O ibuprofeno é um antiinflamatório não esteróide, com baixa solubilidade em água, que apresenta diversos efeitos colaterais, incluindo lesão gástrica e intestinal. Esses efeitos podem depender da interação com a membrana celular, o que nos motivou a investigar, na primeira parte deste trabalho, a incorporação do ibuprofeno em monocamadas de Langmuir como modelos de membrana celular. Monocamadas de dipalmitoil fosfatidil glicerol (DPPG) e dipalmitoil fosfatidil colina (DPPC) co-espalhadas com o ibuprofeno ou depositadas sobre subfases contendo o fármaco foram estudadas por meio das isotermas de pressão e potencial de superfície. Foram observados efeitos significativos para monocamadas de DPPC, particularmente na transição de fase líquido-expandida para líquido-condensada, com modificações relevantes na elasticidade da monocamada. Esses efeitos aumentaram com a concentração do ibuprofeno. Para os dois tipos de fosfolipídios, o ibuprofeno pôde penetrar na região hidrofóbica, o que foi confirmado por espectroscopia de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho com modulação da polarização (PM-IRRAS), indicando assim a presença de interações hidrofóbicas. A análise por microscopia no ângulo de Brewster (BAM) mostrou que o ibuprofeno impede a formação de grandes domínios de DPPC, enquanto que não foram observadas alterações significativas para o DPPG. A interação entre o ibuprofeno e o DPPG também foi confirmada após a imobilização da monocamada mista em filmes LB com alterações na absorção no UV-Vis da molécula de ibuprofeno. No que diz respeito às implicações biológicas, a ação farmacológica que depende diretamente da interação com a membrana deve ocorrer primeiramente em regiões neutras via penetração do ibuprofeno na região hidrofóbica da membrana celular. A segunda parte deste trabalho foi dedicada à interação de capsaicinóides extraídos da pimenta malagueta com monocamadas de Langmuir constituídas de DPPG e DPPC. A capsaicina é um potente analgésico de uso tópico, que pode causar dessensibilização no local de aplicação dependendo da dose e, portanto há interesse na sua incorporação em sistemas de liberação controlada, como os lipossomos. A técnica de Langmuir foi empregada para verificar essa possibilidade. Os capsaicinóides expandiram as monocamadas de DPPG e aumentaram sua elasticidade. As isotermas de potencial de superfície indicaram que os capsaicinóides provocam aumento de 10% no momento de dipolo numa concentração de 30% em mol. Para os filmes mistos de DPPC e capsaicinóides, a área mínima diminuiu e a elasticidade da monocamada aumentou. De acordo com as isotermas de potencial, os momentos de dipolo diminuíram para as monocamadas de DPPC independentemente da concentração de capsaicinóides. Esses resultados sugerem que as moléculas de DPPC são solubilizadas para a subfase na presença do fármaco. A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que os capsaicinóides podem ser incorporados em estruturas lipídicas, constituídas principalmente de DPPG, o que é relevante para uso em sistemas de liberação de fármacos. / Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with low solubility in water, which exhibits side effects including gastric and intestinal injury, often irreversible. Some of these effects may depend on the interaction with the cell membrane, which motivated us to investigate the incorporation of ibuprofen in Langmuir monolayers as cell membrane models, in the first part of this thesis. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) monolayers co-spread with ibuprofen or deposited on ibuprofen-containing aqueous subphases were studied using surface pressure and surface potential isotherms. Significant effects were observed for DPPC monolayers, particularly at the liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed phase transition, with relevant changes in the elasticity of the monolayer. These effects increased with the ibuprofen concentration. For both types of phospholipids, ibuprofen could penetrate into the hydrophobic part of the monolayer, which was confirmed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), thus indicating the presence of hydrophobic interactions. BAM images showed that ibuprofen prevents the formation of large domains of DPPC, while no significant changes were observed for DPPG. The interaction between DPPG-ibuprofen was also confirmed for deposited layers in the form of LB films, with changes in the ibuprofen UV-Vis absorption. As for the biological implications, the pharmacological action depending directly on the membrane interaction should occur primarily with zwitterionic regions of the membrane via penetration of ibuprofen in the hydrophobic part of the monolayer. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the interaction of capsaicinoids, extracted from malagueta pepper, with Langmuir monolayers of DPPC and DPPG. Capsaicin is a powerful analgesic of topical use, which can cause desensitization in the application site depending on the dose, and therefore there is interest in its incorporation in drug delivery systems, such as liposomes. The Langmuir technique was employed to verify this possibility. The capsaicinoids expanded the DPPG monolayer and increased its elasticity. Surface potential isotherms indicated that the capsaicinoids increased the average dipole moment by 10 % for 30 mol % of capsaicinoids. For the mixed films of DPPC and capsaicinoids, the minimum area decreased and the elasticity increased. According to the surface potential isotherms, the dipole moments decreased for DPPC monolayers regardless of the capsaicinoid concentrations. These results suggest that the DPPC molecules are solubilized into the subphase in the presence of the drug. From these results, it is concluded that the capsaicinoids can be incorporated into structures as the liposomes constituted mainly of DPPG, which is relevant for use in drug delivery systems.

O estudo da interação de moléculas orgânicas com a água é de grande importância para diversas áreas das ciências, como por exemplo, na compreensão de sistemas biológicos. Uma elevada diversidade de estudos nesta área já foram realizados, no entanto, alguns aspectos do estudo de filmes finos de aminas anfifílicas não foram satisfatoriamente esclarecidos. Este trabalho aborda filmes de Langmuir de octadecilamina em função do pH e da força iônica de subfases aquosas, investigando a estrutura da monocamada orgânica e sua interação com a água, em diversos graus de ionização. Foi utilizada a Espectroscopia Vibracional por Geração de Soma de Frequências (Sum Frequency Generation - SFG), uma técnica que utiliza o princípio da óptica não-linear para estudar superfícies e interfaces, com o objetivo de investigar a conformação molecular dos filmes de Langmuir de aminas anfifílicas de cadeias longas, seu grau de ionização e a estrutura da água interagindo com a monocamada orgânica. Pôde-se acompanhar a ionização da monocamada em função do pH da subfase pela intensidade do modo de estiramento do grupo NH3+, e verificou-se que ela depende do pH local da interface, que por sua vez é alterado pela ionização da monocamada e é sensível à força iônica da subfase. A água interage com a monocamada via ligações de H com os grupos NH2/NH3+ e forma uma camada com alto grau de orientação perpendicular à superfície, mas relativamente desordenada do ponto de vista da rede de ligações de H (como na água líquida). A conformação das cadeias alquila depende da ionização do filme de Langmuir, sendo bastante compacta e ordenada a altos pHs (filme neutro) e mais expandida e desordenada a baixos pHs. Além disso, foram fabricados filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) de octadecilamina para comparar a estrutura dos filmes na superfície da água e em substratos sólidos. / The study of the interaction of organic molecules with water is of great importance for many areas of science, such as the understanding of biological systems. A large diversity of studies in this area have been performed, however some aspects of the study of thin films of amphiphilic amines have not been satisfactorily clarified. This dissertation focuses on Langmuir films of Octadecylamine as a function of pH and ionic strength of the aqueous subphase, investigating the structure of the organic monolayer and its interaction with water at various degrees of ionization. Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG spectroscopy), a non-linear optical technique to study surfaces and interfaces, was used in order to investigate the molecular conformation of the Langmuir films, its degree of ionization and the structure of water interacting with the organic monolayer. The monolayer ionization could be monitored by the intensity of the NH3+ group stretch mode, and it was found that it depends on the local pH at the interface, which in turn is changed by the monolayer ionization and is sensitive to the subphase ionic strength. Water interacts with the monolayer by H bonds with NH2/NH3+ groups, forming a layer with a high degree of orientational order along the surface normal, but relatively disordered regarding the H-bonding network (like in the bulk liquid). The conformation of the alkyl chains depends on the monolayer ionization, being compact and all-trans at high pHs, but more expanded and disordered at low pHs. In addition, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of Octadecylamine were fabricated to compare their structure on the solid substrate to those on the water surface

Orientadores: Christoph Friedrich Deneke, Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T16:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MercesSilva_Leandrodas_M.pdf: 8926273 bytes, checksum: 010f49f410852b0ba0278adfc3e091fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nanomembranas livres são definidas como filmes ultrafinos constituídos por metais, óxidos ou semicondutores, com espessuras nanométricas e vastas áreas superficiais. São obtidas em geral por um processo de subcorrosão seletiva de uma camada de sacrifício, cujo papel é liberá-las gradualmente, permitindo que o relaxamento da energia elástica nelas armazenada aconteça de maneira controlada, garantindo a integridade final das estruturas. Neste trabalho, nanomembranas livres de Si suportadas por um substrato de SOI foram utilizadas como substratos complacentes para o crescimento de ilhas de InAs em uma câmara de MBE. Além disso, nanomembranas metálicas tensionadas (Ag/Ti/Cr/Ag) foram utilizadas na obtenção de microtubos metálicos enrolados. Análises detalhadas da morfologia das amostras, das estruturas das ilhas e dos microtubos, do strain em ambos os sistemas e de suas possíveis aplicações foram realizadas. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que as estruturas permaneceram íntegras após as deformações. A microscopia de força atômica revelou uma baixa densidade de ilhas no topo das nanomembranas de Si. Ademais, possibilitou o aperfeiçoamento de parâmetros superficiais das nanomembranas metálicas e o enrolamento de microtubos com diâmetros pré definidos, garantindo convergência com o modelo analítico. Técnicas de difração de raios X e modelagem por elementos finitos foram utilizadas para elucidar os estados de strain observados em ambas as estruturas. As simulações das curvaturas do substrato complacente de Si e do microtubo metálico sugeriram, respectivamente, um gradiente de strain dependente da posição lateral de cada ilha na nanomembrana e coeficientes de strain constantes nas nanomembranas de Ti e Cr. Finalmente, cálculos envolvendo elasticidade contínua sugeriram que para uma nanomembrana de Si com espessura adequada, o InAs pode transferir strain suficiente para possibilitar o crescimento epitaxial coerente. Ainda, medidas de espectroscopia Raman em moléculas auto organizadas de 1-octadecanethiol, adsorvidas em Ag e aprisionadas entre as paredes dos microtubos metálicos, sugeriram que tal sistema pode ser utilizado como um dispositivo SERS para self-assembled monolayers / Abstract: Freestanding nanomembranes (NMs) are defined as metallic, semiconductor or oxide ultrathin films with nanometer thickness and macroscopic surface areas. In general, they are obtained by a process of selective underetching of a sacrificial layer, whose role is gradually release them, allowing relaxation of their stored elastic energy in a controlled way, ensuring integrity of the final structure. In this work, freestanding edge-supported Si nanomembranes are used as compliant substrate to the InAs growth on a SOI substrate in a MBE chamber. Furthermore, strained metallic nanomembranes (Ag / Ti / Cr / Ag) are used to obtain rolled-up metallic microtubes. A detailed analysis of sample morphology, InAs island and metallic microtube structure, strain on both systems and their possible applications is carried out. Scanning electron microscopy shows the structures stay intact during and after deformation. Atomic force microscopy reveals a lower island density on the top of the freestanding membranes. Moreover, it allowed optimizing the surface parameters of the strained metallic membranes, rolling-up tubes with pre-defined diameters and ensuring convergence with the proposed analytical model. X-ray diffraction and finite element modeling is used to elucidate the observed strain states in both structures. The bending simulations of compliant Si substrate and rolled up metallic microtube suggest, respectively, a lateral strain distribution depending on the island position on the freestanding membrane and a constant strain distribution on the Ti/Cr strained NMs. Finally, continuous elasticity calculations suggest that for a Si nanomembrane with adequate thickness, the InAs can transfer enough strain to enable coherent epitaxial growth. In addition, Raman spectroscopy measurements of 1-octadecanethiol self-assembled molecules adsorbed on an Ag nanomembrane and trapped between the microtube Ag walls suggest the system could be used as a SERS sensor for self-assembled monolayers / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

This thesis studies a scheme to fabricate small-scaled metal structures by electrochemical metal deposition and lift off. The key point is the use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to control both interfacial charge transfer in electrodeposition and adhesion of the deposit to the substrate. Patterned SAMs exhibiting blocking and non-blocking areas are applied as templates in electrochemical deposition of Cu or Au. Thiol SAMs on Au substrates are used, namely alkane thiols and thiols combining an aliphatic chain with a biphenyl or biphenyl analogous pyridine-phenyl moieties. The patterning of SAMs is realised with microcontact printing (μCP) and electron beam lithography. Electrochemical deposition based on defects in the SAMs is optimised towards generating small nanostructures and depending on the system single or stepped potential procedures are applied. Generated metal structures are transferred to an insulator by lift off. Au microstructures (~10 μm) have been made with microcontact printing and transferred onto epoxy glue, which can potentially be used as microelectrodes in electroanalytical chemistry. Sub-100 nm Cu features and sub-40 nm Au features have been created with electron beam lithography respectively. Lift off process has successfully transferred Cu nanostructures onto epoxy glue with high precision. In contrast to the deposition mediated by defects, Cu deposition mediated by discharging Pd²⁺ coordinated to a pyridine terminated SAM directly through the SAM molecules has been explored as a new approach. This new approach has potential to decrease the size of the metal structure further and the preliminary results show possibility of sub-10 nm features. SAMs prepared with a newly synthesised molecule, 3-(4'-(methylthio)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)propane-1-thiol, are characterised by STM, XPS and NEXAFS. The metal structures are investigated by SEM, AFM and STM.

Les cryptophanes sont des molécules sphériques pouvant encapsuler dans leur cavité lipophile des molécules neutres (halogénométhanes, xénon) mais aussi des espèces ioniques comme les cations césium et thallium. Notre objectif a été d’immobiliser ces cages moléculaires de manière covalente sur un support solide dans le but de créer un matériau capable d’extraire des cations toxiques comme le thallium en milieu aqueux. Différentes stratégies ont été envisagées pour optimiser l’immobilisation de dérivés du cryptophane-A sur des surfaces de silice et d’or (surfaces planes et nanoparticules magnétiques de type coeur-écorce). Les cryptophanes-A mono-acide (1) et hexa-acide(2) ont été immobilisés sur des surfaces de silice préalablement fonctionnalisées par des groupements amines. Le cryptophane-A alcanethiol (3), ainsi que les cryptophanes 1 et 2 modifiés par lacystéamine (respectivement 4 et 5) ont été immobilisés sur des surfaces d’or. La caractérisation des surfaces planes par spectroscopie infrarouge de réflexion-absorption par modulation de polarisation(PM-IRRAS) a permis d’estimer le taux de recouvrement des différentes monocouches de cryptophanes et, ainsi, d’évaluer la méthode d’immobilisation la plus efficace. Un taux de recouvrement proche de 100% a été obtenu pour le cryptophanes 3 immobilisé sur les surfaces d’or.Ce composé a également été immobilisé de façon très efficace sur des nanoparticules magnétiques(γ-Fe2O3/SiO2) enrobées d’une nano-écorce d’or. Ces résultats permettent d’envisager la synthèse d’un cryptophane portant cinq fonctions hydroxyles et une fonction thiol afin de créer des matériaux capables d’extraire des cations toxiques. / Cryptophanes are spherical molecules that can encapsulate neutral molecules(halogenomethanes, xenon), and ionic species like cesium and thallium cations in their lipophiliccavity. Our objective was to covalently immobilize these molecular cages onto solid substrates tocreate a material able to extract toxic cations such as thallium in aqueous media. Different strategieswere considered to optimize the immobilization of cryptophane-A derivatives onto silica and goldsurfaces (flat surfaces and core-shell magnetic nanoparticles). Mono-acid cryptophane-A (1) andhexa-acid cryptophane-A (2) were immobilized onto silica surfaces that were functionalized by aminogroups beforehand. Alcanethiols cryptophane-A (3), 1 and 2 modified by cysteamine (cryptophanes 4and 5 ,respectively) were immobilized onto gold surfaces. Flat surfaces were characterized bypolarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) to estimate thesurface coverage of different cryptophane monolayers and to evaluate the most effective method. Asurface coverage close to 100% was obtained for the cryptophane 3 immobilized onto gold surfaces.This compound has been also immobilized efficiently onto magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe2O3/SiO2)coated with gold nano-shell. These results allow to consider the synthesis of cryptophane bearing fivehydroxyl and one thiol functions to create materials able to extract toxic cations

La modification des surfaces revêt un intérêt primordial dans de nombreux champs d'applications de la chimie, comme la chimie analytique et l'électronique moléculaire. Ce travail a porté sur l'étude de différentes monocouches liées de façon covalente à des surfaces conductrices (principalement le carbone) et préparées à partir de l'électroréduction de sels d'aryldiazonium. Ces monocouches organiques ont été fonctionnalisées avec des groupements terminaux électroactifs différents, et l'on s'est intéressé aux propriétés de transfert de charge (au sens large) des couches résultantes. Tout d'abord des couches portant un système redox simple à base de ferrocène ont été étudiées dans différents milieux organiques conventionnels et en milieu liquides ioniques. L'effet de l'éloignement du système redox vis-à-vis de la surface a été également analysé en variant la longueur du pont ancrant. Dans un second temps, les monocouches organiques ont été fonctionnalisées par des unités tétrathiafulvalène (TTF). Les TTF sont des molécules (donneur d'électrons) connues pour former des complexes à transfert de charge avec le tétracyanoquinodiméthane (TCNQ), accepteur d'électrons. La formation de complexes à transfert de charge entre des TTF immobilisées dans la monocouche et des dérivés TCNQ a été étudiée et modulée selon l'éloignement du TTF vis-à-vis de la surface (variation de la longueur du lien ancrant) et en fonction de la force de l'accepteur. Enfin, des monocouches avec des groupements terminaux de type fluorène ou spirobifluorène (SBF) ont été préparées. Le comportement bloquant vis-à-vis-du transfert d'électron a été étudié par microscopie électrochimique (SECM) en présence de deux médiateurs redox différents et la conductivité des couches a été évaluée par CP-AFM (microscopie à force atomique – mesure de courants locaux). Il est montré que les propriétés de transfert/transport de charges sont influencées par l'encombrement stérique associé au fluorène ou au SBF (variation de la substitution). Ces monocouches organiques stables, bien organisées apparaissent très prometteuses comme composants dans des dispositifs d'électronique moléculaire. / Surface modification is of paramount importance in many fields of chemistry like analytical chemistry and molecular electronics. This work deals with the study of different monolayers covalently bound on conducting (mainly carbon) surfaces, and produced from the electroreduction of aryldiazonium salts. By introducing electroactive components in the resulting monolayers, the different studies in this work mainly focused on charge-transfer properties (in a large sense). First, monolayers bearing simple redox-active ferrocenyl terminal groups were investigated. The electrochemical behavior of these monolayers was analyzed in different conventional organic media and in ionic liquids (RTILs) and by varying the length of the bridging unit between the surface and the ferrocene groups. Second, redox-active tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) molecules were used to functionalize the monolayers. TTF molecules are well-known donor molecules able to form charge-transfer complexes with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an electron-acceptor. The formation of charge-transfer complexes between immobilized TTF and TCNQ derivatives was studied and modulated by varying the chain length of the bridging unit between the TTF donor and the surface and by varying the electron-withdrawing ability of the TCNQ acceptors. Third, monolayers with fluorene and spirobifluorene (SBF) terminal groups were prepared. The blocking behavior towards electron transfer was studied by electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with two redox mediators and the conductivity of the layers was investigated by CP-AFM (Conducting Probe-Atomic Force Microscopy). Effects due to the steric hindrance of the fluorene or SBF derivatives were evidenced. Such stable, organized and organic monolayers seem to be promising candidates for molecular electronic devices.

Au cours des dernières décennies, les chromophores organiques “push-pull” ont vu leur intérêt grandir en raison de leurs applications potentielles dans les domaines des transistors à effet de champ, de l'optique non linéaire, des OLEDs, et du photovoltaïque. Dans le cadre de la conception de cellules photovoltaïques, ces structures moléculaires correctement organisées sur une surface devraient permettre d’améliorer l’interface donneur/accepteur, l’absorption optique, et d’augmenter le volume de la couche active. Nous avons développé une synthèse en plusieurs étapes de nouvelles molécules “push-pull” comportant une tête réactive thiol autorisant la formation de monocouches moléculaires auto-assemblées (SAM) sur surfaces d’or ou d’ITO. En variant les groupements donneur, accepteur, et l’espaceur il a été possible de moduler les propriétés optiques et électroniques.Les produits obtenus possèdent une forte absorption de lumière et peuvent donc être efficaces pour le photovoltaïque. Les monocouches moléculaires finales des chromophores avec ou sans nanoparticules d’or ont été étudiées principalement par angles de contact, techniques de spectroscopie IR, UV-Vis, XPS, et par microscopie à sonde locale (STM, AFM). Les matériaux ainsi obtenus à base de SAMs de chromophores “push-pull” et de nanoparticules de métaux nobles ont ensuite caractérisés électriquement et optiquement pour évaluer leur utilisation potentielle pour la conversion de l’énergie photovoltaïque. / During the past decades, the synthesis of organic donor-acceptor (D/A) “push-pull” chromophores has been of considerable interest because of their potential use in nonlinear optics, LEDs, field effect transistors, and photovoltaics (PV). As a part of the design of the PV cells, these molecular structures correctly arranged on a surface should improve the donor/acceptor interface, the optical absorption, and increase the volume of the active layer. We have developed a multi-step synthesis of new “push-pull” molecules bearing a thiol reactive group enabling to form self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold or ITO surfaces. Combining various donor, acceptor, and spacer moieties we could tune the “push-pull” optical and electronic properties. The obtained “push-pull” products exhibit a high light absorption and can thus be effective in PV applications. Final SAMs with and without nanoparticles were studied mainly by contact angles, UV-vis, IR and XPS spectroscopy, ellipsometry and near-field microscopy (STM and AFM). As-obtained organic layers were then electrically and optically characterized to assess their potential use in the field of PV energy conversion.

Le contrôle des propriétés physicochimiques et de l’état de surface des solides constituent un enjeu majeur pour le développement des biotechnologies, et notamment des bio-capteurs. Pour des applications en analyse et diagnostic biologique, la fonctionnalisation des surfaces à base de silicium peut être réalisée grâce à la formation d’un nano-film organique appelé SAM (Self-Assembled Monolayer). L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est ainsi de synthétiser des monocouches sur des substrats de silice afin de les rendre biofonctionnels en vue de développer une plateforme de biodétection polyvalente.Pour ce faire, deux types d'agents de couplages ont été envisagés : l'un possédant un motif azoture et l'autre une biotine. L’obtention de ces deux types de molécules a fait l’objet d’un travail de synthèse permettant d’aboutir à de nouveaux organosilanes fonctionnels directement greffables sur des surfaces de SiO2. La biofonctionnalité est introduite sur le substrat par la biotine, soit directement lors de la formation de la SAM, soit par chimie click sur les monocouches fonctionnalisées par des azotures.Les différentes surfaces obtenues ont ensuite été caractérisées par Spectroscopie Infrarouge de Réflexion–Absorption par Modulation de Polarisation (PM-IRRAS) et par Microscopie de Force Atomique (AFM). La bioactivité des SAMs biotinylées a enfin été évaluée par un protocole mettant en jeu une streptavidine modifiée par une enzyme (la HRP) capable de catalyser des réactions d’oxydoréduction de molécules chromogènes. / Control of surface physicochemical properties is a key aspect for the development of many biotechnological tools, such as biosensors. For analysis and diagnostic, the functionalization of silica-based surfaces may be carried out through the creation of an organic nano-film named a Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM). The main goal of this PhD work is thus to synthesize monolayer on SiO2 substrates in order give them biofunctionality, aiming at developing a versatile biodetection platform.In order to do so, we focused on the synthesis of two types of coupling agents, either bearing an azide moiety or a biotin. This organic synthesis work led to two new sorts of functional organosilanes which can be directly grafted onto silica surfaces. Biofunctionality itself is introduced by the biotin, either through the formation of the monolayer or through click chemistry on azide-functionalized SAMs.Said surfaces were then fully characterized using Polarization Modulation Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Bioactivity of biotinylated surfaces was then monitored using streptavidin conjugated with HRP in order to catalyze the redox reaction of chromogenic substrates.

Thin film deposition, characterization and properties of self-assembled monolayers based on silicon were studied with emphasis on the SA monolayers deposited from vinyltriethoxysilane and vinyltrichlorsilane. The thesis is aimed at basic properties of the SA monolayer and explanation of its growth. Methods and techniques used for analysis of the monolayer were described as well. Contact angle measurements and an evaluation of the surface free energy are depicted in details. The deposited SA layers were observed with respect to their chemical composition and surface morphology by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

This work is aimed at the preparation and morphological and spectroscopic characterization of the interphase nanocomposite (NC) two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled systems of Ag and Au nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were functionalized with the following ligands with terpyridine end-groups: 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (tpy), 4'-(2-thienyl)-2,2':6',2''- terpyridine (T-tpy), α,ω-bis(terpyridyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (tpy-2T-tpy) and α,ω-bis(terpyridyl)- 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (tpy-3T-tpy). The morphological analysis of transmission electron micrographs proves the preservation of the average interparticle distance in closely spaced NP pairs, independent of the ligand. The value of the total average interparticle distance increases in the order: tpy < T-tpy < tpy- 2T-tpy < tpy-3T-tpy, while the average occupied area fraction in the same order decreases. The morphological descriptors (i.e. interparticle distance and occupied area fraction) were found to correlate with the shift of the SPE (surface plasmon extinction) maxima of NCs (tpy > T-tpy > tpy-2T-tpy > tpy-3T-tpy). The results show that the shift of SPE band maximum depends on the degree of surface plasmon delocalisation rather than on the value of the average interparticle distance in closely spaced NP pairs. The smaller are the islands formed by closely...