while offering excellent mechanical properties. Engineered surfaces with superimposed micro and nanoscale topographies showed great potential to control and direct biomaterial-host tissue interactions. However, these modified surfaces require a careful assessment to prevent potential adverse effects on the fatigue resistance, a factor which may ultimately cause premature failure of biomedical implants. In this context, the surfaces of two widely used biocompatible metals, namely CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V, were engineered through simple yet efficient chemical treatments which demonstrated the ability to confer exciting new bioactive capacities. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of the fatigue resistance of polished and treated metals were carried out. Results from this study highlight the importance of mechanical considerations in the development and evaluation of nanoscale surface treatments for metallic biomedical implants.

Le striatum est une région du cerveau impliquée dans d'importantes fonctions physiologiques telles que l'apprentissage par renforcement ou le contrôle du mouvement, mais aussi dans des pathologies comme l'addiction. Le fonctionnement de ce système s'appuie sur deux types de neurones de projection, appelés " neurones épineux de taille moyenne ". Les uns expriment le récepteur de la dopamine de type 1 (D1R) et les autres expriment le récepteur de type 2 (D2R). L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser ces deux types de neurones au niveau épigénétique, en conditions basales et après traitement à la cocaïne. Il a été nécessaire de développer de nouvelles méthodes utilisant la cytométrie de flux pour distinguer les populations de neurones exprimant D1R ou D2R. La première méthode utilise des souris transgéniques L10a-GFP et du tissu non fixé, la seconde répond aux limitations de la précédente et utilise du tissu fixé. Nous avons montré que la cocaïne régule de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles d'histones, de façon spécifique de populations neuronales. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié plus d'une centaine de gènes différemment méthylés ou hydroxyméthylés entre les deux types neuronaux. Certains gènes sont déjà connus pour avoir un rôle fonctionnel important dans l'une des populations. La comparaison des neurones exprimant D1R ou D2R est un bon modèle pour explorer les liens entre méthylation de l'ADN, hydroxyméthylation et transcription. Par exemple, nous observons une association très claire entre l'augmentation de la méthylation de l'ADN et la répression de la transcription, ainsi qu'une corrélation entre modifications de méthylation et d'hydroxyméthylation. / The striatum is a brain region implicated in physiological functions such as reinforcement learning or movement selection but also in pathologies such as addiction or Parkinson’s disease. It relies on two types of projecting neurons, named “medium spiny neurons” because of their morphology. They are very similar but have a complementary and opposite role. One type expresses the dopamine receptor type 1 (D1R) and the other type expresses the dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R). The aim of this work was to characterize this two neuronal types epigenetically, in basal conditions and after cocaine treatment. We have developed new flow cytometry techniques to be able to distinguish the two cell types. The first method uses transgenic L10-eGFP mice and fresh tissue, the second one goes beyond the limitations of the first one and uses fixed tissue. We have shown that cocaine regulates many post-translational histone modifications, dynamically, and differently between the two populations. Moreover, we have identified more than 100 genes differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated between the two neuronal types. Some of these genes are already known for having a functional role in one of the populations. The comparison between D1R and D2R neurons is a good model to explore the links between DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation and transcription. For example, we have observed a strong association between an increase in DNA methylation and a transcriptional repression, as well as a correlation between DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation.