Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The study described in this dissertation examines the synthesis of mainly acrylate-based surfactants and their subsequent use as emulsifiers/stabilisers in the emulsion polymerisation of styrene. Some acrylamide-based surfactants were also studied, for comparison purposes only. Two major types of surfactants, polymerisable (surfactant monomers or surfmers) and polymeric, were synthesised, characterised and used in emulsion polymerisation reactions. The prepared polymerisable surfactants, 12-acryloyloxydodecanoic acid (12-ADA) and 11-acrylamidoundecanoic acid (11-AAUA), and their sodium salts, had reactive acryloyl functionalities.

In this work, using the idea of an electrically conducting "functional unit," monomers and polymers with possible electronic and electro-optic applications were synthesized. The synthesis and polymerizations were, in many cases, novel and non-trivial. Dithiafulvene (1,3-dithiole) and variations of this functional unit were synthesized and incorporated into new condensation polymers. Polyesters, polyamides and polyhydrazones were all successfully synthesized and could be cast into films. These new polymers might be applicable as processable conducting materials if compatible dopants are employed or by themselves in the area of third order non-linear optics. Using a (meth)acrylate backbone, a spacer group of six methylene units, and a phenyl-CO₂-phenyl mesogen, linked by an ester group to a strongly polar optically active center containing a methoxy group, three new novel monomers and polymers were designed to exhibit smectic C* liquid-crystal phases. The polymers exhibited liquid crystalline behavior as was shown in differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. Further studies and investigations in the synthesis of pure (meth)acrylate esters and their homopolymers yielded surprising results with regard to the Schotten-Baumann reaction. Interestingly, the use of meth(acryloyl) chloride in this scheme leads to (meth)acrylic anhydride, which is not easily isolable from distillable products. This anhydride is responsible for gelation in the polymerization of glycolate esters, and cannot be removed by work-up with various nucleophiles without disrupting desired ester functions. An S(N)2 method is recommended in this work.

The root epidermis, being the outermost cell layer of the organ, is in contact with the soil environment. The position of the epidermis determines its important roles, such as taking up water and ions from the surrounding soil, and defending against harmful microorganisms. What is the chemical composition of the walls in this layer? The chemical nature of the soybean epidermal wall modifying substance was investigated in this study with the use of histochemical tests coupled with electron microscopy, and chemical depolymerizations in combination with chromatography. Soybean (<em>Glycine max</em>) was used as a test species in the present studay. Results of histochemical and electron microscopical studies indicated that the epidermal walls are modified with suberin. The suberized epidermal walls were permeable to apoplastic tracers, differing from those of cells with suberized Casparian bands, possibly due to the spatial distribution or chemical components of the suberin. Suberin may occur in a diffuse form linked with other wall components in the epidermis. What is the chemical nature of this modification, and does it play a role in pathogen resistance? The root epidermal wall compositions of two soybean cultivars were compared; one (cv. Conrad) is resistant to <em>Phytophthora sojae</em> and the other (cv. OX 760-6) is susceptible to this root-rot oomycete. Their epidermal walls were isolated enzymatically and subjected to two different degradation methods, i. e. BF₃-MeOH transesterification and nitrobenzene oxidation. The compositions of depolymerisates of the cell walls determined by GC-MS indicated four dominant suberin monomers varying in chain length from C16 to C24. In all epidermal cell walls, &omega;-hydroxycarboxylic acids were more abundant than diacids, carboxylic acids and alcohols. Two of the monomers detected (hydroxycarboxylic acid and a,&omega;-dicarboxylic acid) are known to be characteristic suberin markers. The quantitative chemical compositions significantly differed in the epidermal cell walls of the two soybean varieties. Walls of the resistant cultivar (Conrad) had a greater quantity of both the aliphatic and aromatic components of the polymer than the susceptible cultivar (OX760-6), providing evidence to support the hypothesis that preformed suberin plays a role in plant defense.

L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier la faisabilité d'ajout de sel nylon à un polyamide (PA) par un procédé d’extrusion réactive. Dans ce cadre, l'ajout de sel 6T comprenant des motifs aromatiques à du PA 66 est réalisé dans le but de synthétiser du PA 66/6T. En effet, ce dernier répond à la demande actuelle en polymères à haute résistance thermique. Le taux d'avancement de la réaction et le taux de motifs 6T insérés doivent dès lors être maximisés.Le travail comprend les synthèses et les analyses du sel 6T, du PA 6T et du PA 66/6T. Le sel 6T est produit puisqu'il n'est pas commercialisé. Le PA 6T est synthétisé pour permettre l’identification des hydrogènes aromatiques du PA 66/6T. Le travail sur ce dernier nécessite la mise au point et l'étude du procédé d'extrusion. Pour ce faire, les influences d'un certain nombre de paramètres opératoires sont étudiées comme, par exemple, le niveau de vide sur les évents de l'extrudeuse.Les meilleures conditions opératoires du procédé permettent d’obtenir un taux d'avancement de 93 mol% et un taux d'insertion de motifs 6T de 15,3 mol%. Néanmoins, le PA 66/6T produit présente un fort excès de fonctions terminales acides / The aim of this work is to study the feasibility of addition of nylon salt to polyamide (PA) by a reactive extrusion process. As example, the addition of 6T salt, which includes aromatic monomers, to PA 66 is performed in order to synthesize PA 66/6T. This latter replies to demand of high resistance temperature polymer. Consequently, the progress rate of the reaction and the rate of 6T motifs insertion have to be maximized.This work includes the synthesis and the analysis of 6T salt, PA 6T and PA 66/6T. 6T salt synthesis is performed since it is not commercialised. PA 6T is synthesized in order to identify aromatic hydrogen in PA 66/6T molecule. About this latter, it is necessary to adjust and to study the extrusion process. So, the influences of few process parameters are studied as, for example, pressure level on vent gas of the extruder.With the best process parameters, the progress rate is 93 mol% and the rate of 6T motifs insertion is 15,3 mol%. Yet, PA 66/6T presents a significant excess of acidic end group

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar múltiplos aspectos relacionados a polimerização da resina composta como: o grau de conversão monomérica (GC), parâmetros da cinética de polimerização e a determinação de monômeros residuais TEGDMA e BisGMA, além de avaliar o desempenho de aparelhos fotoativadores. As resinas compostas experimentais foram manipuladas variando-se os fotoiniciadores R1-) canforoquinona/amina, R2-) PPD/amina, R3-) PPD + canforoquinona/amina) e foram utilizados dois aparelhos para a fotoativação (I-) lâmpada halógena (Demetron LC/ SDS Kerr-USA) e II-) LED (Poly 600/Kavo-Brasil) ambos com 600 mW cm-2, por 40 s. O GC após 300 s e os parâmetros de cinética como taxa máxima de conversão (Rpmáx), tempo em que ocorreu a taxa máxima de polimerização (tmáx) e a conversão quando ocorreu a Rpmáx, foram determinados por meio de espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho em tempo real (RT-FTIR), Os espectros foram coletados dos espécimes (n=5) no modo cinética, durante 305 s, entre 1680 e 1550 cm-1. As 5 primeiras varreduras coletadas serviram para fornecer o espectro de absorção da resina não polimerizada (utilizado no cálculo do GC). Na 6&ordm; varredura, o fotoativador foi ligado (por 40 segundos) enquanto o espectro continuava a ser coletado até 300 s após a ativação da luz. A presença de monômeros residuais (TEGDMA e BisGMA) foi avaliada por meio da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), sendo que os espécimes (n=6) foram imersos em acetonitrila (5 mL-24 h) com agitação mecânica, o método desenvolvido utilizou: HPLC, coluna C18, fase móvel A: água com trietilamina (0,05%) acidificada com ácido acético (pH 4) e B: acetonitrila, modo de eluição com gradiente (40-85%-17 min/ 55&deg;C), fluxo de 1 mL min-1, detector UV em 210 nm, injeção de 20 &micro;L. Em relação aos resultados de GC após 300 s os maiores valores foram para a resina R1 tanto fotoativada com LED (65,90% &plusmn;1,81) quanto com a lâmpada halógena (64,40% &plusmn;0,83), e os menores valores encontrados foram quando a resina R2 foi fotoativada pelo LED (35,64% &plusmn;1,73) e a única resina que apresentou diferenças significantes em relação as fontes de luz foi a R2. Os valores da Rpmáx diminuíram nas resinas que apresentavam o fotoiniciador PPD. O tempo de ocorrência da taxa máxima de conversão (tmáx) aconteceu mais rapidamente para a resina com CQ. Todas as resinas apresentaram valores de grau de conversão similares no tmáx. Em relação aos resultados de HPLC, a quantidade de monômeros extraídos (M/M%) variou de 1,98% &plusmn;0,16 à 3,34% &plusmn;0,07 para os monômeros TEGDMA e de 3,57% &plusmn;0,30 à 7,57% &plusmn;0,40 para os monômeros BisGMA. A resina R2 apresentou a maior quantidade de monômeros residuais quando fotoativada com ambas as fontes, principalmente quando fotoativada com o LED. As resinas R1 e R3 obtiveram comportamento parecidos para ambos fotoativadores. Conclui-se que a resina R3 pode ser uma boa opção, pois quando comparada com a resina R1 apresentou vantagens como: redução na Rpmáx, bem como o momento em que esta ocorreu (tmáx), além de ser adequadamente fotoativada com aparelhos de LED. / This study aimed to investigate multiple aspects of composite resin polymerization as the degree of monomer conversion (DC), the kinetic parameters of polymerization and the determination of residual monomers TEGDMA and BisGMA, and evaluate the performance of light curing units. The experimental composites were manipulated by varying the photoinitiators R1-) camphorquinone/amine, R2-) PPD/amine, R3-) PPD + camphorquinone/ amine) and two devices were used for the polymerization I-) halogen lamp (Demetron LC / SDS Kerr, USA) and II-) LED (Poly 600/Kavo-Brasil) both with 600 mW cm-2 for 40 s. DC after 300 s and the kinetic parameters such as maximum rate of polymerization conversion (Rpmax), time of occurrence of the maximum rate of polymerisation (tmax) and the conversion occurred when Rpmax were determined by infrared absorption spectroscopy in real time (RT-FTIR), the infrared spectrum was collected from the specimen (n=5) in order kinetics for 305 s, between 1680 and 1550 cm-1. The first 5 scans were used to provide the collected absorption spectrum of the uncured resin (calculated DC). In the sixth scan, the curing unit was connected (by 40 seconds) while the spectrum continued to be collected up to 300 s after activation of the light. The presence of residual monomers (TEGDMA and BisGMA) was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the specimens (n=6) were immersed in acetonitrile (5 mL-24 h) with mechanical stirring, the method developed used: HPLC, C18 column, mobile phase A: water with triethylamine (0,05%) acidified with acetic acid (pH 4) and phase B: acetonitrile, gradient elution mode (40-85% -17 min/55 &deg;C), flow 1 mL/min, UV detector at 210 nm, injection of 20 &micro;L. Regarding the results of DC after 300s were the highest values for both R1 resin polymerized with LED (65.90% &plusmn;1.81) and with a halogen lamp (64.40% &plusmn;0.83), and lower values when the resin was found that R2 was polymerized by LED (35.64% &plusmn;1.73) and the only resin that showed significant differences in the sources of light was the R2. The values of the resins decreased Rpmax who had PPD photoinitiator. The time of occurrence of the maximum rate of conversion (tmax) occurred more rapidly for the resin with CQ. And all resins showed values similar degree of conversion in tmax. For HPLC results, the amount of monomer extracted (M/M%) ranged from 1.98% &plusmn;0.16 to 3.34% &plusmn;0.07 for the monomers of TEGDMA and 3.57% &plusmn;0.30 to 7.57% &plusmn;0.40 for the monomers BisGMA. Resin R2 showed the highest amount of residual monomers as polymerized with both sources, especially when polymerized with LED. Resins R1 and R3 had similar behavior for both curing units. In conclusion, the resin R3 can be a good choice, as compared with the resin obtained R1 advantages as reduction in Rpmax as well as the time it occurred (tmax), and be suitably photoactivated with LED devices.

Os monômeros ligantes 3amdpy2oxaNBE (1), 3imdpyoxaNBE (2) e ácido âmico (3) foram sintetizados e caracterizado por analise elementar (CHN), infravermelho e RMN 1H e 13C. A partir do monômero 1 sintetizou-se compostos partindo de complexos do tipo [RuCl2(LL)], onde foi LL=bpy 37 (complexo 4), phen (complexo 6) ou 5-Cl-phen (complexo 7), e foram realizados estudos de fotoquímica e fotofísica. Os complexos 6 e 7 apresentaram uma eficiente fotofísica e não apresentaram fotoquímica, enquanto os complexos semelhante [Ru(bpy)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (5) e [Ru(phen)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (8) que possui a aminopiridina no lugar do monômero 1, apresentaram fotoquímica. Observou-se que as diferenças na rigidez dos ligantes phen e bpy podem causar diferentes propriedades fotoquímicas e fotofísicasem sistemas do tipo cis-[RuCl2(?-diimina)]. Todos os complexos exibiram absorções na região de 350 nm e entre 420 a 500 nm. Sendo que 5 e 8 apresentaram fotoquímica e os complexos 6 e 7 apresentaram fotofisica. Estes foram estudados em diferentes solventes (DMF, CH3CN, CH2Cl2, THF) e em diferentes comprimentos de onda de irradiação (340, 440 e 500 nm). A emissão dos complexos 6 (580 nm) e 7 (582 nm) em acetonitrila é atribuída a uma MLCT (Ru_phen). Sendo observada a independência do _irr, mas existe dependência da emissão quando a temperatura é abaixada. Além disso, suas propriedades fotocatalíticas são demonstradas pela supressão oxidativa através de íons receptores do metilviologenio. Ainda deve-se levar em conta que, o anel quelante do monômero ligante 1 contribui ainda mais para a estabilização destes complexos, ao contrario, 5 e 8 possuem uma fotolabilização . / The monomer ligands 3amdpy2oxaNBE (1), 3imdpyoxaNBE (2) and amic acid (3) were synthesized and characterized by elementar analysis (CHN), infrared and 1H e 13C NMR. Since monomer 1, it was synthesized complexes of type [RuCl2(LL)], where LL=bpy 37 (complex 4), phen (complex 6) or 5-Cl-phen (complexo 7), with which photophysics and photochemical studies were performed. The complexes 6 and 7 presented efficient photophysics and they do not presented photochemistry, while the similar complexes [Ru(bpy)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (5) and [Ru(phen)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (8), which possess the aminopyridine in place of monomer 1, presented photochemistry. It was observed that the difference in the rigidity of the ligands phen and bpy may cause different photochemical and photophysical properties in systems of type cis-[RuCl2(?- diimine)]. All complexes exhibited absorptions in region of 350 nm and between 420 and 500 nm, where 5 and 8 presented photochemistry and the complexes 6 and 7 presented photophysics. They were studied in different solvents (DMF, CH3CN, CH2Cl2, THF) and in different irradiation wavelength (340, 440 e 500 nm). The emission of the complexes 6 (580 nm) and 7 (582 nm) in acetonitrile is attributed to an MLCT (Ru_phen). It was observed independence of _irr, however there is dependence of emission when the temperature is lowered. Furthermore, their photocatalytic properties are demonstrated by oxidative quenching using methylviologen ion. One should consider that the chelating ring of monomer ligand 1 contributes even more to the stabilization of these complexes, unlike, 5 and 8 that possess photolabilization.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar múltiplos aspectos relacionados a polimerização da resina composta como: o grau de conversão monomérica (GC), parâmetros da cinética de polimerização e a determinação de monômeros residuais TEGDMA e BisGMA, além de avaliar o desempenho de aparelhos fotoativadores. As resinas compostas experimentais foram manipuladas variando-se os fotoiniciadores R1-) canforoquinona/amina, R2-) PPD/amina, R3-) PPD + canforoquinona/amina) e foram utilizados dois aparelhos para a fotoativação (I-) lâmpada halógena (Demetron LC/ SDS Kerr-USA) e II-) LED (Poly 600/Kavo-Brasil) ambos com 600 mW cm-2, por 40 s. O GC após 300 s e os parâmetros de cinética como taxa máxima de conversão (Rpmáx), tempo em que ocorreu a taxa máxima de polimerização (tmáx) e a conversão quando ocorreu a Rpmáx, foram determinados por meio de espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho em tempo real (RT-FTIR), Os espectros foram coletados dos espécimes (n=5) no modo cinética, durante 305 s, entre 1680 e 1550 cm-1. As 5 primeiras varreduras coletadas serviram para fornecer o espectro de absorção da resina não polimerizada (utilizado no cálculo do GC). Na 6&ordm; varredura, o fotoativador foi ligado (por 40 segundos) enquanto o espectro continuava a ser coletado até 300 s após a ativação da luz. A presença de monômeros residuais (TEGDMA e BisGMA) foi avaliada por meio da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), sendo que os espécimes (n=6) foram imersos em acetonitrila (5 mL-24 h) com agitação mecânica, o método desenvolvido utilizou: HPLC, coluna C18, fase móvel A: água com trietilamina (0,05%) acidificada com ácido acético (pH 4) e B: acetonitrila, modo de eluição com gradiente (40-85%-17 min/ 55&deg;C), fluxo de 1 mL min-1, detector UV em 210 nm, injeção de 20 &micro;L. Em relação aos resultados de GC após 300 s os maiores valores foram para a resina R1 tanto fotoativada com LED (65,90% &plusmn;1,81) quanto com a lâmpada halógena (64,40% &plusmn;0,83), e os menores valores encontrados foram quando a resina R2 foi fotoativada pelo LED (35,64% &plusmn;1,73) e a única resina que apresentou diferenças significantes em relação as fontes de luz foi a R2. Os valores da Rpmáx diminuíram nas resinas que apresentavam o fotoiniciador PPD. O tempo de ocorrência da taxa máxima de conversão (tmáx) aconteceu mais rapidamente para a resina com CQ. Todas as resinas apresentaram valores de grau de conversão similares no tmáx. Em relação aos resultados de HPLC, a quantidade de monômeros extraídos (M/M%) variou de 1,98% &plusmn;0,16 à 3,34% &plusmn;0,07 para os monômeros TEGDMA e de 3,57% &plusmn;0,30 à 7,57% &plusmn;0,40 para os monômeros BisGMA. A resina R2 apresentou a maior quantidade de monômeros residuais quando fotoativada com ambas as fontes, principalmente quando fotoativada com o LED. As resinas R1 e R3 obtiveram comportamento parecidos para ambos fotoativadores. Conclui-se que a resina R3 pode ser uma boa opção, pois quando comparada com a resina R1 apresentou vantagens como: redução na Rpmáx, bem como o momento em que esta ocorreu (tmáx), além de ser adequadamente fotoativada com aparelhos de LED. / This study aimed to investigate multiple aspects of composite resin polymerization as the degree of monomer conversion (DC), the kinetic parameters of polymerization and the determination of residual monomers TEGDMA and BisGMA, and evaluate the performance of light curing units. The experimental composites were manipulated by varying the photoinitiators R1-) camphorquinone/amine, R2-) PPD/amine, R3-) PPD + camphorquinone/ amine) and two devices were used for the polymerization I-) halogen lamp (Demetron LC / SDS Kerr, USA) and II-) LED (Poly 600/Kavo-Brasil) both with 600 mW cm-2 for 40 s. DC after 300 s and the kinetic parameters such as maximum rate of polymerization conversion (Rpmax), time of occurrence of the maximum rate of polymerisation (tmax) and the conversion occurred when Rpmax were determined by infrared absorption spectroscopy in real time (RT-FTIR), the infrared spectrum was collected from the specimen (n=5) in order kinetics for 305 s, between 1680 and 1550 cm-1. The first 5 scans were used to provide the collected absorption spectrum of the uncured resin (calculated DC). In the sixth scan, the curing unit was connected (by 40 seconds) while the spectrum continued to be collected up to 300 s after activation of the light. The presence of residual monomers (TEGDMA and BisGMA) was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the specimens (n=6) were immersed in acetonitrile (5 mL-24 h) with mechanical stirring, the method developed used: HPLC, C18 column, mobile phase A: water with triethylamine (0,05%) acidified with acetic acid (pH 4) and phase B: acetonitrile, gradient elution mode (40-85% -17 min/55 &deg;C), flow 1 mL/min, UV detector at 210 nm, injection of 20 &micro;L. Regarding the results of DC after 300s were the highest values for both R1 resin polymerized with LED (65.90% &plusmn;1.81) and with a halogen lamp (64.40% &plusmn;0.83), and lower values when the resin was found that R2 was polymerized by LED (35.64% &plusmn;1.73) and the only resin that showed significant differences in the sources of light was the R2. The values of the resins decreased Rpmax who had PPD photoinitiator. The time of occurrence of the maximum rate of conversion (tmax) occurred more rapidly for the resin with CQ. And all resins showed values similar degree of conversion in tmax. For HPLC results, the amount of monomer extracted (M/M%) ranged from 1.98% &plusmn;0.16 to 3.34% &plusmn;0.07 for the monomers of TEGDMA and 3.57% &plusmn;0.30 to 7.57% &plusmn;0.40 for the monomers BisGMA. Resin R2 showed the highest amount of residual monomers as polymerized with both sources, especially when polymerized with LED. Resins R1 and R3 had similar behavior for both curing units. In conclusion, the resin R3 can be a good choice, as compared with the resin obtained R1 advantages as reduction in Rpmax as well as the time it occurred (tmax), and be suitably photoactivated with LED devices.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2006. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 21, 2007). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2006. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 21, 2007). Includes bibliographical references.

The root epidermis, being the outermost cell layer of the organ, is in contact with the soil environment. The position of the epidermis determines its important roles, such as taking up water and ions from the surrounding soil, and defending against harmful microorganisms. What is the chemical composition of the walls in this layer? The chemical nature of the soybean epidermal wall modifying substance was investigated in this study with the use of histochemical tests coupled with electron microscopy, and chemical depolymerizations in combination with chromatography. Soybean (<em>Glycine max</em>) was used as a test species in the present studay. Results of histochemical and electron microscopical studies indicated that the epidermal walls are modified with suberin. The suberized epidermal walls were permeable to apoplastic tracers, differing from those of cells with suberized Casparian bands, possibly due to the spatial distribution or chemical components of the suberin. Suberin may occur in a diffuse form linked with other wall components in the epidermis. What is the chemical nature of this modification, and does it play a role in pathogen resistance? The root epidermal wall compositions of two soybean cultivars were compared; one (cv. Conrad) is resistant to <em>Phytophthora sojae</em> and the other (cv. OX 760-6) is susceptible to this root-rot oomycete. Their epidermal walls were isolated enzymatically and subjected to two different degradation methods, i. e. BF₃-MeOH transesterification and nitrobenzene oxidation. The compositions of depolymerisates of the cell walls determined by GC-MS indicated four dominant suberin monomers varying in chain length from C16 to C24. In all epidermal cell walls, &omega;-hydroxycarboxylic acids were more abundant than diacids, carboxylic acids and alcohols. Two of the monomers detected (hydroxycarboxylic acid and a,&omega;-dicarboxylic acid) are known to be characteristic suberin markers. The quantitative chemical compositions significantly differed in the epidermal cell walls of the two soybean varieties. Walls of the resistant cultivar (Conrad) had a greater quantity of both the aliphatic and aromatic components of the polymer than the susceptible cultivar (OX760-6), providing evidence to support the hypothesis that preformed suberin plays a role in plant defense.