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Efficiency of tandem breakwater in reducing wave heights and damage level : a Mossel Bay case studyThesnaar, Eldre 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, breakwater design has been governed not only by structural stability, but by cost effectiveness as well. Breakwater designers are constantly trying to find the perfect balance between low-risk design and low-cost design.
The combination of a main rubble mound breakwater and a submerged offshore reef, that are designed to function together, is known as a tandem breakwater. The reef structure is responsible for dissipating some of the energy by causing wave breaking. Thereafter, the area between the reef and the main structure - the tranquillity zone - allows for natural energy dissipation. The combination of the effects of the reef and tranquillity zone results in reduced significant wave heights at the main rubble mound structure, which allows it to be designed with lighter armour units.
This study investigates the application of a tandem breakwater, based on the conditions at the port of Mossel Bay, by achieving the following set of objectives: (1) to determine the influence of the tandem breakwater‟s submerged reef crest elevation on the damage level of the main rubble mound structure, (2) to determine the relationship between the relative wave attenuation distance and the percentage wave attenuation, and (3) to compare the abovementioned parameters for rock and geotube reefs.
A physical model test series was conducted to gain the data required for achieving the objectives. A rubble mound structure that makes use of dolos armour units, resembling the one at Mossel Bay, was constructed inside a concrete flume equipped with a single-paddle wavemaker. Two reef structure types (rock and geotube) were tested at three crest elevations (below-LAT, LAT and ML), against combinations of two significant wave heights (2.5 m and 3 m) and two peak periods (8 s and 12 s), at one water level (ML) and one offshore reef distance (50 m).
From the model test results, it is evident that the presence of a reef structure significantly affects the wave conditions that reach the main structure. When comparing significant wave heights measured at a prototype distance of 20 m in front of the main breakwater, a reduction of as high as 42% can be observed for a reef structure made from rocks and 54% for a geotube structure. In all cases, the geotube structure causes more wave attenuation due to its lower permeability, which enables it to reflect more wave energy. However, it should be noted that the stability of the geotube reef was not considered during testing.
Generic graphs are presented, that aim to provide guidance in the design process of such a tandem breakwater system. The graphs are produced for a case where dolos armour units are used and might not be exactly the same when a different type of armour unit is used. One graph shows the relationship between the damage reduction at the main breakwater and the relative reef submergence. The other shows the relationship between wave attenuation and the relative wave attenuation distance.
Unfortunately, the implementation of geotube reefs of the nature described in this investigation is not likely in the South African context at present. This, however, does not eliminate the possibility of future applications. As geotextile technology develops and greater operational experience and equipment is gained, tandem breakwaters that incorporate geotube reefs could provide an alternative that is both cost-effective and more environmentally friendly with regards to transport emissions. Until then, tandem breakwaters that incorporate rock reefs may be able to provide a desired alternative design for certain scenarios. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope jare, word breekwater ontwerp nie net beheer deur strukturele stabiliteit nie, maar ook koste effektiwiteit. Ontwerpers poog alewig om die perfekte balans tussen lae-risiko ontwerp en lae-koste ontwerp na te streef.
Die kombinasie van 'n hoof ruklipgolfbreker en 'n sekondêre onderwater rif breekwater, wat ontwerp is om as 'n eenheid te funksioneer, staan bekend as „n tandem breekwater. Die rif struktuur is verantwoordelik vir die verlies van 'n gedeelte van die golf energie deur golf breking te veroorsaak. Daarna veroorsaak die area tussen die rif en die hoof struktuur – die kalmeringsone – verdere natuurlike energie verlies. Die gekombineerde effek van die rif en kalmeringsone veroorsaak dat kleiner branders die hoof breekwater bereik, wat toelaat dat dit ontwerp kan word met kleiner pantser eenhede.
Dié studie ondersoek die toepassing van 'n tandem breekwater, gebaseer op die kondisies by die Mosselbaai hawe, deur die volgende doelwitte te bewerkstellig: (1) om die invloed van die onderwater rif kruinhoogte op die vlak van skade aan die hoof breekwater te bepaal, (2) om die verhouding tussen die relatiewe golfhoogte-verminderings-afstand en die golfhoogte vermindering te bepaal, en (3) om die bogenoemde parameters vir rots en geo-buis riwwe te vergelyk.
'n Fisiese model toets reeks is uitgevoer sodat die benodigde data ingesamel kan word om die doelwitte te bereik. „n Rotsvul breekwater wat gebruik maak van dolos pantser eenhede, soortgelyk aan dié by Mosselbaai, is gebou in 'n beton kanaal wat toegerus is met 'n enkel-spaan golfmasjien. Twee tipes riwwe (rots en geo-buis) is getoets met drie kruin hoogtes (onder-LAG, LAG en GV), teen kombinasies van twee beduidende golfhoogtes (2.5 m en 3 m) en twee spitsperiodes (8 s en 12 s), by een watervlak (GV) en een sekondêre breekwater afstand (50 m).
Uit die model toets resultate is dit duidelik dat die teenwoordigheid van 'n rif struktuur, die golfkondisies wat die hoof breekwater bereik, beduidend beïnvloed. Wanneer beduidende golfhoogtes, gemeet op 'n prototipe afstand van 20 m voor die hoof breekwater, vergelyk word, word 'n vermindering van so hoog as 42% waargeneem vir 'n rif bestaande uit rots en 54% vir 'n rif bestaande uit geo-buise. In alle gevalle veroorsaak die geo-buis struktuur meer golfhoogte vermindering, as gevolg van sy laer deurlaatbaarheid, wat dit in staat stel om meer golfenergie te reflekteer. Die stabiliteit van die geo-buis struktuur is egter nie in ag geneem tydens die toetse nie.
Generiese grafieke word weergegee, met die doel om leiding te gee tydens die ontwerpsproses van só 'n tandem breekwater struktuur. Die grafieke hou verband met die geval waar dolos pantser eenhede gebruik word, en mag verskil vir ander tipes pantser eenhede. Een van die grafieke dui die verhouding tussen skadevermindering aan die hoof breekwater en die relatiewe posisie van die onderwater rif se kruinhoogte aan. Die ander grafiek dui die verhouding tussen die golfhoogte vermindering en die relatiewe golfhoogte-verminderings-afstand aan.
Huidiglik is die toepassing van die tipe geo-buis riwwe soos beskryf in hierdie ondersoek, ongelukkig onwaarskynlik in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Dit skakel egter nie die moontlikheid van toekomstige toepassings van dié aard uit nie. Soos geo-tekstiel tegnologie ontwikkel en meer operasionele ervaring en toerusting bekom word, kan die effektiewe implementasie van geo-buis riwwe 'n alternatief bied wat beide koste effektief en omgewingsvriendelik is met betrekking tot die vrystelling van uitlaatgasse tydens die vervoer van materiale. Tot dan, kan tandem breekwaters wat van rots riwwe gebruik maak, moontlik die gewenste alternatiewe ontwerp bied vir sekere situasies.
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Population dynamics of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, at Mossel Bay, South AfricaRyklief, Rabiah January 2012 (has links)
Mossel Bay is internationally recognised as one of the centres of abundance of white sharks in South Africa. During 2008 – 2010 there were four sites within the bay i.e. Seal Island, Hartenbos, Kleinbrak and Grootbrak, which were sampled to gain insight into the population dynamics of this species. Currently, life history information on white sharks in this area is limited. This study used a combination of mark-recapture using photographic identification techniques and sight per unit effort methods. Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial patterns in abundance are assessed. The effects of environmental parameters on abundance are also investigated. Photographic identification techniques were employed to identify unique individuals within the sampled population. This modified mark-recapture approach is therefore non-invasive and cost-effective. Open population POPAN parameterization was used to analyse the data in software program MARK. The total population was estimated at 389 sharks (351 – 428; 95 percent CI). Over the three year period, a marginal (yet non-significant) decline in numbers was observed, in terms of both monthly and seasonal population estimates. Sightings per unit effort data were collected during sampling trips. The relative abundance and body size composition of white sharks demonstrated significant spatial and seasonal variation. The highest and lowest relative abundance was observed at Seal Island and Hartenbos, respectively, and is likely attributed to prey availability. Although white sharks were present year-round in Mossel Bay, the highest relative abundance occurred during summer and the lowest relative abundance occurred during spring. White sharks were grouped into three main size classes based on estimated total length (TL): Young of the year (YOY) (125 – 174cm), juvenile (175 – 324cm) and adult (325 – 524cm). YOY white sharks were most prevalent at Grootbrak, with juvenile and adult individuals concentrating at Seal Island. Although most size classes were present throughout the year, seasonal differences were observed. YOY individuals were most abundant in the autumn months, juvenile size-classes appeared to concentrate in the study area during winter, and the adult individuals were most abundant in the spring months. Overall, there was a high concentration of white sharks ranging in size between 175 – 324cm TL, and it was thus hypothesised that Mossel Bay represents an interim nursery or grow out area for white sharks in South Africa. Data collected from 2008 and 2009 was used to investigate the relationship between specific environmental parameters, i.e. sea surface temperature and vertical water clarity, in relation to the relative abundance of white sharks. Sea surface temperature and vertical water clarity observed in this study ranged from 9.3 - 22.7°C and 0 – 10m, respectively. Sea surface temperature did not have a significant influence on the relative abundance of white sharks and this may be attributed to the thermoregulatory capacity of the species. Vertical water clarity, however, did significantly influence the relative abundance. Furthermore, the combined effect of site and season significantly influenced the relative abundance of white sharks and is probably linked to the distribution and abundance of inshore prey resources.
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Die laat-Victoriaanse Mosselbaai 1870-1902Scheffler, Helena Maria 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1990. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of Mossel Bay was subject to the opening of passes accross the
two mountain ranges between the coast and the interior of the country. As the
harbour gradually became more accessible to its hinterland, the Karoo, imports
and exports increased. The granting of municipal status in 1852 precipitated a
period of growth and by 1871, the town even had its own newspaper.
Until the mid eighties, Mossel Bay was an arid town with little vegetation and
scarcely enough water for domestic use. The serious shortage of water hindered
the inhabitants in almost every way. With the completion of a water scheme in
1886 whereby water was received from the Outeniqua mountains, not only was the
town embellished by the planting of trees but the drains could be cleaned and
the fires successfully extinguished.
The Town Council had to deal with squatters, roaming dogs and other stray
animals. The general hygienic conditions left much to be desired. The drains
were dirty, sanitation poor, dumping sites unfavourably situated and until
1891, animals were slaughtered in town. Typhus and Bubonic Plague broke out
in the late nineties. The town had its own doctor and pharmacist, while a
dentist made sporadic visits. A Cottage Hospital was established.
The crime rate was low and the judge of the Circuit Court often had no criminal
cases to hear. Commercially a market was established and an unusually high
number of wholesalers began trading in the bay. Three large hotels
accommodated the many visitors. Travelling ph.o tographers visited regularly and
at one stage Mossel Bay even had its own resident photographer.
The Mossel Bay Advertiser made an important contribution in influencing public opinion and in participating in the struggle for obtaining a rail link. This
struggle was the major issue of the time. The link was frequently promised but
it was only the last assurance in 1895 that was ultimately honoured.
Major development took place in Shipping: Steam cranes and steam tugs were
acquired and large oceanliners called, first fortnightly and then weekly. In
so doing, regular contact was established with England. However the Coode
Report found that the bay was becoming shallower and for this reason harbour
development was rejected. Immense dissatisfaction prevailed after steam ships
began calling in on Sundays, thereby forcing the inhabitants to work on the
Sabbath. With the completion of the railway lines linking Port Elizabeth and
Cape Town to the diamond fields, these ports gradually took over the trade
generated by the Karoo. The services of the steamship companies were curtailed
in the nineties resulting in diminished trade. At the end of the decade, it
was announced that the harbour would receive a new breakwater and wharf. The
number of shipwrecks were relatively small in comparison with other places.
After the completion of the Kleinbosch Water Scheme in 1886, the town was
marketed as a watering place and health resort. Many holiday makers flocked to
the bay to swim in the natural bathing place at the Point. Farmers from the
interior began to camp near the beach at Diepkloof. After the introduction of
a halfday holiday on Saturdays, sporting activities became popular and sports
clubs were established. Societies enabled participants to spend their leisure
time in a constructive manner.
The contribution of the church was large. A few ministers held their posts for
lengthy periods and left their stamp on the community. Education was
characterised by the struggle between the state supported schools and those run
by the church. Although small, the schools produced outstanding students. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mosselbaai was aanvanklik moeilik van sy natuurlike hinterland, die Karoo,
bereikbaar aangesien dit deur twee bergreekse van die binneland geskei word.
Met die oopstelling van passe het die hawe algaande meer toeganklik geword en
het die nedersetting, soos die in- en uitvoer toegeneem het, gegroei. Die
Munisipaliteit is in 1852 gestig en daarna het die dorp in so 'n mate ontwikkel
dat dit in 1871 'n koerant gehad het.
Mosselbaai was tot in die middel tagtigerjare 'n droe, boomlose dorpie met
skaars genoeg water vir huishoudelike gebruik. Die ernstige gebrek aan water
het stremmend op bykans elke gebied ingewerk. Nadat water in 1886 van die
Outeniekwaberge aangel~ is, kon die dorp nie slags verfraai word nie, maar kon
afvoerslote gewas en brande met sukses geblus word.
Die Dorpsraad het te kampe gehad met plakkers,
loslopende diere. Die algemene higiene het veel
rondloperhonde en ander
te wense gelaat. Die
afvoerslote was vuil, sanit~re geriewe swak, stortingsterreine ongunstig gelee
en daar is tot in 1891 midde-in die dorp geslag. Tifus en builepes het in die
negentigerjare uitgebreek. Die dorp het oor 'n geneesheer en apteker beskik en
tandartse het sporadies op besoek gekom. 'n ·"cottage Hospital" is gestig.
Die misdaadsyfer was laag en die regter van die Rondgaande Hof het dikwels geen
strafsake gehad om te verhoor nie. Op sakegebied was daar 'n mark, 'n ongewoon
hoe aantal groothandelaars en verskeie ander sakeondernemings. Drie groot
hotelle het huisvesting aan besoekers verskaf. Reisende fotograwe het die dorp
gereeld besoek en 'n dekade lank was daar ook 'n residensiele fotograaf.
Die Mossel Bay Advertiser het 'n belangrike bydrae gelewer deur die openbare mening te be1nvloed. Die blad het eweneens 'n groot rol gespeel
van die stryd om spoorverbinding, wat die grootste deel van
Victoriaanse Tydperk gekenmerk het. Alhoewel 'n spoorlyn meermale
is dit eers in 1895 toegestaan.
ten opsigte
die Laatbeloof
is,
Op maritieme gebied was daar groot ontwikkeling: stoomhyskrane en · -sleepbote
is bekom en groot oseaanskepe het Mosselbaai tweeweekliks en later weekliks
aangedoen en sodoende gereelde verbinding met Engeland bewerkstellig. Die
Coode-verslag het egter bevind dat die baai besig was om vlakker te word en
haweontwikkeling is afgekeur. Stoomskepe het op Sondae begin aandoen en het
sodoende Sondagwerk op die inwoners afgedwing. Nadat die spoorweg tussen die
Diamantveld en die hawestede Kaapstad en Port Elizabeth voltooi is, is
Mosselbaai stadig as hawe vir die Groot Karoo verdring. In die negentigerjare
is die diens van die stoomskiprederye ingekort, wat 'n geweldige slag vir die
handel was. Aan die einde van die dekade is aangekondig dat die hawe 'n
golfbreker en nuwe kaai sou kry. Alhoewel verskeie skepe deur die jare vergaan
het , was dit min in vergelyking met die skipbreuke elders.
Na die voltooiing van die Kleinbosch-waterskema in 1886 is die dorp as badplaas
en gesondheidsoord bemark en het groot getalle vakansiegangers na die Baai
gestroom om veral in die natuurlike swemsloep by die Punt te baai. Boere van
die binneland het ook naby die strand by Diepkloof begin kampeer. Na die
installing van 'n halfdagvakansie op Saterdae het sport groot aftrek geniet en
is verskillende klubs gestig. Inwoners het ook by verskillende verenigings
aangesluit om hul vryetyd op 'n opbouende wyse te verwyl.
Op kerklike gebied het 'n paar leraars besonder lank op Mosselbaai gearbei en
het veel tot die ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap bygedra. Die onderwys is
gekenmerk deur 'n stryd tussen die staatsondersteunde skole en die van die
kerke. Alhoewel klein, het die plaaslike skole goeie uitslae behaal en
uitstekende studente opgelewer.
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An exploratory study of the representivlty of African blacks (ab) in the Mossel bay hake fishing industryMqikela, Linda Ntomboxolo January 2004 (has links)
Magister Administrationis - MAdmin
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The impact of climate change effects on the planform of a headland-bay beach on the southern coast of South AfricaHugo, Pierre-Malan 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The various consequences of climate change pose a significant threat to developments near the
coast. These threats include saltwater intrusion, coastal erosion and flooding. In the coastal context,
the climate change effect often raising the most concern is that of sea-level rise. Much work has
therefore been done on the linear setback caused by a rise in sea-level. In order to get the full
picture of possible changes caused by sea-level rise, the secondary effects of a rising sea-level also
need to be considered. Sea-level rise could cause changes to the nearshore wave climate and could
have impacts such as coastal erosion and changes to the coastline shape. The primary objective of
this study was therefore to investigate the effects of sea-level rise on the nearshore wave climate
and, consequently, the coastline stability.
Other consequences of climate change considered in this study include increasing average wave
heights and a rotation of offshore wave directions. The many headland-bay beaches on the South
African coastline are generally in a state of dynamic equilibrium and find their planforms based on
the local wave climate. Changes to the wave climate may therefore disrupt the equilibrium shapes of
these bays. This study was therefore also aimed at investigating the effects of the changes to the
wave climate on the stability of headland-bay beaches.
The three consequences of climate change expected to affect the nearshore wave climate were
identified as (1) sea-level rise; (2) an increased wave height; and (3) changing offshore wave angles.
Although changes to storm frequency and intensity are also possible, the impacts of these changes
were not studied.
In order to assess the impacts of the three considered changes on a typical headland-bay beach, two
numerical models were set up for Mossel Bay – a headland-bay beach on the southern coast of
South Africa. The modelling approach included a wave transformation model to calculate nearshore
wave climates from offshore data and a coastline model to assess the stability of the bay under the
changed nearshore wave climates.
The model results indicated that the rising sea-level alone would cause changes in the nearshore
wave direction. These changes were shown to alter the longshore sediment transport regime such
that rotations are expected in the south-western corner and eastern end of Mossel Bay. These rotations do not include the cross-shore effects of inundation and erosion, as suggested by models
such as the Bruun Model.
The results for an increased offshore wave height were inconclusive. The southerly rotation in
offshore wave angles was shown to affect the nearshore wave angles. These changes affected the longshore transport regime such that the outward sediment transports were reduced. A minor
accretion resulted in the centre of the bay for a 1° southerly rotation in offshore wave angles. For a
2° rotation, the extent of accretion increased and shifted towards the eastern end of the bay,
primarily due to the dominance of south-westerly waves in the local wave climate.
A valuable observation was made regarding the current stability of Mossel Bay. Inter-tidal reefs are
present along three sections of the bay. These reefs protect the coastline such that the current bay
shape contains sharp bends between the reefs. Under a rising sea-level, however, the effect of the
reefs will become less pronounced. If a water level should be reached where these reefs become
less significant, the planform of the bay is expected to smooth out through a significant
redistribution of sediment. This smoothing effect was shown to cause erosion of the coastline in the
order of 80m near the town of Klein Brak River. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verskeie gevolge van klimaatsverandering bied ‘n merkwaardige bedreiging vir ontwikkelings
naby die kus. Hierdie bedreigings sluit die versouting van varswaterbronne, kuserosie en
oorstromings in. Vir kusgebiede is seevlakstyging gereeld die effek van klimaatsverandering wat die
meeste kommer wek. Dus is heelwat navorsing rakende die direkte erosie as gevolg van
seevlakstyging reeds gedoen. Om die volle beeld van die gevolge van ‘n stygende seevlak te verkry, is
dit egter nodig om ook die sekondêre effekte hiervan in ag te neem. Seevlakstyging kan
veranderinge in die golfklimaat naby die kus veroorsaak, en kan impakte soos kuserosie en
veranderende baaivorms tot gevolg hê. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie is dus om die effek van
seevlakstyging op die golfklimaat by die kus en gevolglik die stabiliteit van die kuslyn, te ondersoek.
Benewens die styging van die seevlak word die effekte van groter gemiddelde golfhoogtes en die
rotasie van diepsee golfrigtings ook in hierdie studie ondersoek. Die vele landpunt-baaie (headlandbay
beaches) op die Suid-Afrikaanse kus is meestal in ‘n dinamiese ekwilibriumtoestand, waarvan die
vorm deur die lokale golfklimaat bepaal word. Veranderinge aan dié golfklimaat mag dus die
ekwilibrium vorms van sulke baaie versteur. Hierdie studie het dus ook die stabilititeit van landpuntbaaie
onder ‘n veranderende golfklimaat ondersoek.
Die drie gevolge van klimaatsverandering wat verwag word om die golfklimaat naby die kus te
beïnvloed is geïdentifiseer as (1) seevlakstyging; (2) vergrote golfhoogtes; en (3) veranderende
diepsee golfhoeke. Veranderinge aan die frekwensie en intensiteit van storms is ook moontlike
gevolge van klimaatsverandering, maar die impakte hiervan is nie in die studie ondersoek nie.
Twee numeriese modelle is toegepas om die impak van die drie bogenoemde gevolge op Mosselbaai
– ‘n tipiese landpunt-baai aan die suidkus van Suid-Afrika – te ondersoek. ‘n Golfmodel is ingespan
om die golfklimaat naby die kus te bepaal waarna ‘n kuslynmodel gebruik is om die stabiliteit van die
baai onder die veranderde golfklimaat te ondersoek.
Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat die golfhoeke naby die kus beïnvloed word deur
seevlakstyging. Daar is aangetoon dat dié veranderinge die langsstroomvervoer sodanig sal verander
dat kuslynrotasies in die suid-westelike hoek asook die oostelike rand van Mosselbaai verwag word.
Hierdie rotasies sluit nie die lineêre landwaartse verplasing van die kuslyn as gevolg van erosie en
oorstroming in nie.
Die effek van vergrote golfhoogtes kon nie met akkuraatheid ondersoek word nie. Daar is wel gevind
dat die suidwaartse rotasie van diepsee golfhoeke rotasies in die golfklimaat naby die kus
veroorsaak. Hierdie rotasies verander die langsstroom sedimentvervoer sodanig dat die uitwaartse sedimentvervoer verminder word en ‘n klein opbou van sediment in die middel van die baai vir ‘n 1°
diepsee rotasie verwag word. Vir ‘n 2° suidwaartse rotasie is daar ‘n groter opbou van sediment wat
verder ooswaarts veplaas is. Die ooswaartse veplasing is primêr ‘n gevolg van die oorheersing van
suid-westelike golftoestande in die golfklimaat.
‘n Waardevolle gevolgtrekking rakende die huidige stabiliteit van Mosselbaai is ook gemaak. Langs
drie gedeeltes van die Mosselbaaise kus word riwwe in die gebied tussen hoog- en laagwater
aangetref. Hierdie riwwe beskerm die kus sodanig dat skerp kinkels in die vorm van die baai tussen
die riwwe gesien kan word. Wanneer die seevlak styg, word die beskermende effek van die riwwe
egter minder doeltreffend. Indien ‘n watervlak bereik word waar dié effek genoegsaam verminder is,
word daar verwag dat die baai deur ‘n merkwaardige verplasing van sediment die kinkels sal uitstryk.
Deur hierdie proses word erosie in die orde van 80m naby die dorp van Klein Brakrivier verwag.
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Adolescent pregnancy resolution with special reference to pre-abortion counsellingEvangelisti, Linda 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An exploratory study of the extent and nature of adolescent pregnancy
resolution and pre-abortion counselling was undertaken. Little research has
been done on pre-abortion counselling in South Africa since the Choice of
Termination of Pregnancy Act (92 of 1996) was passed in February 1997. This
study emphasised pre-abortion counselling since this is a new field for most
counsellors.
A literature study was conducted on adolescent pregnancy, focussing on the
factors and possible consequences of the choice to carry the pregnancy to term
or to terminate it. Adolescents, more than adults, need assistance to make this
decision. Crisis intervention was explored as a possible counselling model for
pregnancy resolution and pre-abortion counselling.
The preliminary investigation included interviews with social workers and
nursing professionals in Mossel Bay. Nursing professionals were included in
the study since they administer the pregnancy tests and are therefore the first
professionals with whom the pregnant adolescent comes into contact. This
investigation revealed that nurses, not social workers, do most of the preabortion
counselling in Mossel Bay. The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy
Act emphasises the importance of supplying pre and post-abortion counselling
at the facility providing the termination of pregnancy. The Act also envisages
this as primarily a medical concern, with the implication that nursing
professionals should do the counselling. The role of professional counsellors
such as social workers is not mentioned in the Act. The Act lays down that
training will be provided to equip nursing professionals with necessary skills to
render this service.
The empirical study examined the training and skills of nursing professionals
and social workers to determine whether they were adequately qualified to
render these services. The respondents' attitude towards pregnant adolescents who choose abortion was also investigated, since this would influence their
counselling skills.
The investigation revealed that many of the nurses did not seem confident in
their counselling although they felt that they were adequately qualified to
counsel pregnant adolescents. The nurses explained that they did not feel that
they had enough knowledge of the different options, especially foster care and
adoption and therefore referred patients to a social worker or Options
Pregnancy Centre (a volunteer based counselling centre).
The social workers felt confident in counselling adolescents who decided to
carry pregnancy to term. The counselling model used was crisis intervention,
which is most appropriate for pre-abortion counselling as well. However they
felt that they did not have enough information of abortion procedures and
emotional consequences of abortion to counsel a pregnant adolescent
requesting an abortion effectively.
The study showed that respondents felt empathy and understanding for the
adolescents' situation and the seriousness of the decision needing to be made.
The study also found that social workers and nurses were willing to attend
further training in order to improve their knowledge and their counselling skills.
The training should therefore not focus on attitudes but simply on improving
counselling skills. Training should focus on the nature of a crisis and the steps
of crisis intervention. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie is gedoen om die aard en omvang insake die besluitneming ten
opsigte van tienerswangerskappe en berading voor 'n aborsie te ondersoek.
Sedert die Wet op Beëindiging van Swangerskap (92 van 1996) in Februarie, is
weinig navorsing in Suid-Afrika gedoen oor berading voor 'n aborsie. Hierdie
studie beklemtoon voorafgaande berading aangaande aborsie, aangesien dit 'n
onbekende terrein vir baie beraders is.
'n Literatuurstudie oor tienerswangerskap is geloods met die fokus op faktore
en moontlike gevolge van die keuse om die volle termyn van die swangerskap
te voltooi of die beëindiging daarvan. Adolessente het meer ondersteuning
nodig as volwassenes om so 'n keuse uit te oefen. Krisis-ingryping is
ondersoek as 'n moontlike model vir die beslissing van 'n swangerskap en
berading wat 'n aborsie voorafgaan.
Met die voor-ondersoek is onderhoude met maatskaplike werkers en
verpleegkundiges in Mosselbaai gevoer. Verpleegkundiges was deel van die
studie aangesien hulle die eerste kundiges is met wie die swanger tiener in
aanraking kom, omdat hulle die swangerskaptoetse uitvoer. Dié navorsing toon
dat verpleegsters in Mosselbaai (nie maatskaplike werkers nie) grotendeels die
berading voor 'n aborsie hanteer. Die Wet benadruk hoe belangrik dit is om
beradingsdienste vir voor- en na-aborsie te voorsien by die plek waar die
aborsie toegepas word. Dié Wet beskou dit ook primêr as 'n mediese
aangeleentheid, gevolglik behoort verpleegkundiges die berading te doen. Daar
word egter nie melding gemaak van die rol van professionele beraders soos
maatskaplike werkers, in dié verband nie. Die Wet bepaal ook dat
verpleegkundiges opleiding sal ontvang om hulle met vaardighede toe te rus
om so 'n diens te lewer. Die opleiding en vaardighede van verpleegkundiges en maatskaplike werkers
is dus getoets aan die hand van studies, gegrond op praktiese ervaring, om te
bepaal of hulle bevoegd is om die dienste te lewer.
Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die respondente se houding teenoor die
swanger adolessent wat 'n aborsie verkies, aangesien hul vermoë om die
berading te hanteer, beïnvloed kan word.
Die ondersoek toon dat baie verpleegsters onseker voorgekom het tydens
berading, hoewel hulle gevoel het dat hulle bekwaam is om swanger
adolessente te adviseer. Hulle verklaar dat hulle nie genoeg kennis oor die
verskillende opsies, veral pleegsorg en aanneming, gehad het nie, en dus
pasiënte na 'n maatskaplike werker of Options Pregnancy Centre verwys het.
Maatskaplike werkers het berading aan swanger adolessente wat die termyn
van die swangerskap wou voltooi, met sekerheid hanteer. In die proses is
krisis-ingryping uitgeoefen wat dan ook gepas is vir berading voor 'n aborsie.
Die maatskaplike werkers het egter gevoel dat hulle nie genoeg inligting oor die
aborsieproses en die emosionele gevolge daarvan gehad het om die swanger
adolessent wat 'n aborsie verlang, effektief voor te lig nie.
Die studie het getoon dat respondente die adolessent se situasie en die erns
van die besluit wat gemaak moes word, met empatie en begrip hanteer het.
Met die studie is ook bevind dat maatskaplike werkers en verpleegsters bereid
was om verdere opleiding te ontvang en sodoende hul kennis en vaardighede
te verbeter. Die opleiding moet dus nie op houdings fokus nie, maar eerder die
ontwikkeling van vaardighede. Dit behoort te fokus op die aard van die krisis
en die stappe van krisis-intervensie.
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The life experience of the preacher and its influence on effective preachingSmit, Gail 11 1900 (has links)
Summaries in Afrikaans and English / What influences ministers to use specific illustrations in
their sermons? Does previous secular job experience or
hobbies/interests have an effect?
A study was done amongst ministers in the Mosselbay area.
The following conclusions were made:
The longer the minister had been in the ministry, the more
diverse the illustrations used. Previous secular job
experience had more diverse illustrations at an earlier age.
Personal interests featured strongly in illustrations but
training institutions had no real influence. Lady ministers
had more personal/family orientated illustrations.
People are naturally inquisitive to hear the lifestory of
others and compare this to their own. The Bible is a book
of many life stories illustrating God's involvement therein.
The preacher should give contemporary illustrations
understandable to the relevant congregation to show even in
this modern world God's human face and merciful heart as He
is involved in our lives. / Wat beinvloed predikante om spesif ieke illustrasies te
gebruik in hul preke? Het vorige werksondervinding
(nie-teologies)/belangstelling 'n invloed?
'n Studie was gedoen ender predikante in die Mosselbaai
area.
Die volgende afleidings is gemaak:
Hoe langer 'n predikant in die bediening, hoe meer
uiteenlopend die aard van illustrasies. Vorige
werksondervinding gee meer diverse illustrasies op 'n jonger
ouderdom. Persoonlike belangstellings kom sterk na vore
maar spesifieke leerskole het nie 'n groot invloed op
illustrasies nie. Dames predikante maak meer gebruik van
persoonlike/familie georienteerde illustrasies.
Die mens is van nature nuuskierig en wil sy eie
lewensondervinding altyd vergelyk met sy medemens. Die
Bybel is 'n boek van vele lewenservarings en God se invloed
daarin. In die prediking van die Evangelie meet die
prediker hedendaagse, toepaslike illustrasies gebruik
relevant en verstaanbaar vir sy gehoor. So leer ons dat God
steeds vandag met 'n menslike natuur en Godelike liefde in
elke mens se lewe teenwoordig is en werk. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)
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The life experience of the preacher and its influence on effective preachingSmit, Gail 11 1900 (has links)
Summaries in Afrikaans and English / What influences ministers to use specific illustrations in
their sermons? Does previous secular job experience or
hobbies/interests have an effect?
A study was done amongst ministers in the Mosselbay area.
The following conclusions were made:
The longer the minister had been in the ministry, the more
diverse the illustrations used. Previous secular job
experience had more diverse illustrations at an earlier age.
Personal interests featured strongly in illustrations but
training institutions had no real influence. Lady ministers
had more personal/family orientated illustrations.
People are naturally inquisitive to hear the lifestory of
others and compare this to their own. The Bible is a book
of many life stories illustrating God's involvement therein.
The preacher should give contemporary illustrations
understandable to the relevant congregation to show even in
this modern world God's human face and merciful heart as He
is involved in our lives. / Wat beinvloed predikante om spesif ieke illustrasies te
gebruik in hul preke? Het vorige werksondervinding
(nie-teologies)/belangstelling 'n invloed?
'n Studie was gedoen ender predikante in die Mosselbaai
area.
Die volgende afleidings is gemaak:
Hoe langer 'n predikant in die bediening, hoe meer
uiteenlopend die aard van illustrasies. Vorige
werksondervinding gee meer diverse illustrasies op 'n jonger
ouderdom. Persoonlike belangstellings kom sterk na vore
maar spesifieke leerskole het nie 'n groot invloed op
illustrasies nie. Dames predikante maak meer gebruik van
persoonlike/familie georienteerde illustrasies.
Die mens is van nature nuuskierig en wil sy eie
lewensondervinding altyd vergelyk met sy medemens. Die
Bybel is 'n boek van vele lewenservarings en God se invloed
daarin. In die prediking van die Evangelie meet die
prediker hedendaagse, toepaslike illustrasies gebruik
relevant en verstaanbaar vir sy gehoor. So leer ons dat God
steeds vandag met 'n menslike natuur en Godelike liefde in
elke mens se lewe teenwoordig is en werk. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)
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An exploration of the effects of karate training on young children in Kwanonqaba, Mossel BaySantiago, Leoni Esplin 02 1900 (has links)
Constant exposure to community violence has very detrimental and pervasive effects on children. These effects range from behavioural, cognitive and neuro-developmental problems to a variety of psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether
Karate programs can be used in violent communities to help children circumvent these detrimental effects of exposure to violence. This study adopted a qualitative research approach and the epistemological framework used was social constructivism. Group interviews were conducted with the research participants. The case study method was
chosen, and thematic analysis was used as the method of analysis of the children’s stories.
These stories were reconstructed in terms of themes. The themes that emerged included: anxiety, fear, discipline, respect for self, others and authority. After exposure to a traditional karate program for a period of time, the participants’ attitudes towards violence changed.
They believed that violence was a last resort and that there were better ways to deal with conflict. They began developing more self-discipline, not just in the dojo but in other areas of their lives as well. The participants learnt to respect others, as well as themselves and their
instructors, teachers, parents and friends. They also felt less afraid to be in their community and developed more self-confidence. Karate programmes can be used in violent communities to help prevent the negative outcomes in children associated with exposure to violence.
These programmes can be used in conjunction with other developmental programmes to help improve the outcomes of these children. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)
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Investigation into the economic feasibility of the continued existence of the PetroSA Mossel Bay refineryMcGregor, James Royston 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa's main requirements for power are in the form of
electricity and liquid fuels The country's electricity is generated
mainly from coal while the liquid fuels requirement is mainly from
crude oil.
Both coal and crude oil use are coming under increasing pressure
locally because of pollution and accompanying environmental
awareness. Internationally both energy sources are also
increasingly being abandoned as preferred energy sources, in first
world countries, in favour of cleaner energy sources.ln view of
these developments in the macro environment South Africa's gas
to liquids refinery built in the early 1990's seems a well placed
past investment ahead of its time.
This study project looks at the economic feasibility of the
continued existence of the PetroSA gas to liquid plant in Mossel
Bay.The study looks at South Africa as well as Southern Africa's
energy resources , the effect of changing legislation on the future
use of energy resources and the economics of the Mossel Bay
facility.
The study finds that South Africa's abundance of coal reserves, its
lack of oil and gas reserves and the slow pace of environmental
legislation delivery means that gas is unlikely to become a major
source of energy in South Africa.The Mossel Bay gas to liquids
plant is profitable but its high fixed costs and certain growth of
this cost component means that the continued feasibility of
operations is dependant on favourable movements in the exchange
rate and oil price.
To answer the question about whether to continue operating or
close down the analysis found that although although early closure
would provide a return of more than 15 percent it would be even
more viable financially to make an investment for more gas and
continue operations.The main reason for the better than average
projected returns is the high oil price .The decision to close down
the Mossel Bay plant is not likely to be based on financial
considerations alone.
The recommendation is thus to continue operations untill 2016.The
investment required to secure more gas would , even in the worst
case scenario, provide a satisfactory return on investment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika se energie behoeftes is hoofsaaklik vir elektrisiteit en
brandstof. Die meerderheid van die land se elektristeit word deur
middel van steenkool opgewek terwyl ru-olie gebruik word om
brandstof te vervaardig.
Beide steenkool en ru-olie word al hoe meer onder druk geplaas
as gevolg van besoedeling en 'n meer omgewing bewuste
publiek. Op internasionale vlak , in eerste wereld lande word die
gebruik van steenkool en ru-olie al hoe meer afgeskaf ten gunsle
van skoner kragbronne.
In die lig van hierdie verwikkeling in die makro omgewing mag dit
op die oog af Iyk of PetroSA se gas na vloeistof aanleg in
Mosselbaai, wat reeds in die vroee 1990's gebou is, as 'n goeie
destydse strategiese belegging voorkom.
Hierdie studie projek ondersoek die ekonomiese
lewensvatbaarheid van die voorgesette bestaan van die PetroSA
se Mosselbaai gas na vloeislof aanleg. Die studie kyk na Suid-Afrika
sowel as die groter Suider Afrika se natuurlike
energiebronne, die invloed van verandering in wetgewing op die
toekomstige gebruik van energiebronne en die ekonomiese
kenmerke van die aanleg in Mosselbaai.
Die bevinding van die studie is dat Suid-Afrika se oorvloed van
steenkool, sy tekort aan natuurlike gas en die stadige pas
waarteen omgewings-wetgewing ontwikkel word, daartoe lei dat
gas nie 'n volmatige energiebron in Suid Afrika sal word nie. Die
aanleg in Mosselbaai is huidiglik winsgewind maar sy hoe
vastekoste en groei hiervan belemmer sy vooruitsigte vanuit 'n
finansiele oogpunt. Die winsgewindheid van die aanleg is afhanklik
van 'n verswakkende Suid Afrikaanse geldeenheid en verhogende
ru-olie pryse.
Die vraag onstaan dus of die aanleg moet toemaak en of produksie
moet voortgaan. Die ondersoek vind dat alhoewel die sluiting van
die aanleg 'n opbrengs van meer as 15 persent sal lewer dit selfs
meer finansieel aantreklik is on te belê in meer gas sodat
produksie kan voortgaan. Die hoofrede vir die bogemiddelde
opbrengs is die hoe oilieprys. Dit is onwaarskynlik dat die
oorweging om die Mosselbaaise aanleg sluit suiwer op
finansieele oorwegings sal rus.
Die aanbeveling is dus om voort te gaan met produksie tot
2016. Die belegging wat nodig is vir meer gas sal selfs onder die
mees pessimistiese omstandighede steeds 'n bevredigende
opbrengs lewer.
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