Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The knowledge of plants response to grazing, with emphasis on growing and senescence processes is necessary to improve the natural grasslands usage and efficiency. Based on this, this work aimed to study morphogenic characteristics of predominant natural grasses in the central region Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), under rotational grazing based on thermal time intervals. The study was carried out at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria area, in Santa Maria/RS city, from September 2010 to March 2011, in a completely randomized experimental design, with two treatments: 375 degree day and 750 degree day grazing intervals and three repetitions. Morphogenic characteristics were measured on Andropogon lateralis Nees, Aristida laevis Nees, Axonopus affinis Chase, Paspalum notatum Fluegge and Paspalum plicatulum Michx. grass species, chosen based on functional typology. There was no significant difference between the treatments, but it was verified among species and seasons. The largest leaf appearance rates, and the the smallest leaf appearance intervals, were observed on P. notatum and A. affinis species. A. laevis e P. plicatulum showed the largest leaf lifespan and leaf elongation rate. Spring is characterized as the growing season, with highest leaf appearance and elongation values, and summer is marked by the flowering initiation, represented by internodes elongation and reduction of morphogenic characteristics. P. notatum is the grazing species with the greatest adaptative potential. / O conhecimento das respostas das plantas à desfolha, com ênfase para os processos de crescimento e senescência, é necessário a fim de melhorar o uso e eficiência das pastagens naturais. Com base nisso, o trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as características morfogênicas de gramíneas nativas predominantes na região central do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), submetidas a pastoreio rotativo com intervalos determinados por somas térmicas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Santa Maria/RS, em área da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, de setembro de 2010 a março de 2011, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos, intervalos de pastoreios de 375 graus-dia e de 750 grausdia, e três repetições. Foram realizadas medições de características morfogênicas nas espécies vegetais Andropogon lateralis Nees, Aristida laevis Nees, Axonopus affinis Chase, Paspalum notatum Fluegge e Paspalum plicatulum Michx. selecionadas a partir de uma tipologia funcional. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, mas houve entre espécies e entre estações. As maiores taxas de aparecimento foliar e os menores intervalos de aparecimento de folhas são observados nas espécies P. notatum e A. affinis. A. laevis e P. plicatulum apresentam as maiores durações e taxas de elongação foliares. Primavera se caracteriza como a estação de crescimento, com valores superiores de aparecimento e elongação foliar, e verão é marcado pelo início do florescimento, representado pelo alongamento dos entrenós e redução nas características citadas acima. P. notatum é a espécie com maior potencial adaptativo ao pastejo.

Les changements de forme et les mouvements des cellules constituant les tissus relèvent de la morphogenèse épithéliale. Dans les tissus segmentés les compartiments antérieurs et postérieurs représentent des domaines morphogénétiques indépendants constitués de lignées cellulaires distinctes et séparées par des barrières biophysiques. Le laboratoire a montré que lors de la fermeture dorsale de l’embryon de drosophile, certaines cellules des segments centraux de l’ectoderme, appelées « Cellules Mixer » (CMs), sont reprogrammées pour traverser la frontière segmentale dans un phénomène qui prend le nom de « mixing ». La reprogrammation des CMs est JNK dépendante induisant l’expression de novo du gène engrailed (en). La mise au point de nouveaux outils génétiques a permis de révéler le rôle de deux familles de gènes impliqués dans les mécanismes de reprogrammation et de mixing : le gène Polycomb (Pc) et les gènes Hox. La technique de DNA-FISH, qui analyse l’interaction entre Pc et le PRE d’en, a ainsi montré que la voie JNK induit l’expression de novo d’en par dé-répression de l’activité Pc dans les CMs. De manière intéressante l’analyse approfondie des mutants Pc a dévoilé que les gènes Hox abdominal-A (abdA) et Abdominal-B (AbdB) contrôlent le domaine du mixing. Des expériences de gain et perte de fonction ont par la suite confirmé le rôle positif d’abdA et le rôle négatif d’AbdB dans le mixing. En conclusion, l’ensemble des résultats obtenus ont permis de dévoiler la présence d’un réseau génétique composé de par JNK, en, Pc et les gènes Hox contrôlant les mécanismes de reprogrammation cellulaire et de remodelage des frontières segmentales au cours du développement normal. / Tissue morphogenesis relies on patterned cell shape changes and movements taking place in specific morphogenetic domains. In segmented tissues, anterior and posterior compartments represent independent morphogenetic domains which are made of distinct lineages separated by boundaries. We previously reported on a rare event leading to the exchange of specific ‘Mixer Cells’ (MCs) between compartments of the ectoderm. During dorsal closure, MCs, which are of anterior origin, cross the boundary to integrate the adjacent posterior compartment through de novo expression of the posterior determinant Engrailed (En). This reprograming process is dependent on JNK signalling and is restricted to the central abdominal region. Here, we show that JNK signalling represses Polycomb (Pc) expression and that loss of Pc leads to an absence of MCs reprogramming. FISH-DNA coupled to immunostaining further shows that MCs fate transition is accompanied by a release of the en promoter from the repressing Pc bodies. Interestingly, our genetic data reveal that spatial control of MCs reprograming depends on the activity of the Hox genes abdominal-A (abdA) and Abdominal-B (AbdB). In their respective domains, abd-A promotes mixing while abd-B behaves as a strong repressor, thus restricting cell mixing to the central abdominal region. Together, these results provide new insights into the mechanisms of developmental reprogramming, showing that segment boundary plasticity relies on regional control of cell remodelling involving a gene regulatory network composed of JNK, en, Pc, and Hox activities.

Le syndrome d’Andersen est une maladie rare et associée à la perte de fonction du canal potassique Kir2.1. Afin d’étudier sa physiopathologie, nous avons généré et caractérisé des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) contrôle et Andersen. Nous avons ensuite différencié ces cellules iPS en cellules souches mésenchymateuse (MSC). Les cellules MSC de patients présentent une capacité de différenciation en ostéoblastes et en chondrocytes diminuée par rapport aux cellules contrôle. En effet, la production de matrice extracellulaire et l'expression des master gènes des différenciations osseuses et cartilagineuses, est réduite chez les patients. Ces travaux de thèse montrent que le canal Kir2.1 est essentiel au développement osseux. Les défauts de différentiation observés pourraient expliquer les dysmorphies associées avec le syndrome d’Andersen. / Andersen's syndrome is a rare disorder associated with a Kir2.1 potassium channel loss of fuction. To study the pathophysiology, we have generated and characterized induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPS) from control and patient cells. We have then differentiated those iPS cells into mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Patient's MSc have a lower osteoblastic and chondrogenic differnciation ability compared to control cells. Indeed, extracellular matrix production and master gene expression of osteoblastic and chondrogenic differenciation are reduced in patient’s cells. Alltogether, these results shown that Kir2.1 channel is required for bone developement. The differenciation defects saw in patient cells could explain the Andersen's syndrome associated dysmorphies.

Au cours de ce projet de thèse, j’ai étudié le lien fonctionnel entre la morphogénèse épithéliale et la signalisation Delta-Notch, dans le cadre de la formation du tube neural chez le poisson-zèbre. La signalisation Delta-Notch est primordiale pour le développement embryonnaire et le maintien de l’homéostasie des tissus adultes. De façon inattendue, j’ai observé suite à la perte-de-fonction de Mib une perte de la polarité apico-basale dans le neuro-épithélium de la moelle épinière embryonnaire. L’analyse plus poussée de ce phénotype m’a ensuite permis de montrer que l’activité de l’intégralité de la signalisation Notch est requise pour l’établissement de la polarité apico-basale dans le tube neural de poisson-zèbre. En effet, l’inhibition des ligands de Notch et des activateurs transcriptionnels situés en aval, Rbpja et Rbpjb, résulte en l’interruption de la polarité apico-basale. De plus, l’activation ectopique de Notch entraîne un sauvetage complet de la polarité apico-basale dans les embryons déplétés pour Mib. Finalement, le mutant Mib échoue à activer la transcription de protéines de polarité apicale Crumbs1 et Crumbs2a au cours de la formation du tube neural, ce qui suggèrerait que la signalisation Notch agit en amont des complexes de polarité. De façon surprenante, nous avons également montré que le composant de la signalisation Notch, Mib, affecte les mouvements de convergence-extension et la division cellulaire orientée, appelée C-divisions, durant la neurulation et la gastrulation à travers la signalisation PCP. Cet effet de Mib sur la PCP est indépendant de son rôle sur la signalisation Notch. Généralement, cette étude révèle un double-rôle de Mib. / In this Ph.D. project, I study the functional link between epithelial polarity and Delta-Notch signaling in the context of zebrafish neural tube morphogenesis. Notch signaling, one of the major signaling pathways and of prime importance in neurogenesis, has been widely studied for its function in cell fate specifications. Surprisingly, I found that the Notch signaling component Mindbomb (Mib) loss-of-function led to a loss of apico-basal polarity in the neuroepithelium of the embryonic spinal cord. I further explored that the activity of the entire Notch signaling pathway is actually required for the earliest steps of establishment of apico-basal polarity in the zebrafish neural tube. Indeed, inhibition of Notch ligands and downstream transcriptional activators Rbpja and Rbpjb resulted in a disruption of apico-basal polarity. Moreover, ectopic activation of Notch ensued to a complete rescue of apico-basal polarity in Mib loss of function embryos. Furthermore, Mib mutant embryos fail to upregulate the transcription of the apical polarity proteins Crumbs1 and Crumbs2a in the course of neural tube formation, suggesting that Notch signalling might act upstream of polarity complexes. Moreover, I found that Mib affects convergent-extension movements and oriented cell divisions during neurulation and gastrulation through an effect on planar cell polarity. Remarkably, this effect of Mib on PCP is independent of its role in Notch signaling. These results indicate a novel role of Mib in the regulation of PCP signaling. Altogether, this study revealed a dual role of Mib in the epithelial morphogenesis of the zebrafish neural tube.

Le phénomène de morphogenèse est le fruit de la division des cellules et de leur expansion, qui sont contrôlées de façon différentielle selon les types cellulaires et les tissus. Dans le cas des plantes, le méristème apical caulinaire (MAC) produit de façon continue les organes aériens à partir de primordia qui sont initiés suite à l’accumulation locale d’une hormone végétale, l’auxine. Pour étudier le processus de formation des organes aériens, nous utilisons l’inflorescence d’Arabidopsis thaliana, dont les fleurs sont mises en place selon un patron régulier à partir de cellules dérivées de cellules souches. Au cours de ce processus, ARF5/MP– un facteur de réponse à l’auxine se liant à l’ADN – joue un rôle central. Une fois activé, il induit l’expression des facteurs de transcription LEAFY, AINTEGUMENTA et AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6, qui sont nécessaires pour la spécification de l’identité florale et pour la croissance proliférative. A l’échelle cellulaire, des excroissances latérales sont initiées suite à des hétérogénéités locales de croissance. Dans les cellules végétales, ces différences sont dues à des modifications de la paroi cellulaire impliquant l’auxine et ses cibles, qui induisent des variations dans la dynamique des microtubules corticaux résultant en des changements de direction de croissance. Dans une moindre mesure, l’auxine diminue la rigidité des parois cellulaires préalablement à la formation d’un nouvel organe, conduisant à des changements de taux de croissance. Ceci est corrélé à l’activation transcriptionnelle de nombreux gènes qui sont impliqués dans les modifications de la paroi. Ainsi, la voie de signalisation de l’auxine régule l’initiation des primordia en intégrant d’une part l’activation d’un réseau de régulation transcriptionnelle et, d’autre part, la rigidité et l’anisotropie de la paroi cellulaire, impactant directement le taux et la direction de croissance.Cette thèse soutient l’idée selon laquelle l’initiation des organes dans le MAC repose sur des boucles de rétroaction là où des changements locaux de propriétés de la paroi cellulaire influent sur le réseau moléculaire. Il est probable que d’autres hormones soient nécessaires afin de canaliser l’initiation des organes. / The process of morphogenesis is driven by cell division and expansion, which are controlled ina differential manner among cell types and tissues. In plants, the above ground organs arecontinuously produced by the shoot apical meristem (SAM), where the initiation of newprimordia is triggered by the local accumulation of the plant hormone auxin. We study theprocess of morphogenesis in the inflorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana, where flowers areformed in a regular pattern from the SAM.The DNA-binding auxin response factor ARF5/MP plays a central role in the initiation offlowers. After its activation, it induces the expression of LEAFY, AINTEGUMENTA andAINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 transcription factors necessary for the specification of floralidentity and proliferative growth. However, at the cellular level, the initiation of lateraloutgrowths depends on regional differences in growth. In plant cells, these processes areregulated via modifications of the cell wall. Auxin and its downstream targets are also involvedin these processes, by activating changes in the dynamics of the cortical microtubules, whichresult in changes in growth direction. Auxin also slightly reduces wall rigidity prior to organoutgrowth in the SAM, which results in changes in growth rate. This is correlated with thetranscriptional activation of a number of cell wall modifying genes.Thus, auxin signaling regulates primordium initiation by integrating the activation of atranscriptional regulatory network and both the stiffness and anisotropy of the cell wall, whichdirectly influence the rate and direction of growth.The findings of this thesis provide evidence indicating that the mechanisms of organ initiationat the SAM involve feedbacks where changes in the local properties of the cell wall influencethe molecular regulation of the transcriptional regulatory network. Our results suggest that thismight require the influence from other hormones, different from auxin, that funnel theinitiation of lateral outgrowths.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-27T19:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) artur_amaral_nascimento.pdf: 1903978 bytes, checksum: ba8d36a75a72310e6e7df1f98b9e4705 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T14:11:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) artur_amaral_nascimento.pdf: 1903978 bytes, checksum: ba8d36a75a72310e6e7df1f98b9e4705 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T14:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) artur_amaral_nascimento.pdf: 1903978 bytes, checksum: ba8d36a75a72310e6e7df1f98b9e4705 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho agron?mico, por meio da produ??o e valor nutritivo, e realizar an?lise de agrupamento com base nas caracter?sticas morfog?nicas e estruturais de h?bridos de Brachiaria decumbens previamente selecionados pela EMBRAPA Gado de Corte. Foram avaliados 15 h?bridos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com tr?s repeti??es. Para avalia??o de produ??o e valor nutritivo, foram observadas diferen?as significativas para massa seca total, massa seca da folha, massa seca do colmo, rela??o l?mina:colmo, porcentagem de colmo, porcentagem de material morto, fibra em detergente ?cido, digestibilidade in vitro da mat?ria org?nica e lignina. Para a massa seca total e massa seca de folhas, observou-se maior m?dia para o h?brido R41. Em rela??o ? massa seca de colmo e porcentagem de colmo, o menor valor encontrado foi para o h?brido S16, enquanto o R41 apresentou resultado superior. Consequentemente, o h?brido S16 obteve maior rela??o l?mina:colmo e o R41 a menor. O h?brido S16 apresentou maiores quantidades de fibra em detergente ?cido e lignina. O pior resultado para massa seca total foi registrado para h?brido R147. Tamb?m foram encontradas diferen?as para porcentagem de material morto, no qual o h?brido R128 apresentou maior m?dia. Dentre todos os h?bridos avaliados, o S16 apresentou menor massa seca de colmo, menor porcentagem de colmo e maior rela??o l?mina:colmo, por?m maiores teores de lignina e fibra em detergente ?cido e, consequentemente, menor digestibilidade in vitro da mat?ria org?nica. Aten??o especial deve ser dada ao h?brido R23, que se destacou por apresentar elevada massa de folhas e baixo teor de lignina. Para a an?lise de agrupamento, verificou-se a forma??o de 5 grupos pelas dist?ncias euclidiana quadrada e m?dia e 8 grupos pela dist?ncia de Mahalanobis. Pode-se observar que o grupo 5 reuniu maior quantidade de caracter?sticas com potencial para o melhoramento, em ambas dist?ncias avaliadas. Este grupo apresentou elevados valores para rela??o l?mina:colmo, n?mero de folhas vivas, dura??o de vida das folhas e baixa taxa de senesc?ncia foliar. Entretanto, foi registrado baixo n?mero m?dio de perfilhos. O oposto pode ser observado para o grupo 4. O grupo 1 foi composto pela maioria dos h?bridos, foi poss?vel verificar que os mesmos apresentaram caracter?sticas medianas em rela??o aos demais grupos. As caracter?sticas taxa de alongamento de colmo, n?mero de folhas vivas, dura??o de vida das folhas, n?mero m?dio de perfilhos, taxa de senesc?ncia foliar e rela??o l?mina:colmo foram as que mais contribu?ram para a distin??o dos grupos morfog?nicos. O grupo morfog?nico 5 destacou-se pelo perfil com baixo alongamento de colmos, elevado n?mero de folhas vivas, longevidade e rela??o folha colmo, com baixo n?mero de perfilhos. O grupo 3 foi caracterizado por elevado perfilhamento e rela??o l?mina colmo. Dentre todos os grupos avaliados, o grupo 4 apresentou a maior taxa de senesc?ncia foliar e a menor dura??o de vida das folhas, que permite sugerir que estas plantas podem ser avaliadas em sistemas de pastejo mais intensivo. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic response of Brachiaria decumbens hybrids using production and nutritive value traits and to group this plants with the cluster analysis based on morphogenic data. The hybrids were previously selected in the EMBRAPA Beef Cattle Breeding Program. Were evaluated 15 hybrids in complete randomized block design with three replicates. In the agronomic evaluation, significant effect was observed to total, leaves and stems dry mass, leaf:stem ratio, stems and dead material percentage, acid detergent fiber, in vitro organic matter digestibility and lignin. To total and leaves dry mass the higher response was observed to the hybrid R41. To stems dry mass and percentage, the lower value was observed to S16, while R41 had the higher values. In consequence, the S16 plants had a substantially high leaf:stem ratio. The lower production of total dry mass was observed to R147 hybrid. Significant differences also were observed and the R128 plants had the higher value. In the range of hybrid evaluated. Should be emphasized that S16 plants had the lowest stems mass and percentage with the highest leaf:stem ratio, but its results showed high amounts of acid detergent fiber, lignin and low in vitro organic matter digestibility. Special attention also should be given to R23 plants which had a satisfactory leaves mass production with low amounts of lignin. In the clustering analysis, was verified the formation of 5 groups with the square and average Euclidian distance and 8 groups with the Mahalanobis distance. The group 5 (S16) had more brought together more morphogenic characteristics with potential to breeding. This group had elevated values to leaf:stem ratio, number of live leaves, leaf life spam and low senescence rate. Its number of tillers was low, an undesirable characteristic. The opposite was observed to group 4 (R86). The group 1 was composed by the majority of the hybrids and showed medium characteristics in relation to the other groups. The traits stem elongation rate, number of live leaves, leaf life spam, number of tillers, senescence rate and leaf:stem ratio was the characteristics which more contributed to the differentiation of the morphogenic groups. The morphogenic group 5 had an interesting profile with low stems elongation, high number of leaves, longevity of leaves, favorable leaf:stem ratio, but low number of tillers. The group 3 was characterized by elevated number of tillers and leaf: stem ratio. Among the groups obtained, the group 4 showed the highest senescence rate and lowest longevity, which allow suggest these plants need more frequent harvests.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) mariane_rodrigues_ferreira.pdf: 1446137 bytes, checksum: b0c55b008bb6208223dfeaa66f8b1e31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o melhor m?todo de estima??o dos coeficientes de repetibilidade e as melhores combina??es entre cortes de acordo com a estabiliza??o genot?pica para caracter?sticas agron?micas, estimar par?metros gen?ticos e formar grupos morfofuncionais com base nas caracter?sticas morfog?nicas e estruturais por meio do agrupamento de Otimiza??o de Tocher em gen?tipos de Panicum maximum. Os coeficientes de repetibilidade para produ??o de massa seca total (MST), massa seca foliar (MSF), massa seca do colmo (MSC), porcentagem de folhas (%F), porcentagem de colmo (%C), foram estimados por meio de quatro m?todos: an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA), an?lise estrutural com base na m?dia dos coeficientes de correla??o (AECOR), an?lise de componentes principais com base na matriz de covari?ncia (CPCOV) e na matriz de correla??es (CPCOR). Para o estudo da estabiliza??o genot?pica, utilizaram-se os coeficientes estimados pela ANOVA e CPCOR. Para a avalia??o das caracter?sticas morfog?nicas foram estimadas: taxa de aparecimento foliar (TAPF), filocrono (FIL), taxa de alongamento foliar (TALF), taxa de senesc?ncia foliar (TSF), comprimento final da l?mina (CFL), n?mero de folhas vivas (NFV), dura??o de vida das folhas (DVF), taxa de alongamento de pseudocolmo (TALC), n?mero m?dio de perfilhos (NMP), rela??o l?mina:colmo (RLC). Para MST, foram observados coeficientes de repetibilidade variando entre 0,3500 e 0,4300 pelos m?todos da ANOVA e CPCOR, respectivamente. Altos coeficientes de repetibilidade tamb?m foram encontrados para a caracter?stica MSF. Baixos coeficientes de repetibilidade foram observados para %F e %Ce rela??o l?mina:colmo. Para estabiliza??o genot?pica da MST, os melhores coeficientes foram observados para a combina??o entre os cortes 6 a 7 e entre os cortes 5 a 8, enquanto os menores coeficientes foram observados quando se utilizaram apenas os cortes 3 a 4 e de 1 a 2, em ambos os m?todos. Para a rela??o l?mina:colmo, os melhores coeficientes foram registrados para os cortes 6 a 7 pelo m?todo da ANOVA, e 1 a 2 pelo m?todo CPCOR. De maneira geral, a combina??o entre os cortes de 6 a 7, tamb?m proporcionou maior repetibilidade e determina??o, otimizando a estabiliza??o dos gen?tipos para as massas e porcentagens de folha e de colmo. No estudo dos par?metros gen?ticos e agrupamento, foi observado que somente as caracter?sticas TALF, CFL e RLC tiveram o componente vari?ncia gen?tica significativo. Apesar disto, as caracter?sticas TALC, NFV, apresentaram coeficientes de varia??o genot?picos (CVg) superiores aos coeficientes de varia??o residual ou ambiental (CVe). As caracter?sticas TAPF, FIL, DVF e TSF apresentaram valores abaixo da unidade para a raz?o CVg/CVe. Alta raz?o CVg/CVe foi observada para as caracter?sticas RLC, NFV, TALC, TALF, CFL, sendo os maiores coeficientes foram registrados para RLC. Ap?s o agrupamento, constatou-se a forma??o de cinco grupos morfofuncionais. Os grupos que apresentaram maiores valores de TALF foram os grupos 3, 5 e 1 com valores superiores ? m?dia geral de todos os gen?tipos avaliados. Enquanto o grupo 4 obteve menor desempenho para esta caracter?stica. Para a TALC o grupo 2 se destacou, seguido pelo grupo 5. Dentre todos os grupos a maior RLC constada foi para o grupo 4 e para CFL o grupo 3. Conclui-se que os m?todos que proporcionaram os melhores coeficientes de repetibilidade de determina??o foram os dos componentes principais com base na matriz de correla??o e de covari?ncia. Para a estabiliza??o genot?pica, os melhores coeficientes de repetibilidade e determina??o s?o observados para os cortes realizados no segundo per?odo das ?guas. As caracter?sticas TALF, CFL e RLC apresentam variabilidade gen?tica significativa, e as caracter?sticas TAPF, FIL, DVF e TSF apresentam baixa raz?o CVg/CVe e necessitam de maior controle ambiental. Os grupos 3, 5 e 1, apresentam altas taxas de alongamento de folha como mecanismo de ac?mulo de forragem. J? o grupo 4 se destaca pela capacidade de perfilhamento. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The objective was to evaluate the coefficient of repeatability of the agronomic traits and to estimate the breeding value of morphogenic characteristics to stablish morphofunctional groups in the clustering analysis of Tocher in Panicum maximum genotypes. The repeatability coefficients were estimated by four methods: analysis of variance (ANOVA), structural analysis based on the correlation matrix (EACOR), principal component analysis based on the variance and covariance?s matrix (PCCOV) and principal component analysis based on the correlation matrix (PCCOR). To the genotypic stabilization study, the ANOVA and PCCOR were used. To the morphogenic evaluation, the characteristics were estimated: leaf appearance rate (LAR), phillochron (PHC), leaf elongation rate (LER), leaf senescence rate (LSR), number of live leaves (NLL), leaf life spam (LLS), leaf final length (LFL), stem elongation rate (SER), average number of tillers (ANT) and leaf:stem ratio (LSR). To total dry matter were observed repeatability coefficients ranging from 0.3500 to 0.4300 by the ANOVA and PCCOR methods, respectively. High coefficients of repeatability were estimated to leaf dry mass too. Low coefficients of repeatability were observed to percentage of leaves, stems and leaf:stem ratio. In the genotypic stabilization of total dry mass the higher coefficients were observed between the 6 and 7th harvest and between the 5 and 8th harvest, while the lowest coefficients were observed when the harvests 3 to 4 and 1 to 2 were considered in both methods. To leaf:stem ratio the higher coefficients were observed to harvests between 6 and 7 in the ANOVA method and 1 to 2 in the PCCOR method. In general, the combination between the 6 and 7th harvests also improves the repeatability and determination coefficients, optimizing the stabilization of the genotypes to dry mass and percentage of leaf and stems. In the study of genetic parameters and clustering, were observed significant effect to genetic variance component only to LER, LFL and LSR. In spite of this the characteristic SER and NLL had CVg higher than CVr. The characteristics LAR. PHC, LLS and LSR had CVg/CVr above the unity. High CVg/CVr ratio were observed to LSR, NLL, SER, LER and LFL, so that the highest coefficient observed to LSR. After the clustering analysis was found five morphofunctional groups. The groups with higher LER were 3, 5 and 1 with breeding values above the general mean. The group 4 had lowest LER. The groups 2 and 5 had the highest SER and the highest LSR was observed to the group 4. The group 3 showed high LFL. It was possible to conclude that the total and leaf dry mass have higher coefficient of repeatability, indicating better accuracy in the identification of the superior genotypes of P. maximum. In the genotypic stabilization, the higher coefficient and determination were observed to the harvests realized in the rainy period. The morphogenic characteristics that have the highest genetic variance have more possibility of gains with the selection and the traits with low CVg/CVr ratio need more environmental control. The groups 3, 5 and 1 have high potential to forage production duly its high leaf elongation rate.

Les organismes produisent des organes de formes similaires, malgré une forte variabilité intrinsèque. La régulation de la forme des organes a été largement étudiée, cependant la robustesse des formes est encore mal comprise. Une plante telle qu’Arabidopsis possède de nombreux sépales, notre système modèle car il est possible d’étudier leur variabilité. Comme les cellules végétales contrôlent leur croissance à travers les propriétés mécaniques de leur paroi, ma thèse vise à étudier le lien entre mécanique cellulaire et robustesse des formes.J’ai d’abord cherché à comprendre si la forme des organes est influencée par la réaction cellulaire aux contraintes mécaniques induites par la croissance. J’ai validé cette hypothèse grâce un modèle mécanique, et fait des prédictions de la forme des sépales qui ont été confirmées expérimentalement par un collaborateur.D’autre part, j’ai mesuré les propriétés mécaniques de la paroi qui se révèlent spatialement hétérogènes. L’ajout de cette hétérogénéité dans le modèle conduit à des organes de forme variable. J’ai obtenu des formes robustes en ajoutant de la variabilité temporelle, et j’ai montré que, contre-intuitivement, le niveau de variabilité spatiale est anti-corrélé avec la robustesse des formes.Ces prédictions ont été testés en étudiant un mutant présentant des formes de sépales variables. J’ai en particulier montré que les propriétés mécaniques de ce mutant étaient moins variables spatialement que le sauvage. Ainsi, ma thèse a permis de mieux comprendre la régulation de la robustesse de forme des organes, en particulier en montrant que la variabilité des propriétés mécaniques peut conduire à une robustesse des formes. / Developmental robustness is the ability to produce similar phenotypes despite intrinsic variability.Regulation of organ shape has been widely studied, but regulation of organ shape reproducibility is yet to be elucidated.A. thaliana sepals, flower external organs, can be used to study such robustness : each plant produces more than 60 flowers, allowing variability measurement.Plant cells modulate their surrounding cell wall stiffness and anisotropy to control growth, thus my PhD aims at elucidating the role of cell wall mechanics on organ shape robustness.Cells sense their physical environment and accordingly adjust their cell wall mechanics: we studied whether the strength of this feedback influenced organ shapes. Using a model, I showed that a strong feedback lead to the formation of a pointy sepal tip; this prediction was experimentally validated by a PhD student of the team.Measurements of the cell wall mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that they were highly spatially variable. When this variability was added in the model, the organ shapes were variable. To get reproducible shapes, I increased the temporal variability of the mechanics: it smoothed the spatial variability over time. Likewise, decreasing spatial variability reduced organ shape robustness. These theoretical results suggest that spatial and temporal variability influence shape robustness.To experimentally test these results, our collaborators identified a mutant displaying less robust sepal shapes. Using AFM, I showed that the spatial variability was reduced in the mutant, confirming that mechanical spatial variability influenced shape robustness.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar a morfogênese do ciberespaço fluminense a partir da investigação do processo de constituição da RedeRio de Computadores, rede acadêmica de cooperação científica, mantida pelo governo do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A escolha de uma rede acadêmica como objeto de estudo resulta do esforço em entender como as modernas tecnologias informacionais contribuem nos processos espaciais. Nesse sentido, nos foi possível constatar, em primeiro lugar, o papel decisivo da RedeRio na constituição do ciberespaço fluminense e brasileiro, visto que a rede regional fluminense foi um dos pilares de estruturação da Rede Nacional de Pesquisa (RNP). Em segundo lugar, verificamos que, ao longo de 14 anos, a rede manteve seu perfil de rede acadêmica, evidenciando a força de seu processo de constituição, voltando-se, mais recentemente, ao desenvolvimento de aplicativos compatíveis com transmissão em alta velocidade, como educação a distância e telemedicina. Por fim, observamos que a RedeRio de Computadores reforça a centralidade das áreas mais dinâmicas e importantes do município não promovendo, face a sua condição de rede informacional de educação, a superação dos históricos índices de exclusão. / The present work has as main objective to analyze the morphogenesis of the Rio de Janeiro state cyberspace from the inquiry of the process of constitution of RedeRio of Computers, academic network of scientific cooperation, kept by the Rio de Janeiro state government. The choice of an academic network as a study object results of the effort in understanding as the modern informational technologies contributes in the space processes. In this direction, in them it was possible to evidence, in first place, the decisive role of the RedeRio in the constitution process of the Rio de Janeiro state and Brazilian cyberspace, since the Rio de Janeiro state regional network was one of the pillars of structuring the National Network of Research (RNP). In according to place, we verify that, throughout 14 years, the network kept its profile of academic network, evidencing the force of its process of constitution, turning itself, more recently, to the development of applicatory compatible with transmission in high speed, as e-learning and telemedicine. Finally, we observe that, in contradiction to the waited one, the RedeRio of Computers strengthens the centrally of the important areas most dynamic and of the city not promoting, face its condition of informational network of education, the overcoming of the historical index of exclusion.

Os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta estão sendo difundidos por todo o território nacional como medida de atenuação dos impactos causados pelo monocultivo e como estratégia de recuperação de pastagens degradadas. Inúmeras vantagens do sistema são apontadas, no entanto, a inclusão de espécies arbóreas modifica a qualidade e a quantidade da luz disponível para o pasto, provocando alteração no seu padrão de crescimento (vertical e horizontal) e produção de forragem. Partindo da hipótese que em um sistema silvipastoril o dossel arbóreo irá determinar a quantidade e a qualidade de luz disponível para o sub-bosque e, assim, influenciar a dinâmica de crescimento e ocupação da área pelo capim-piatã manejado sob pastejo rotativo utilizando metas de interceptação luminosa (IL) prépastejo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar e descrever as respostas morfogênicas, o padrão de perfilhamento e os processos de ocupação horizontal de Brachiaria brizantha cv BRS Piatã [(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] em sistema ILPF de dezembro de 2013 a julho de 2014. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de três experimentos realizados de forma concomitante para avaliar três regimes de luz: (1) capim-piatã cultivado em área livre de árvores (pleno sol; PS); (2) sombreamento gerado por meio de fileiras duplas de Eucalipto nas bordaduras dos piquetes (S1); e (3) sombreamento gerado por meio de quatro renques de fileiras triplas de Eucalipto dispostos dentro dos piquetes de forma alternada com porções de pasto (S2). Os regimes de luz S1 e S2 foram divididos em duas faixas de sombra (central e lateral) para descrição da variação da luz dentro dos piquetes. O período experimental foi dividido em três períodos de avaliação em função do índice pluviométrico registrado. Para estudar a influência das árvores sobre a medição de IL, o regime S2 foi manejado utilizando-se dois métodos de tomada da leitura de referência da luz incidente: leitura dentro (sob a copa das árvores) e fora (ausência de árvores) da área experimental. O aumento na densidade de árvores provocou redução na radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) de 37 e 12% nas faixas lateral e central em S1 (181 árvores.ha-1) e de 53 e 49% para as faixas lateral e central em S2 (718 árvores. ha-1). O sombreamento influenciou praticamente todas as variáveis-resposta avaliadas, resultando em redução do perímetro médios das touceiras (50%), aumento da frequência de touceiras pequenas (perímetro < 30 cm), diminuição da frequência de touceiras grandes (perímetro > 61 cm), diminuição da densidade populacional (35%) e estabilidade da população de perfilhos (6%), aumento das taxas de alongamento de folhas (16%) e de colmos (594%) e em área foliar específica (40%). O método da leitura de referência para avaliação de IL resultou em maior comprimento de folhas (14%) e de colmos (37%) quando as leituras foram feitas dentro comparativamente a fora da área experimental. Pastos sombreados alteram seu padrão de crescimento e ocupação da área como medida para evitar o sombreamento e maximizar a captação de luz, modificações essas importantes para planejar e definir metas de manejo do pastejo em áreas de ILPF. / Crop-livestock-forest systems are becoming increasingly popular in Brazil as a means of attenuating the impact of monoculture and to aid in the recovery of degraded grassland areas. Several advantages of this technique have been highlighted, but the inclusion of trees impacts the quantity and the quality of the light available for forage plants growing beneath them, resulting in changes in forage growth (horizontal and vertical) and in herbage production. Based on the hypothesis that in a silvipastoral system the tree canopy determines the quantity and the quality of the light available for forage plants growing below, and that this affects forage growth dynamics and horizontal spreading in rotationally grazed Piatã brachiariagrass managed using pre-grazing light interception targets during regrowth, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic responses, tillering, and horizontal growth of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã [(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] in a crop-livestock- forest integration area from December 2013 to July 2014. The study comprised three simultaneous experiments to evaluate three light regimes: (1) Piatã brachiariagrass cultivated in the absence of trees (full natural light; PS); (2) shade produced by a double row of Eucaliptus trees on the edges of the paddocks (S1); and (3) shade produced by four triple rows of Eucaliptus with pasture in between them (S2). The S1 and S2 light regimes were divided into two shade strips (central and lateral) in order to describe the variation in light availability within the paddocks and its implications to plant growth. The experimental period was divided in three evaluation periods according to rainfall. In order to evaluate the influence of the trees on the measurement of sward canopy light interception and its implications on grass growth, paddocks under the S2 light regime were managed using two methods for taking the reference readings of the incident light: reading inside (under the tree canopy) and outside (full natural light) the experimental area. The increase in tree density resulted in a 37 and 12% reduction in photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) for the lateral and central shade strips of S1 (181 trees.ha-1) and 53 and 49% for the lateral and central shade strips of S2 (718 trees.ha-1). Higher shading resulted in reduction in average tussock perimeter (50%), increased presence of small tussocks (perimeter < 30 cm), decreased presence of large tussocks (perimeter > 61 cm), decreased tiller population (35%) and stability index (6%), increased leaf (16%) and stem (594%) elongation rates and increased specific leaf area (40%). Differences among light regimes across evaluation periods were small. Leaves were 14% longer and stems were 37% longer when readings were taken inside compared to those taken outside the experimental area. Under the trees, swards change their growth and spreading patterns as a means of minimizing the effects of shading and maximizing light capture. These changes have important implications for planning and defining targets of grazing management in crop-livestock-forest integration areas.