Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 uliana_mr_me_botfca.pdf: 862979 bytes, checksum: 61cf494c921c1535b13624297f9c43bc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver bebida mista de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja e suco de amora, para atender aos interesses dos associados do Assentamento Rural Dandara, localizado no município de Promissão-SP. As matérias-primas foram soja (variedade BRS 213), amora (gênero Morus), pectina cítrica e açúcar. A bebida mista foi fabricada em diferentes proporções de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja e suco de amora (1:1; 1:1,5 e 1:2; respectivamente; m/m) e diferentes concentrações de sólidos solúveis (10, 12 e 14 °Brix). Os extratos hidrossolúveis de soja, os sucos de amora e as bebidas mistas foram analisadas quimicamente, além da quantificação dos valores energéticos. As bebidas mistas foram analisadas sensorialmente pelo teste de escala hedônica e seus resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e posterior análise de regressão. As bebidas produzidas foram comparadas com bebidas similares comerciais. Todas as bebidas mistas produzidas apresentaram pH inferior a 4,5, sem adição de acidulantes. O tratamento térmico realizado foi suficiente para hidrolisar toda a sacarose, utilizada na correção do açúcar dessas bebidas. Essa correção do açúcar resultou na diminuição do teor de umidade, aumento no teor de carboidratos e valor energético das bebidas. Com relação às bebidas comerciais com soja e frutas, as bebidas mistas deste estudo, em média, foram mais ricas em todos os componentes da composição centesimal, particularmente em proteínas. Com relação às análises sensoriais, as diferentes proporções de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja e suco de amora interferiram no aroma e na aparência das bebidas produzidas, porém, não existiu uma relação direta entre essas proporções e a aceitabilidade desses atributos sensoriais. Já, a concentração de açúcar influenciou no atributo sabor e na preferência global... / The objective of this work was to develop a mixed drink of soymilk and mulberry juice, to serve the interests of the associated members of the Rural Settlement Dandara, located in Promissão-SP. The raw materials was soybeans (variety BRS 213), mulberry (genre Morus), citrus pectin and sugar. The mixed drink was made with different proportions of soymilk and mulberry juice (1:1, 1:1,5 and 1:2, respectively, m/m) and different concentrations of soluble solids (10, 12 and 14 °Brix). The soymilk, the mulberry juices and the mixed drinks were chemically analyzed, and the energy values was quantified too. The mixed drinks were analyzed by sensory evaluation, the test used was the hedonic scale and results were submitted to variance analysis and subsequent regression analysis. The beverages produced were compared with similar commercial beverages. All mixed drinks produced had pH below 4.5, without addition of acidifier. The thermic treatment performed was sufficient to hydrolyze all the sucrose of the sugar used in the correction of these drinks. This sugar correction resulted in reduction of moisture content, increase in content of carbohydrates and energy value. With regard of the commercial soy and fruit drinks, the mixed drink of this study, on average, were richer in all components of proximate composition, particularly in proteins. With regard to sensory evaluation, the different proportions of soymilk and mulberry juice interfered with the aroma attribute and the appearance attribute of beverages produced, however, there wasn´t a direct relationship between these proportions and acceptability of sensory attributes. Nevertheless, the sugar concentration affected the taste attribute and the global preference. The preference of consumers, were both in taste and global preference, in the overall, were to the sweetest drink, with a direct relationship between sugar content and the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Producción Animal / El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental Germán Greve de la Universidad de Chile. Se evaluaron los efectos de la suplementación con morera (Morus alba) sobre la producción y composición de la leche en el último tercio de lactancia en cabras. Se utilizaron 30 cabras mestizas (F1), cruza de Anglo Nubian y Criolla que se encontraban en el último tercio de la lactancia, las que fueron asignadas a los tratamientos según edad, tipo de parto y progenie. Dado que el grupo de animales presentó cuatro factores de variación: biotipo, fecha de parto, edad y número de parto, los animales fueron agrupados en éstas variables, de modo que cada grupo quedara representado en igual magnitud. Los subgrupos resultantes se asignaron al azar en los tratamientos experimentales que fueron: a) T0, dieta en base a heno de alfalfa y b) T1, dieta basada en hojas y tallos de morera. Las cabras permanecieron en el ensayo 60 días. El forraje se suministró en forma fresca picada. Se recolectaron muestras del material ofrecido y rechazado para el análisis de los suplementos (digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutro y energía metabolizable). También se realizó un control lechero donde se evaluó: producción de leche por tratamiento, proteína y sólidos totales de la leche. Por último, se determinó ganancias de peso en los animales sometidos a los tratamientos. Se observaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) para producción de leche, pero no hubo diferencias para el consumo de materia seca ni composición química de la leche. Los registros de producción mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos, se encontró diferencias significativas de una mejor respuesta de las cabras alimentadas con morera. Los resultados sobre el peso vivo de las cabras reflejaron que hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,05) en el cambio de peso al final del experimento con el tratamiento suplementario de morera. / The study was carried out in the Experimental Station German Greve University of Chile. The effects of supplementing with mulberry (Morus alba) on production and composition of milk in goats as evaluated. Thirty goats (F1), crosses of Anglian Nubian and Creole that were in the last third of lactation, were assigned to the treatments according to: strain, parturition data, age and number of parturition. The animals were grouped according to these variables, so that each group was represented. The experimental treatments were: a) T0, alfalfa hay as supplement b) T1, mulberry leaves and stems as supplement. The goats remained in the assay for 60 days. The forage was provided chopped fresh form. Samples of offered and rejected forage were collected for chemical analysis dry matter apparent digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fibber and metabolizable energy. Also a milk control was done to determine: milk production, protein and total solids in milk. Finally, live weight gains was determined in both treatments. Significant differences (P<0.05) for milk production was observed, but there was not differences for dry matter intake and milk chemical composition. The production registries showed differences between treatments, there were tendencies of one better answer of the goats fed with mulberry. Finally live weight showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in favour of the mulberry supplemented treatment.

Plant estrogens have long been associated with health benefits. The potential of tissue culture techniques for the production of several secondary metabolites has been known for many years. Tissue cultures stimulate the production or induce the biosynthesis of novel compounds not found in the mature plant. Tissue culture of Morus alba, family Moraceae, is known to contain phytoestrogens, was established on plant-hormone supplemented Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Petiole and the stem tissue from mature trees were the best explants for initiation and proliferation of calli. The best callus proliferation was obtained on MS medium containing 1-napthalene acetic acid (1mg/ml) and benzylaminopurine (0.5mg/ml) for M. alba. Comparison of phytoestrogens of Moraceae species from in vivo and in vitro tissue isolation were carried out. The estrogenic activities of callus extracts were assayed in an estrogen-responsive yeast system expressing the human estrogen receptor alpha. Male callus extracts had higher estrogenic activity than male and female extracts from in vivo and in vitro tissues. Isolation and characterization of phytoestrogens from above tissues were carried out using solid phase extraction, high perfomance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Biochanin A, an isoflavonoid, was isolated as one of the compounds in male callus extracts. Biochanin A has been known to have an antiestrogenic acitivity in mammals. Isoflavonoid compounds have been characterized as strong protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors in variety of animal cells. Isoflavones are structurally similar to estradiol, and display agonistic and antagonistic interactions with the estrogen receptor. Isoflavones possess therapeutic and preventive properties such as being used for postmenopausal osteoporosis, breast cancer, and inhibition of tumors.

Seabirds are wide-ranging apex-predators and useful bio-indicators of marine systems. Nevertheless, changes are occurring in the marine environment, and seabirds require protection from the deleterious effects of climate change, fisheries, pollution, offshore development, introduced predators and invasive species. The UK supports internationally important populations of seabirds but also has vast wind and wave resources, therefore understanding how seabirds use the marine environment is vital in order to quantify the potential consequences of further exploiting these resources. In this thesis I first describe the range of wave energy converting devices operational or in development in the UK, and review the potential threats and benefits these developments may have for marine birds. I then synthesise data from colony-based surveys with detailed information on population dynamics, foraging ecology and near-colony behaviour, to develop a projection model that identifies important at-sea areas for breeding seabirds. These models show a positive spatial correlation with one of the most intensive at-sea seabird survey datasets, and provide qualitatively similar findings to existing tracking data. This approach has the potential to identify overlap with offshore energy developments, and could be developed to suit a range of species or whole communities and provide a theoretical framework for the study of factors such as colony size regulation. The non-breeding period is a key element of the annual cycle of seabirds and conditions experienced during one season may carry-over to influence the next. Understanding behaviour throughout the annual cycle has implications for both ecological theory and conservation. Bio-logging can provide detailed information on movements away from breeding colonies, and the analysis of stable isotope ratios in body tissues can provide information on foraging during the non-breeding period. I combine these two approaches to describe the migration strategies of northern gannets Morus bassanus breeding at two colonies in the north-west Atlantic, revealing a high degree of both winter site fidelity and dietary consistency between years. These migratory strategies also have carry-over effects with consequences for both body condition and timing of arrival on the breeding grounds. Finally, I investigate the threats posed to seabirds and other marine predators during the non-breeding period by collating information on the distributions of five different species of apex predator wintering in the Northwest African upwelling region. I describe the threat of over-fishing and fisheries bycatch to marine vertebrates in this region, and highlight the need for pelagic marine protected areas to adequately protect migratory animals throughout the annual cycle. In summary, the combination of colony-based studies, bio-logging, stable isotope analysis and modelling techniques can provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between individuals and the marine environment over multiple spatial and temporal scales.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T17:26:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AhirlanCastro.pdf: 821881 bytes, checksum: 3392f8d9400d159c99f7053ff6c00bd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T17:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AhirlanCastro.pdf: 821881 bytes, checksum: 3392f8d9400d159c99f7053ff6c00bd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Inflammation comprises a biological mechanism of the body's defense in response to injury by exogenous or endogenous agents and aims to restore homeostasis. Morus nigra L., commonly known as black mulberry tree is traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological potential of the hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Morus nigra leaves and the likely mechanisms of action in models of inflammation in vivo and in vitro involving neutrophils and mediators of the inflammatory process. Therefore, the dried leaves were sprayed and soaked in 70% ethanol to obtain the hydroalcoholic extract (EHA). EHA was subjected to partitioning with hexane (FH), chloroform (FC) and ethyl acetate (FAE). Quantification of phenolic and total flavonoid compounds showed higher levels of these secondary metabolites in the EHA and FAE. Analysis by HPLC-UV showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in EHA and FAE of Morus nigra. In the acute toxicology studies, treatment of male and female rats with EHA (2000 mg / kg, o.v.) in a single dose produced no death, nor change in consciousness, motor and autonomic and central nervous system; body weight and organs; consumption of water and food; haematological and biochemical parameters; when compared to the control group. EHA and FAE of Morus nigra presented antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the paw edema induced by carrageenan. EHA and FAE decreased migration of leukocytes and neutrophils for subcutaneous air pouch inflammatory stimulation by carrageenan, inhibiting TNF-α production and MPO. EHA and FAE also promoted decreased migration of leukocytes and neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of rats stimulated with LPS, decreasing the production of NO, TNF- α, IL-1β and IL-8. Further, the EHA and FAE of Morus nigra decreased neutrophils chemotaxis in Boyden chamber assay modified front of chemotactic agents fMLP and IL-8. Together the data presented demonstrate that the EHA and FAE of Morus nigra had significant anti-inflammatory activity and can thus be used to treat inflammatory processes. / A inflamação compreende um mecanismo biológico de defesa do organismo em resposta a lesão por agentes exógenos ou endógenos e tem por finalidade restaurar a homeostase do organismo. Morus nigra L., popularmente conhecida por amoreira negra, é tradicionalmente utilizada no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial farmacológico do extrato hidroalcoólico e fração acetato de etila das folhas de Morus nigra e os prováveis mecanismos de ação em modelos de inflamação in vivo e in vitro envolvendo neutrófilos e mediadores do processo inflamatório. Para tanto, as folhas secas foram pulverizadas e maceradas em etanol a 70%, para obtenção do extrato hidroalcoólico (EHA). O EHA foi submetido ao particionamento com hexano (FH), clorofórmio (FC) e acetato de etila (FAE). A quantificação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais demonstraram níveis maiores destes metabólitos secundários no EHA e FAE. A análise por HPLC-UV demonstrou a presença de ácido clorogênico, rutina, quercetina e canferol no EHA e FAE de Morus nigra. No estudo toxicológico agudo, o tratamento de ratos machos e fêmeas com o EHA (2000 mg/kg, v.o.) em dose única, não produziu morte nem alterações no estado de consciência, motoras e do sistema nervoso central e autônomo; de peso corporal e de órgãos; consumo de água e ração; de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos; quando comparados ao grupo controle. O EHA e FAE de Morus nigra apresentaram atividade antiedematogênica e anti-inflamatória através da redução do edema de pata de rato induzido por carragenina. O EHA e FAE diminuíram a migração de leucócitos e neutrófilos para bolsa de ar subcutânea com estimulação inflamatória por carragenina, inibindo a produção de TNF-α e mieloperoxidase. O EHA e FAE também promoveram a diminuição da migração de leucócitos e neutrófilos para a cavidade peritoneal de ratos estimulados com LPS, diminuindo a produção de óxido nítrico, TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-8. Ainda, o EHA e FAE de Morus nigra diminuíram a quimiotaxia de neutrófilos em ensaio de câmara de Boyden modificado frente aos agentes quimiotáticos fMLP e IL-8. Em conjunto, os dados apresentados demonstram que o EHA e FAE de Morus nigra apresentaram atividade antiinflamatória importante, podendo desta forma serem utilizados no tratamento de processos inflamatórios.

<p>U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitane su i<br />poređene različite ekstrakcione tehnike korena<br />gaveza, lista crnog duda i peteljki tre&scaron;nje. Poređene<br />su konvencionalne i savremene ekstrakcione<br />tehnike i izvedena je optimizacija ekstrakcionih<br />postupaka s ciljem dobijanja ekstrakata ispitivanih<br />biljnih vrsta sa najvećom bioaktivno&scaron;ću. Za svaku<br />ekstrakcionu tehniku ispitan je uticaj najznačajnijih<br />parametara: maceracija (rastvarač i vreme<br />ekstrakcije), ubrzana ekstrakcija (temperatura i<br />rastvarač), supekritična ekstrakcija (pritisak i<br />koncentracija ko-rastvarača) i ekstrakcija<br />subkritičnom vodom (temperatura, pritisak, vreme<br />ekstrakcije i brzina me&scaron;anja). Ekstrakcija polifenola<br />korena gaveza, lista crnog duda i peteljki tre&scaron;nje je<br />bila najefikasnija ekstrakcijom subkritičnom<br />vodom. Primenjene su tehnika visokopritisne tečne<br />hromatografije spregnute sa masenom<br />spektrometrijom uz primenu različitih masenih<br />analizatora, masenog analizatora na bazi vremena<br />preleta jona i tandema kvadrupolnog i analizatora<br />na bazi vremena preleta jona. Za karakterizaciju<br />dobijenih ekstrakata instrumentalnom analizom su<br />određene kvalitativne i kvantitativne karakteristike dobijenih ekstrakata korena gaveza, lista crnog duda i peteljki tre&scaron;nje. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analizom ekstrakata identifikovano je vi&scaron;e od 27 novih jedinjenja različitih hemijskih klasa u svakom od ispitivanih biljnih matriksa.</p> / <p>Within the scope of this doctoral dissertation,<br />different extraction techniques of comfrey root,<br />black mulberry leaves and sweet cherry stems were<br />applied and compared. Conventional and novel<br />extraction techniques were optimized and<br />compared in order to obtain plant extracts with the<br />highest content of bioactive compounds. The<br />influence of the most important parameters was<br />investigated for each extraction technique:<br />maceration (solvent and extraction time),<br />accelerated solvent extraction (temperature and<br />solvent), supercritical fluid extraction (co-solvent<br />percentage and pressure) and subcritical water<br />extraction (temperature, pressure, extraction time<br />and agitation rate). Extraction of polyphenolic<br />compounds from comfrey root, black mulberry<br />leaves and sweet cherry stems was the most<br />effective using subcritical water. High-pressure<br />liquid chromatography coupled to mass<br />spectrometry techniques using time-of-flight and<br />quadrupole-time-of-flight mass analyzers have<br />been used to characterize bioactive compounds.<br />Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the<br />obtained comfrey root, black mulberry leaves and sweet cherry stem extracts were determined. HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS revealed the presence of more than 27 compounds of different chemical classes that have been identified for the first time in&nbsp; the plant matrix.</p>

Management and conservation of populations of animals requires information on where they are, why they are there, and where else they could be. These objectives are typically approached by collecting data on the animals’ use of space, relating these to prevailing environmental conditions and employing these relations to predict usage at other geographical regions. Technical advances in wildlife telemetry have accomplished manifold increases in the amount and quality of available data, creating the need for a statistical framework that can use them to make population-level inferences for habitat preference and space-use. This has been slow-in-coming because wildlife telemetry data are, by definition, spatio-temporally autocorrelated, unbalanced, presence-only observations of behaviorally complex animals, responding to a multitude of cross-correlated environmental variables. I review the evolution of techniques for the analysis of space-use and habitat preference, from simple hypothesis tests to modern modeling techniques and outline the essential features of a framework that emerges naturally from these foundations. Within this framework, I discuss eight challenges, inherent in the spatial analysis of telemetry data and, for each, I propose solutions that can work in tandem. Specifically, I propose a logistic, mixed-effects approach that uses generalized additive transformations of the environmental covariates and is fitted to a response data-set comprising the telemetry and simulated observations, under a case-control design. I apply this framework to non-trivial case-studies using data from satellite-tagged grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) foraging off the east and west coast of Scotland, and northern gannets (Morus Bassanus) from Bass Rock. I find that sea bottom depth and sediment type explain little of the variation in gannet usage, but grey seals from different regions strongly prefer coarse sediment types, the ideal burrowing habitat of sandeels, their preferred prey. The results also suggest that prey aggregation within the water column might be as important as horizontal heterogeneity. More importantly, I conclude that, despite the complex behavior of the study species, flexible empirical models can capture the environmental relationships that shape population distributions.