Supervisor morally questionable expediency occurs when subordinates perceive that their supervisors engage in morally questionable behavior to expedite their work for self-serving purposes (Greenbaum & Folger, 2008). A supervisor's preoccupation with the bottom-line (Greenbaum, 2007; Greenbaum & Folger, 2008; Wolfe, 1988) is examined as an antecedent of morally questionable expediency. It was hypothesized that subordinates experience deontic reactions (Folger, 2001) in the form of a moral psychological contract violation. Consequently, subordinates were hypothesized to reduce performance, engage in antisocial behavior and supervisor-directed deviance. Survey data from 259 subordinate-supervisor dyads provided general support for this hypothesized model. However, post hoc analyses of alternative structural equation models suggest that a moral psychological contract violation may not always be the best explanation for why employees respond to supervisor morally questionable expediency by reducing performance and increasing antisocial and deviant behavior. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

In five multi-method studies this dissertation examined how context based morality may explain increased incidence of combat related psychological difficulties among US service personnel. We were particularly interested in the relationship between causing harm to others and moral self-perceptions and related emotional consequences. In studies 1 and 2 we found that our samples of Iraq and Afghan war veterans reported that a soldier would feel increased levels of guilt and shame and negative moral judgments of the self when they return home and reflect on incidents of harm that may have occurred during their deployments. These two studies were supported by three short experiments showing that different moral judgments of harm were made depending on whether the harm doing was interpersonal or intergroup. Interpersonal harm doing was judged more harshly than intergroup harm leading us to believe that while in combat harm doing had minimal consequences on the self-perceptions and emotions of a soldier and that when they returned home to civilian life where interpersonal moral standards are more prevalent their self-perceptions and emotional wellbeing was affected by their prior conduct.

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<p> Livy's Ab Urbe Condita, a history of Rome from its foundations to his own day, has been the subject of much scholarly analysis and criticism. The 35 extant books are primarily a political and military narrative in the tradition of Roman historiography, written at the end of the period known to us as the Republic and in the early decades of Rome's imperial period (ca. 30 BC--14 AD). What is remarkable about the work is the volume of stories and incidental references to family relationships and family life, particularly marriages and parent-child relationships, which often have little bearing on political or military activities. Throughout the AUC, Livy constructs consistent representations of family ideals according to the features of traditional morality that were dominant during his own day, applying them even to periods in which Roman society was likely quite different. His stories include emphatic and vivid exempla of traditionally appropriate behaviour between husbands and wives and in sexual behaviour as well as reciprocal duties between parents and their children. The explanations for Livy's keen interest in family relationships lie both in his own background and in the socio-political turbulence of the period during which he matured and began to write his history. During this same period, Augustus rose to political prominence and invoked a similar set of moral values in his programme of cultural renewal, in legislation as well as visual culture. The elements of this programme can be usefully compared to Livy's constructions of family ideology to further inform and articulate the scope of moral concerns which were of interest to politically and culturally active Romans of the first century BC. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Social cognition, the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of oneself and others, is central to optimal navigation of the social world. Accumulating evidence suggests disruptions in social cognition may underlie the interpersonal dysfunction commonly experienced by individuals with several psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure to psychological trauma can have lasting and debilitating effects on an individual, with a subset developing PTSD as a result, marked by symptoms of re-experiencing, mood disturbances, arousal changes, emotional dysregulation, and in turn, poor interpersonal and general functioning. Here, we investigated the effects of psychological trauma exposure on sociocognitive performance across the domains of emotion comprehension in prosody, theory of mind (ToM), and moral reasoning. This thesis contributes unique findings to the PTSD literature by demonstrating that individuals diagnosed with PTSD stemming from chronic childhood trauma experience alterations in emotional comprehension of prosody, ToM performance, and moral reasoning. Furthermore, we have integrated and summarized literature on the interaction of morality, moral transgressions, the experience of shame and guilt, and the emergence of associated adverse mental health outcomes experienced in a military context. In summary, we have demonstrated that sociocognitive skills are disrupted in individuals exposed chronic psychological trauma and that moral emotions such as guilt and shame play an important role in the emergence of PTSD and its resistance to treatment. These disruptions may represent a central therapeutic focus in the pursuit to ameliorate the interpersonal difficulties experienced in trauma and stress-related disorders. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis explores the theological and societal underpinnings of Boëtius Murenius's judgements regarding the administration of communion during his clerical visitations in mid-17th century Åland. By examining the visitation protocols written by Murenius, a contract dean in Åland during the 1600s, the study investigates his rulings on communion-related cases, reflecting upon the role of religion as a moral authority and its impact on societal structures during a transformative period in Swedish history. The study considers Murenius's detailed records which reveal his handling of sixteen cases related to clergy misconduct in communion delivery, among other pastoral duties. The analysis is framed around the question of how Murenius adjudicated communion-related cases during his visitations. The study aims to shed light on the interaction between church doctrines and secular societal norms and values, as reflected in Murenius's judgements. Comparisons are drawn to contemporary issues, such as the administration of digital communion during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the continuity and challenges in maintaining religious practices and traditions. The thesis concludes that while Murenius upheld sacred practices, he showed mercy and understanding, balancing religious doctrine with human imperfections. His approach reflects broader Reformation theological perspectives, emphasizing the significance of communion within Lutheran faith. The study underscores a historical continuity in managing religious practices, offering insights into the complex interplay between religion, morality, and society, and suggests avenues for future research to further understand this dynamic relationship.

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