Целью магистерской диссертации является выявление противоречивых особенностей монетарного регулирования Банка России на современном этапе развития экономики страны. Автором проведен анализ степени монетизации экономики в разных странах, сделан вывод о недостаточном уровне монетизации в России; выявлены противоречия между целями и результатом использования ряда инструментов денежно-кредитной политики Банка России; представлены пути совершенствования денежно-кредитного регулирования; выявлены проблемы в банковском секторе, возникающие в результате регулятивных действий Банка России. / The purpose of the master's thesis is to identify the contradictory features of monetary regulation of the Bank of Russia at the present stage of the country's economic development. The author analyzed the degree of monetization of the economy in different countries, concluded that there is insufficient monetization in Russia; were revealed the contradictions between the purposes and the result of using a number of monetary policy instruments of the Bank of Russia; are presented the ways to improve monetary regulation; were identified the problems in the banking sector arising from regulatory actions of the Bank of Russia.

O desejo por energia aumenta à medida que o número de pessoas cresce e o aumento de seu padrão de vida conduz a maiores demandas para conforto. Para atender a este desafio, torna-se fundamental trazer novas fontes de suprimento de energia para o mercado. Estas precisam atender a critérios cada vez mais restritos de sustentabilidade. Abundantes recursos de gás natural estão geograficamente distribuídos ao longo da costa do Sudeste do Brasil, na região conhecida como polígono do Pré-Sal. No entanto, avanços crescentes em tecnologia são requeridas para trazer esse gás natural com eficiência às pessoas que precisam dele. A liquefação e transporte em pequena e média escala surge como opção estudada neste trabalho. A partir do ano 2000, o mundo testemunhou um aumento no interesse pela entrega do Gás Natural Liquefeito (GNL) diretamente ao consumidor. O gás natural representa cerca de 1/4 da demanda global de energia, 10% do qual é fornecido na forma de GNL. O GNL assume rapidamente um papel importante nas perspectivas energéticas mundiais uma vez que cresceu mais rápido do que qualquer outra fonte de gás - a uma média de 7% ao ano entre 2000 e 2015. A dissertação apresenta uma visão geral dos números do gás natural no Brasil, e no mundo, assim como uma revisão do mercado mundial de GNL identificando o crescente interesse por soluções de pequena e média escala (Small and Medium Scale Liquefied Natural Gas, SMSLNG). São examinados os detalhes da produção brasileira de GNL, decorrente da implantação, em 2006, do Projeto Gemini, uma planta de liquefação de pequena escala localizada na cidade de Paulínia SP. Em seguida, discute-se sobre a implementação de projetos de importação de GNL no Brasil. A partir dessas experiências passadas analisa-se os fatores facilitadores e as eventuais barreiras para o desenvolvimento do conceito de SMSLNG como solução tecnológica para liquefação de produções de gás natural de pequena e média escala na área do Pré-Sal da região Sudeste do Brasil. O trabalho conclui demonstrando que tecnologias para produção e manuseio do GNL em menores escalas encontram-se disponíveis no plano internacional e podem, efetivamente, colaborar para a monetização de fontes de suprimento de gás natural da área do Pré-Sal, tendo os mercados domésticos como destino. Porém, estratégias propostas para o desenvolvimento do SMSLNG aqui no Brasil dependem da melhoria da infraestrutura de distribuição do gás natural em todo o país e de avanços no quadro normativo e regulatório. Apresenta-se como estudo de caso, uma análise econômica da monetização do gás natural associado de um campo produtor do Pré-Sal. Os resultados comprovam que a solução SMSLNG representa uma oportunidade realista, e que merece pesquisas mais refinadas no futuro, para monetizar o gás natural associado em projetos offshore de pequena e média escala. Conclui-se com propostas de desenvolvimento de soluções de SMSLNG como alternativa de curto prazo para que o país possa superar dilemas impostos pela ausência de robusta infraestrutura dutoviária para escoar o gás natural tanto nas regiões produtivas do Pré-Sal como nos mercados domésticos de destino final do gás. / The desire for energy increases as the number of people grows and the increase in their standard of living leads to greater demands for comfort. To meet this challenge, it is fundamental to bring new sources of energy supply to the market. These need to meet ever more stringent sustainability criteria. Abundant natural gas resources are geographically distributed along the southeastern coast of Brazil, in the region known as the Pre-Salt polygon. However, growing advances in technology are required to bring this natural gas efficiently to the people who need it. The liquefaction and transport in small and medium scale appears as an option studied in this work. Since the year 2000, the world has witnessed an increase in interest in delivering Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) directly to the consumer. Natural gas accounts for about 1/4 of global energy demand, 10% of which is supplied in the form of LNG. LNG quickly assumes an important role in the world\'s energy prospects as it has grown faster than any other source of gas - at an average of 7% a year between 2000 and 2015. The dissertation gives an overview of the numbers of natural gas in the Brazil, and the world, as well as a review of the global LNG market, identifying the growing interest in Small and Medium Scale Liquefied Natural Gas (SMSLNG). The details of the Brazilian LNG production are examined, due to the implementation in 2006 of the Gemini Project, a small scale liquefaction plant located in the city of Paulínia (SP). Next, we discuss the implementation of LNG import projects in Brazil. From these past experiences we analyze the facilitating factors and possible barriers for the development of the SMSLNG concept as a technological solution for the liquefaction of small and medium-scale natural gas productions in the Pre-Salt area of the Southeast region of Brazil. The dissertation concludes by demonstrating that technologies for LNG production and handling at smaller scales are available internationally and can effectively collaborate for the monetization of natural gas supply sources in the Pre-Salt area, with domestic markets as destiny. However, strategies proposed for the development of the SMSLNG here in Brazil depend on the improvement of the natural gas distribution infrastructure throughout the country and on advances in the regulatory framework. An economic analysis of the monetization of the associated natural gas of a field producing the Pre-Salt is presented as case study. The results prove that the SMSLNG solution represents a realistic opportunity, and deserves more refined research in the future, to monetize associated natural gas in small and medium scale offshore projects. It concludes with proposals for the development of SMSLNG solutions as a short-term alternative so that the country can overcome dilemmas imposed by the absence of a robust pipeline infrastructure to leach natural gas both in the productive regions of the Pre-Salt and in the final destination domestic markets of gas

À l’heure de la monétarisation de chacun des éléments de notre société, la présente recherche relative à la conservation des milieux marins en droit international et droit de l’Union européenne opère une incursion holistique en droit de l’environnement, notamment axée sur l’analyse juridique, et plus largement socio-éco-systémique, de la conservation et de la gestion durables des milieux marins.Notre étude analyse, au regard du droit, les principales problématiques telles que les délimitations maritimes, les ressources des milieux marins et la gestion des zones marines protégées, mettant ainsi en exergue la nécessité d’une nouvelle gouvernance des océans et sous-tendant de fait la participation accrue de l’ensemble des acteurs socio-politiques concernés. En effet, la participation ainsi que l’accès à l’information et à la justice en matière environnementale apparaissent aujourd’hui comme des outils de conservation des milieux marins aux fins d’une garantie efficiente des droits de l’Homme.L’analyse de la lutte contre la pollution des milieux marins en droit international et droit de l’Union européenne permet d’envisager tant les causes (pollutions opérationnelles, accidentelles ou encore telluriques) que les conséquences de ce qui est communément admis comme une source majeure de pollution des mers. Est alors menée une réflexion sur les moyens potentiels susceptibles de mieux garantir la sécurité et la sûreté maritime, notamment à travers le cas de la piraterie maritime, à la faveur d’un éclairage, circonstancié et prospectif, sur quelques-unes des législations internationales et européennes en matière de lutte contre les actes illicites maritimes et les atteintes à l’environnement marin. / In an era when every element in our society can be monetized, this research examining the conservation of marine environment in European union and International Law will lead a holistic incursion in environmental law which will include a legal and a socio-eco-systemic approach to the conservation and the sustainable management of marine areas.This study provides a legal analysis of key issues: maritime boundary delimitations, marine resources and management of protected marine areas. It will underline the need for a new type of ocean governance involving an increased implication of socio-political stakeholders. Participation, access to information and environmental justice appear, now more than ever, as the main tools to ensure marine areas conservation and, ultimately, to safeguard human rights.The analysis of international efforts to fight the pollution of marine areas, through recourse to international and European union law is led against its various causes (operational, accidental or telluric pollutions) as well as their consequences. An analysis of available tools to better guarantee maritime security and safety - including through a study of maritime piracy - will allow for a comprehensive and prospective view of some of the international and European union legislations regarding illicit maritime acts and harmful acts against marine environment.

The main subject of this work is to design methodology of building an authoritative content website. The first part examines the current status of methodologies for web application development and software in general. Further the Lean Startup methodology for creating business plan is analyzed. The next chapters are dedicated to own methodology that covers all the steps of creating a website. From the very idea, moving towards the creation of the business model, defining the theme of the website, determining of target groups, methods of monetization, competition and competitive advantages. Continuing with information architecture design using the keyword classification analysis and multidimensional view of data, which are search queries. For the entire web development offers an analysis of languages and tools. During the subsequent working of the web online, methodology explores the possibilities of online traffic monetization. In the practical part the methodology is verified by using the defined metrics using the example of an international website draft in English on the topic of recipes for cooking. The outcome of this work is the proposed methodology for authoritative content website and design of website unirecipes.com.

This thesis aims to uncover the reasons behind the sudden rise of the YouTube celebrity and to test (by means of an experimental study of teenager interests) media claims that YouTubers have become more popular among teenagers than any traditional type of celebrity. The thesis integrates YouTubers into celebrity studies by first outlining the origins of celebrity and its general role in society and then drawing parallels between traditional types of celebrity and YouTubers via describing the characteristics they embody and the specific roles they perform. As a result, YouTubers are found to be a technologically determined next step in the evolution of the TV personality, whose celebrity is mainly structured around the concepts of familiarity and intimacy. What follows is a discussion of participatory culture, monetization and doing YouTube as a job, with emphasis on the effects these developments had on the rise of the YouTube celebrity and online content & culture in general. The thesis is concluded by an experimental study conducted using quantitative research methods on a sample of over 5,000 Czech teenagers by analyzing their Facebook page-likes. The results suggest that YouTubers really are more important to teenagers than traditional celebrities.

This study examines how independent writers in Czechia operate at the intersection of creative processes and management of their writing ventures. With a leading set of research questions, this paper delves into the array of contemporary methods and tools used for monetization, considers their influence on content creation, explores the relation to underlying motivations of writers and investigates the current intermediary landscape in the field. As a first academic probe into the topic in the country, the research introduces key concepts and then takes the inductive approach of a qualitative study conducting 7 in-depth interviews with local independent creators and employing grounded theory for the data analysis. The themes emerging from the research of this population sample suggest that local independent writers exhibit a high degree of resourcefulness in their monetization strategies as they combat inherent uncertainties of their vocation. They are also mainly driven by intrinsic motivations in their creation, and while they enjoy a great deal of creative freedom thanks to their independent status attained by often becoming self-publishers, the findings show that the traditional intermediaries such as publishing houses remain highly relevant in the field.

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