Ce travail vise à améliorer notre ‎compréhension de l'impact radiatif des ‎aérosols et de la vapeur d'eau sur la ‎dynamique de la dépression thermique ‎saharienne (Saharan heat low, SHL) en ‎utilisant une combinaison d'observations ‎spatiales (MODIS, OMI et CALIOP) ainsi ‎que le modèle de transfert radiatif ‎STREAMER. La variabilité saisonnière ‎moyenne de l’épaisseur optique des aérosols ‎‎(AOD) et du contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau ‎‎(IWVC) sur le Sahara, moyenné sur les 11 ‎dernières années, est bien corrélée avec ‎l'évolution saisonnière du SHL. Après ‎l'apparition de la SHL, l'IWVC augmente ‎progressivement au dessus du Sahara tandis ‎que l'AOD présente un maximum localisé en ‎août, associé à la présence de systèmes ‎convectifs profonds formant au-dessus des ‎monts Hoggar.‎Pour estimer l'impact radiatif saisonnier de la ‎vapeur d'eau et des aérosols désertiques, le ‎modèle de transfert STREAMER a été utilisé ‎pour calculer le budget radiatif mensuel net ‎de mai à septembre. Des profils verticaux ‎mensuels moyens de température et ‎d'humidité obtenus à partir des analyses du ‎Centre européen pour les prévisions ‎météorologiques à moyen terme (ECMWF) ‎et des profils de coefficients d'extinction ‎dérivés de CALIOP sont utilisés comme ‎paramètres d'entrée pour le calcul du ‎modèle.‎ Nos travaux montrent que le forçage des ‎aérosols dans le Sud-Ouest du massif de ‎Hoggar domine le budget net radiatif de ‎surface, tandis que la vapeur d'eau est le ‎joueur le plus fort en termes de forçage en ‎ondes longues LW. Le forçage en ondes ‎courtes SW et longues LW associé aux ‎aérosols et à la vapeur d'eau, ‎respectivement, contribue au réchauffement de ‎la basse troposphère sur le Sahara pendant ‎l'été (lorsque le SHL est au-dessus du ‎Sahara). A son tour, ce chauffage intensifie ‎la circulation cyclonique du SHL conduisant ‎ainsi à renforcer l’advection de la vapeur ‎d'eau vers le Sahara.‎Par conséquent, l'analyse des tendances ‎décennales de la vapeur d'eau dans les ‎tropiques et sous-tropiques est importante ‎pour accroître la connaissance de la ‎dynamique de la SHL, une caractéristique ‎essentielle de la mousson ouest-africaine.‎Par ailleurs et pour la première fois, nous ‎montrons l'impact de la variabilité ‎saisonnière de la mousson africaine associée ‎à la modulation de la latitude du front ‎intertropicale (FIT), du jet de basse couche ‎‎(LLJ), du vent meridional et zonal, de ‎l’intensité et la position de la dépression ‎thermique saharienne et du jet d’est Africain ‎‎(EAJ) sur le soulèvement de la poussière sur ‎les deux périodes juin 2006 et juin 2011, ‎correspondant respectivement aux ‎campagnes AMMA et FENNEC.‎ / This work aims at enhancing our ‎understanding of the radiative impact of ‎aerosols and water vapor on the dynamics ‎of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) using a ‎combination of space-borne observations ‎‎(MODIS, OMI, CALIOP) and a radiative ‎transfer model (STREAMER). The mean ‎seasonal variability of aerosol optical depth ‎‎(AOD) and integrated water vapor content ‎‎(IWVC) over the Sahara, averaged over the ‎last 11 years, is found to be well correlated ‎with the seasonal evolution of the SHL. ‎After the onset of the SHL, the IWVC is ‎observed to increase steadily over the ‎Sahara while the AOD exhibits a localized ‎maximum during August associated with the ‎presence of deep convective systems ‎forming over the Hoggar Mountains.‎To estimate the seasonal radiative impact of ‎water vapor and desert aerosols, ‎STREAMER was used to calculate the net ‎monthly radiative budget from May to ‎September. Average monthly temperature ‎and humidity profiles obtained from the ‎European center for medium range weather ‎forecast (ECMWF) analyses and extinction ‎coefficient profiles derived from CALIOP ‎are used as input parameters for the model ‎calculation.‎Our work shows that the aerosols forcing in ‎the shortwave (SW) dominates the net ‎surface radiative budget, while water vapor ‎is the strongest player in terms of longwave ‎‎(LW) forcing. The SW and LW forcing ‎associated with aerosols and water vapor, ‎respectively, contribute to heating the lower ‎troposphere over the Sahara during the ‎summer (when the SHL is over the Sahara).‎ In turn, this heating intensifies the cyclonic ‎circulation of the SHL thereby leading to ‎enhanced advection of water vapor ‎towards the Sahara.‎Hence, analyzing the decadal trends of ‎water vapor in the Tropics and sub-Tropics ‎is important to increase knowledge of the ‎dynamics of the SHL, a pivotal feature of ‎the West African Monsoon system.‎For the first time we show the impact of the ‎variability of ‎the ‎African ‎monsoon ‎associated with the ‎modulation of the latitude of intertropical ‎discontinuity (ITD), the Saharan Heat Low ‎‎(SHL), the low level jet (LLJ) and African ‎Easterly Jet (AEJ) ‎on the uprising of dust ‎during the periods of June 2006 and June ‎‎2011, corresponding to the AMMA and ‎FENNEC field campaigns, respectively.‎

La carotte MD92-1002 prélevée dans le Golfe d’Aden (12°01’32 N- 44°19’02E -1327 m de profondeur) fournit un enregistrement paléoenvironnemental et paléoclimatique unique permettant de discuter l’évolution des milieux continentaux et océaniques depuis 20 000 ans BP. J’ai effectué l'analyse des palynomorphes continentaux (grains de pollen, spores, champignons, charbons et algues d'eau douces) et marins (kystes de dinoflagellés, œufs de copépodes) et j’ai combiné ces données à des paramètres géochimiques (δ¹⁸O, analyses élémentaires par Fluorescence X) et sédimentaires (taux de sédimentation, teneurs en carbone organique). Les grains de pollen révèlent des conditions régionales hyper-arides pendant la période glaciaire caractérisée par une végétation clairsemée d’origine Saharo-Sindienne. L'abondance des taxons steppiques associés aux microparticules de charbon suggère une activité éolienne élevée. Les marqueurs d’humidité augmentent dès 14 900 ans BP et atteignent leur maximum entre 9 000 et 7 500 ans BP, au moment où se développe une mangrove à Rhizophora dans le Golfe d’Aden reflétant des conditions tropicales avec une saison pluvieuse d’été. La chronologie des événements élaborée à partir des résultats polliniques et des enregistrements continentaux tels les témoins des lacs et marécages et les spéléothèmes de Socotra et d’Oman documente la progression vers le Nord et l’Ouest de la limite estivale de la Zone de Convergence Inter-Tropicale (ITCZ) au cours de la transition glaciaire-interglaciaire, au moment de la mise en place de la Période Humide Holocène (PHH). L'ITCZ est localisée au Sud de l'Ethiopie à 19 000 ans BP puis migre vers le Nord pour atteindre Socotra à 14 510 ans BP, Qunf à 10 400 ans BP et Hoti à 10 000 ans BP. Les mouvements de l'ITCZ vers l'Ouest sont documentés par le développement de la mangrove à Rhizophora à partir de 12 600 ans BP. La carotte MD 92-1002 permet également de documenter la fin de la PHH qui débute très tôt comparativement à ce qui est observé en Afrique nord tropicale, en deux étapes successivement datées de 7500 et 4000 BP. Les assemblages de dinoflagellés montrent que la période glaciaire est caractérisée par de faibles upwellings et des eaux profondes bien ventilées. La productivité primaire marine dans le Golfe d’Aden augmente à partir de 14 500 ans BP et atteint un maximum pendant la transition glaciaire/interglaciaire, entre 12 600 et 10 800 ans BP. Il survient ~ 3 000 ans avant le pic d’intensité des upwellings de la marge d’Oman associé au maximum des vents de la mousson du S-O. Cette singularité pourrait s’expliquer par les conditions très particulières du Golfe d’Aden qui est situé à l’intersection de deux systèmes de vents orthogonaux pendant l’été boréal (des vents du S-O à l’Est du golfe et des vents orientés du N-O en provenance de la Mer Rouge). La courbe de COT révèle une nette variabilité Glaciaire/Interglaciaire, largement découplée des variations des assemblages de dinoflagellés. Cela suggère que la teneur en matière organique est essentiellement contrôlée par la préservation sur le fond marin. / Core MD92-1002 retrieved from the Gulf of Aden (12°01’32 N- 44°19’02E -1327 m of water depth) provides a unique paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic record to study the evolution of continental and marine environments since 20 ka. I performed palynological analyses (pollen grains, spores, fungi, charcoal, freshwater algae, dinoflagellate cysts, copepod eggs) and combined those data with geochemical (δ¹⁸O, X-Ray Fluorescence) and sedimentological parameters (e.g. sedimentation rates, Total Organic Carbon (TOC)). Pollen grains reveal regional hyper-arid conditions during the glacial period, characterized by sparse vegetation cover of Saharo-Sindian origin. The abundance of steppic taxa associated with charcoal fragments suggests strong wind activity. Humidity tracers increased from 14.9 ka and reached their maximum between 9 and 7.5 ka. This maximum is characterized by the development of the tropical mangrove Rhizophora in the Gulf of Aden, reflecting tropical conditions with summer monsoon rains. The timing of events deduced from palynological records and continental data such as lacustrine and palustrine deposits and speleothems from Socotra and Oman, reveals a northward and westward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) summer position at the onset of the Holocene Humid Period (HHP). The ITCZ was located in southern Ethiopia at 19 ka, then migrated northward to reach Socotra at 14.51 ka, Qunf at 10.4 ka and Hoti at 10 ka. Westward shift of ITCZ is suggested by the development of mangrove (Rhizophora) from 12.5 ka. Core MD 92-1002 reveals that HHP termination took place earlier than over tropical North Africa, in two main steps dated at 7.5 and 4 ka, respectively. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggest that the glacial period was characterized by weakened upwellings and well-ventilated bottom water. Primary productivity in the Gulf of Aden increased from 14.5 ka and reached its maximum during the glacial/interglacial transition between 12.6 and 10.8 ka. It took place about ~ 3 ka earlier than the peak intensity of upwellings off the Oman margin, which is associated with the maximum of SW monsoonal winds. This singularity could be explained by the landlocked position of the gulf, at the junction between two orthogonal wind regimes during the boreal summer season (SW monsoon winds prevailing to the East of the Gulf, while NW winds blow along the main axis of the Red Sea to the west). TOC analysis reveals a Glacial-Interglacial variability that is largely decoupled from our reconstruction of surface productivity, suggesting that organic content is mainly controlled by preservation at the sea floor.

At present, the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) influences water availability for nearly one third of the global population. The intensity and position of the EAM has varied considerably since its onset, but disagreement still exists related to the precise latitudinal and intensity shifts of the Westerly Jet and associated storm fronts, which mark the northern extent of the monsoon. Paleoclimate research can assist in improved assessment and prediction of EAM intensity, radiative forcing, and biogeochemical cycles in the Japan Sea and North Pacific, especially under the currently changing climate. My research primarily focuses on using major-, trace- and rare earth elements in sediments from International Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 346 in the Japan (Ulleung Basin) and East China Seas (Okinawa Trough) to track variability in the EAM on millennial time scales. Using geochemical and multivariate statistical techniques (Q-Mode Factor analysis and Constrained Least Squares multiple linear regressions), I differentiated compositionally similar terrigenous aluminosilicate materials (continental crust components, eolian dusts, volcanic ash) from these sediment archives. I successfully constructed a robust record of aluminosilicate provenance, which enables more precise determinations of EAM position and intensity than previously possible. Most of my research focused on the interpretation of aluminosilicate records over several different timescales from three sites from Expedition 346. In tandem with this research, I also refined values of the well-known, and widely used, Standard Reference Material (SRM) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Basalt (BHVO-2). In the Okinawa trough (Sites U1428/U1429), I identified and tracked the increase in flux of five continental crust materials, loesses, and volcanic ashes during glacial cycles, continental shelf exposure, and the migration of paleo-rivers in the last 400 kyr. Additionally, I constructed a 12 Myr record, which identified and quantified the dust fluxes to Ulleung Basin (Site U1430), and emphasized the importance of the Taklimakan and Gobi Deserts as main sources of dust to the Japan Sea and Pacific through the Cenozoic. Collectively, these aluminosilicate flux reconstructions are first to identify multiple specific Asian source regions through the Cenozoic, and highlight the complexity of accurately reconstructing monsoons and other aspects of paleoclimate from sediment in dynamic environments.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer une reconstruction de l’altération continentale dans le bassin du Nil depuis 100.000 ans, afin de mieux comprendre l’impact des variations climatiques sur les sols, les apports à la Méditerranée et le cycle du carbone. Ce travail repose sur une étude géochimique fine des argiles extraites d’archives sédimentaires du delta du Nil sur une échelle de temps de 100.000 ans. Il repose sur une approche inédite du couplage d’un traceur de source (isotopes du néodyme) et de traceurs d’altérations (isotopes du lithium). Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence une réponse rapide de l’altération continentale aux variations hydro-climatique en Afrique du Nord. De plus, les changements climatiques en Atlantique Nord et du ralentissement de l’AMOC ont eu une influence importante sur la diminution de l’intensité d’altération continentale dans le bassin du Nil. A l’actuel, les taux d’altération, et la consommation de CO2 associée, des trapps d’Ethiopie sont relativement faibles par rapport aux autres régions basaltiques. Nos résultats montrent cependant que durant l’African Humid Period, la consommation de CO2 dans cette région était 2 à 3 fois plus importante qu’aujourd’hui. Cela indique que les trapps d’Ethiopie ont pu jouer un rôle non négligeable dans le cycle du CO2, et en particulier lors des périodes de fort runoff. Enfin, des développements analytiques ont été réalisés afin de pouvoir exploiter les compositions isotopiques en lithium des carbonates biogéniques marins, comme nouveaux traceurs des apports en eau douce du Nil. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent une influence des effets dits « vitaux » et des processus de diagénèse. / This thesis presents a reconstruction of the chemical weathering in the Nile basin since 100.000 years. His objective is to better understand the impact of climatic variations on chemical weathering, to better. This work is based on the geochemistry study on marine core recorded in the Nile delta, on a time scale of 100.000 years. It use a novel approach with the coupling of à source tracer (εNd) and chemical weathering tracers (δ7Li and elementary ratios) on the fine fraction (< 2µm). In addition, it was analyzed samples of each actual Nil sources and a core sample from Tana Lack (Ethiopie). The results of this studies have enabled to reconstruct the chemical weathering variations in the Nile basin since 100.000 years. It show a rapid respond of chemical weathering to climate variations. This was also observed by important impact of North Atlantic climate variations on the decrease of chemical weathering in the Nile basin. At present, the chemical weathering flux and the CO2 consumption of the Ethiopian traps are low comparted to the other basaltic regions, as the Deccan. However, our results show that during the most humid periods (African Humid Period) the CO2 consumption was 2 to 3 time higher than today. This indicates that the Ethiopian traps could be have played a non-negligible role in the global CO2 cycle during the Cenozoic, and principally during the most humid periods in North Africa. Finally, analytical developments have been realized to be able to exploit the lithium isotopes on biogenic carbonates as a new tracer of Nile water flood. The results suggest an influence of “vital” effect and diagenetic process.

Lake Pa Kho is a fresh water lake in Northeastern Thailand, where the East Asian summer monsoon prevails. The monsoon climate and associated variability has tremendous impacts on the life and environmental aspects of the region. In this study, climate and palaeo-environmental history of Lake Pa Kho has been extracted from geochemical proxy indices during the Holocene time. Geochemical variables like total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), atomic Carbon-Nitrogen ratio (C/N) of organic matter, stable isotope fractionations (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) and radiocarbon 14C dating of the lake sedimentary core samples were analyzed during the past &gt;7000 cal yr BP in terms of palaeo-climate interpretation. The Loss-on-ignition (LOI%) curve, TOC% value, higher C/N ratio indicate that organic materials in lake sediments has been mostly derived from terrestrial sources. δ13C value supports the terrestrial source of organic matter. TN% and δ15N value indicate low organic productivity in the lake. δ34S value indicate possible anoxic condition in the bottom of the lake due to lowering water level. Lower Aquatic productivity and deposition of organic material from terrestrial sources show that the lake was shallow and dry climate condition prevailed at ~7000 to 2000 cal yr BP due to weak monsoon precipitation. Moreover, monsoon played a significant role in controlling the lake level and overall Aquatic productivity. Progressive lowering of water level due to a lack in precipitation might have transformed the lake into a wetland and subsequently into a peatland at around 1500 cal yr BP. A possible explanation for the gradual shift up to 200 cal yr BP might be invasion of terrestrial vegetation from the surrounding catchment sources due to weak monsoon intensity.

Climate change during the Quaternary played an important role in the distribution of extant plants. Herein, cone scales of Cedrus (Pinaceae) were uncovered from the Upper Pliocene Sanying Formation, Longmen Village, Yongping County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China. Detailed comparisons show that these fossils all belong to the genus Cedrus (Pinaceae), and a new species is proposed, Cedrus angusta sp. nov. This find expands the known distribution of Cedrus during the Late Pliocene to Yunnan, where the genus no longer exists in natural forests. Based on the analysis of reconstructed Neogene climate data, we suggest that the intensification of the East Asian winter monsoon during the Quaternary may have dramatically increased seasonality and given rise to a much drier winter in Yunnan. Combined with information on Cedrus fossil records and its seed physiology, we conclude that the intensification of a drier climate after the Late Pliocene may have prevented the survival of Cedrus seedlings, leading to the eventual disappearance of Cedrus in western Yunnan. This study indicates that the topography in southwestern China acted as a vital refuge for many plants during the Quaternary, but that other species gradually disappeared due to the intensification of the monsoonal climate.

Climate change during the Quaternary played an important role in the distribution of extant plants. Herein, cone scales of Cedrus (Pinaceae) were uncovered from the Upper Pliocene Sanying Formation, Longmen Village, Yongping County of Yunnan Province in southwestern China. Detailed comparisons show that these fossils all belong to the genus Cedrus (Pinaceae), and a new species is proposed, Cedrus angusta sp. nov. This find expands the known distribution of Cedrus during the Late Pliocene to Yunnan, where the genus no longer exists in natural forests. Based on the analysis of reconstructed Neogene climate data, we suggest that the intensification of the East Asian winter monsoon during the Quaternary may have dramatically increased seasonality and given rise to a much drier winter in Yunnan. Combined with information on Cedrus fossil records and its seed physiology, we conclude that the intensification of a drier climate after the Late Pliocene may have prevented the survival of Cedrus seedlings, leading to the eventual disappearance of Cedrus in western Yunnan. This study indicates that the topography in southwestern China acted as a vital refuge for many plants during the Quaternary, but that other species gradually disappeared due to the intensification of the monsoonal climate.

The late Miocene Xianfeng flora of Yunnan Province, southwestern China, was chosen to reconstruct the paleoclimate and the intensity of the Asian monsoon. Three available quantitative climate reconstruction methods from fossil plants, i.e. Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), and the Coexistence Approach (CA) were used in this study. MATs (mean annual temperatures) resulting from these three approaches (i.e., LMA: 17.2 ± 2.38°C; CLAMP: 15.43 ± 1.25°C; CA: 17.2-21.7°C) appear to have been higher than the present (14.9°C), suggesting a much warmer climate in the late Miocene. Both the growing season precipitation (GSP) from CLAMP (1908.7 ± 217.7. mm) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from CA (1206.0-1613.0. mm) estimates are higher than modern values (1003.2. mm (GSP) and 1038. mm (MAP) respectively) indicating a more humid climate during the late Miocene. By comparing these with climates reconstructed from neighboring late Miocene floras, we conclude that the general late Miocene climate appears warmer and more humid than present conditions in southwestern China. Furthermore, the evident differences in estimated monthly temperatures between the summer and winter, and precipitations between the humid and dry seasons indicate the existence of seasonality, though not as strong as that of today. Difference in precipitation of dry season indicates a marked strengthening in the winter monsoon since the late Miocene. A new monsoon intensity index has also been defined based on precipitation seasonality to investigate the intensity of the Asian monsoon.

The Miocene climate evolution in North China is preliminarily discussed by means of comparisons in seven climate parameters quantitatively reconstructed by the Coexistence Approach on 34 selected macro- and microfloras over North China. The Miocene temperatures show no great difference in the western and eastern part of North China. Temperature fluctuations, particularly in mean annual temperature, are found within floras from several sites. The fluctuation pattern, from a climate optimum in the Mid Miocene to cooling decline in the Late Miocene, is generally consistent with the global trend of Miocene temperature change. The reconstructed precipitation from all the sites studied shows much wetter conditions in North China during the Miocene than at present, which corroborates the results from paleoprecipitation proxy of fossil mammals. Like the situation in paleo-temperature, the Miocene precipitation from North China shows no distinct difference between the western and eastern regions. It is suggested that North China, particularly in the western part, was by no means under an arid or semi-arid environment during the Miocene. North China is an ideal region for study of the impact of the East Asian monsoon system, however, the pattern of precipitation change derived from the monsoon index (MSH) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) shows contradictory results. Therefore, there appears no definite conclusion on when the East Asian summer monsoon intensified. Possible reasons for inconsistency in temperature and precipitation changes are discussed. Directions of future work to improve the resolution of climate evolution are also pointed out.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the dominant hydrometeorological phenomenon that provides the majority of precipitation to southern Asia and southeastern Tibet specifically. Reliable projections of ISM rainfall are critical for water management and hinge on our understanding of the drivers of the monsoon system and how these drivers will be impacted by climate change. Because instrumental climate records are limited in space and time, natural climate archives are required to understand how the ISM varied in the past in response to changes in climatic boundary climate conditions. Lake sediments are high-resolution natural paleoclimate archive that are widely distributed across the Tibetan Plateau, making them useful for investigating long-term precipitation trends and their response to climatic boundary conditions. To investigate changes in monsoon intensity during the Holocene, three lakes were sampled along an east-west transect in southeastern Tibet: Galang Co, Nir’Pa Co, and Cuobu. Paleoclimate records from each lake were developed using isotopic (leaf wax hydrogen isotopes; δ2H), sedimentological, and geochemical proxies of precipitation and lake levels. Sediments were sampled at high temporal frequencies, with most proxies resolved at decadal scales, to capture multi-decadal to millennial-scale variability in monsoon intensity and local hydroclimate conditions. The ISM was strongest in the early Holocene as evidenced by leaf-wax n-alkane δ2H at both Cuobu and Galang Co corresponding with Cuobu’s higher lake levels and effective moisture. Monsoon intensity declined at Cuobu and Galang Co around 6 ka which corresponds to reduced riverine sediment influxes at Cuobu and deeper lake levels at Galang Co. The antiphase relationship between lake levels and monsoon intensity at Galang Co is attributed to air temperatures and effective moisture, with a warmer and drier local hydroclimate driving early Holocene low lake levels. The late Holocene ISM was more variable with wet and dry periods, as seen in the Nir’Pa Co lake level and leaf wax n-alkane δ2H record. These records demonstrate coherent drivers of synoptic and local hydroclimate that account for Holocene ISM expression across the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, indicating possible drivers of future monsoon expression under climate change.