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Obesiteit se verband met motoriese en fisieke ontwikkeling en die effek van 'n multidissiplinêre fisieke aktiwiteitsintervensie daarop by 10– tot 12–jarige kinders / Truter L.Truter, Leani January 2011 (has links)
The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide is viewed as a global epidemic (World Health Organization, 2010). It is associated with a variety of health problems as well as physical– (cardio–respiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and body composition), and motor proficiency (fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength–and–agility) (Asayama et al., 2003:644; Okely et al., 2004:242; Tokmakidis et al., 2006:870). As far as the South African context is concerned, there is little research examining these relationships and the effect of physical intervention there upon, in nine– to 12–year old children.
The first and second objectives of this study were to determine whether obesity would influence the physical– and/or the motor proficiency of nine– to 12–year–old South African children. The third and fourth objectives of this study were to determine the effect of a multidisciplinary intervention on the physical– and the motor proficiency of nine– to 12–year–old obese children.
For objectives one and two, a cross–sectional study was performed on 280 children (128 boys and 152 girls), with an average age of 10.6 years (±1.05). Anthropometric–, physical– and motor measurements were obtained by the 'Fitnessgram' (Meredith & Welk, 1999) and the 'Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency–II' (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005). Body mass index (BMI) cut–off points were used to classify the children as normal, overweight, or obese (Cole et al., 2000). The data was analysed with regard to the above–mentioned objectives with the Statistica computer program, by means of descriptive statistics, Spearman rank correlations, and variance analyses.
The results show that the physical fitness variables, cardio–respiratory endurance and muscular strength, particularly leg muscular strength, showed significant decreases with an increase in BMI. A progressive, but insignificant, decrease was found in muscular endurance with an increase in BMI, while flexibility showed the weakest relationship to BMI. The motor variables strength–and–agility weakened significantly with an increase in BMI, while fine manual control, manual coordination, and body coordination showed the weakest relationships to BMI. Variance analysis showed further significant relationships among BMI, cardio–respiratory endurance, muscular strength, and running speed–and–agility (p<0.05). It can be concluded that health–promoting physical fitness and the motor proficiency of young South African children are negatively influenced by obesity and intervention strategies are recommended to promote the quality of life of such children.
For objectives three and four, an availability random sample of 37 experimental subjects, with an average age of 11 years (±0.99) was taken, where 20 subjects (seven boys and 13 girls) took part in a multidisciplinary intervention programme, and 17 subjects (six boys and 11 girls) formed part of a control group. Body composition, physical–, and motor proficiency were analysed by the 'Fitnessgram' (Meredith & Welk, 1999) and the 'Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency–II' (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005) during baseline measurements, on completion of the intervention programme, and after a follow–up period of three months. The results, which were analysed with a repeated–measures analysis, Bonferroni–post–hoc analysis, and dependent and independent t–tests, show that the intervention programme brought about a significant change in all the body composition variables, excluding body height. Flexibility, muscular strength, and abdominal muscular endurance, as well as one of the four fine manual control test items (folding paper), two of the 12 body coordination test items (tapping feet and fingers - opposite sides synchronised, and standing on one leg on a line - eyes closed), and six of the seven strength and agility test items (shuttle run, stepping sideways over a balance beam, one–legged stationary hops, one–legged side hops, two–legged side hops, and sit–ups), showed significant differences from the control group on completion of the intervention programme. The results indicate that the intervention brought about differences in body composition and physical– and motor proficiency and also showed a sustainable effect over a period of three months on body fat percentage, subscapular skinfold and leg muscular strength. From this, it can be deduced that young obese children need sustained guidance to be able to maintain the lifestyle adaptations that are required by obesity interventions.
It can be concluded that the physical– and motor proficiency of children is negatively influenced by obesity, that a multidisciplinary intervention programme improves the body composition profile of obese children and has a positive effect on the physical– and the motor proficiency of obese nine– to 12–year old South African children, although the effect is not sustainable without ongoing, controlled intervention. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Kinderkinetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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The experiences of professionals utilizing sensory–motor play with young children in Gestalt play therapy / Elizabeth Sarah Janse van RensburgJanse van Rensburg, Liza January 2011 (has links)
The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of professionals
utilizing sensory-motor play (SMP) with young children (YC) in Gestalt play therapy in
order to provide recommendations for professionals and to create an awareness of the
value of SMP in Gestalt play therapy. Coming from an occupational therapy
background, the researcher became aware of the potential value of utilizing sensorymotor
play in Gestalt play therapy with YC. SMP, being a vital part of the sensory
integration developmental process of YC, promotes body awareness through muscle
movement and control. Awareness is one of the major aims of Gestalt play therapy. All
the senses contribute to YC's awareness, including the frequently unacknowledged
vestibu lar and proprioceptive senses. In order to treat YC holistically, the developmental
importance of SMP should be acknowledged and integrated in the therapy process.
Professionals young children working in this field, coming from diverse educational
backgrounds, do not necessarily have the knowledge or experience of the utilization of
SMPwith YC.
A qualitative research approach with a case study research design was adopted in
order to explore and describe the experiences of professionals regarding the utilization
of SMP with YC in Gestalt play therapy, through applied research. The empirical data
was collected by conducting two focus group discussions with professionals from
diverse educational backgrounds. Two main themes with different sub-themes and
categories were identified by analysing the data. The main themes are that participants
are of the opinion that SMP enhances the therapeutic relationship and that SMP has a
self-regulatory function.
The researcher concludes that professionals gained a new awareness regarding the
subject of discussion and experienced that uti lizing SMP in Gestalt play therapy with YC
can promote and facilitate whole body/mind awareness and integrated healing. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Obesiteit se verband met motoriese en fisieke ontwikkeling en die effek van 'n multidissiplinêre fisieke aktiwiteitsintervensie daarop by 10– tot 12–jarige kinders / Truter L.Truter, Leani January 2011 (has links)
The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide is viewed as a global epidemic (World Health Organization, 2010). It is associated with a variety of health problems as well as physical– (cardio–respiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and body composition), and motor proficiency (fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength–and–agility) (Asayama et al., 2003:644; Okely et al., 2004:242; Tokmakidis et al., 2006:870). As far as the South African context is concerned, there is little research examining these relationships and the effect of physical intervention there upon, in nine– to 12–year old children.
The first and second objectives of this study were to determine whether obesity would influence the physical– and/or the motor proficiency of nine– to 12–year–old South African children. The third and fourth objectives of this study were to determine the effect of a multidisciplinary intervention on the physical– and the motor proficiency of nine– to 12–year–old obese children.
For objectives one and two, a cross–sectional study was performed on 280 children (128 boys and 152 girls), with an average age of 10.6 years (±1.05). Anthropometric–, physical– and motor measurements were obtained by the 'Fitnessgram' (Meredith & Welk, 1999) and the 'Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency–II' (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005). Body mass index (BMI) cut–off points were used to classify the children as normal, overweight, or obese (Cole et al., 2000). The data was analysed with regard to the above–mentioned objectives with the Statistica computer program, by means of descriptive statistics, Spearman rank correlations, and variance analyses.
The results show that the physical fitness variables, cardio–respiratory endurance and muscular strength, particularly leg muscular strength, showed significant decreases with an increase in BMI. A progressive, but insignificant, decrease was found in muscular endurance with an increase in BMI, while flexibility showed the weakest relationship to BMI. The motor variables strength–and–agility weakened significantly with an increase in BMI, while fine manual control, manual coordination, and body coordination showed the weakest relationships to BMI. Variance analysis showed further significant relationships among BMI, cardio–respiratory endurance, muscular strength, and running speed–and–agility (p<0.05). It can be concluded that health–promoting physical fitness and the motor proficiency of young South African children are negatively influenced by obesity and intervention strategies are recommended to promote the quality of life of such children.
For objectives three and four, an availability random sample of 37 experimental subjects, with an average age of 11 years (±0.99) was taken, where 20 subjects (seven boys and 13 girls) took part in a multidisciplinary intervention programme, and 17 subjects (six boys and 11 girls) formed part of a control group. Body composition, physical–, and motor proficiency were analysed by the 'Fitnessgram' (Meredith & Welk, 1999) and the 'Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency–II' (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005) during baseline measurements, on completion of the intervention programme, and after a follow–up period of three months. The results, which were analysed with a repeated–measures analysis, Bonferroni–post–hoc analysis, and dependent and independent t–tests, show that the intervention programme brought about a significant change in all the body composition variables, excluding body height. Flexibility, muscular strength, and abdominal muscular endurance, as well as one of the four fine manual control test items (folding paper), two of the 12 body coordination test items (tapping feet and fingers - opposite sides synchronised, and standing on one leg on a line - eyes closed), and six of the seven strength and agility test items (shuttle run, stepping sideways over a balance beam, one–legged stationary hops, one–legged side hops, two–legged side hops, and sit–ups), showed significant differences from the control group on completion of the intervention programme. The results indicate that the intervention brought about differences in body composition and physical– and motor proficiency and also showed a sustainable effect over a period of three months on body fat percentage, subscapular skinfold and leg muscular strength. From this, it can be deduced that young obese children need sustained guidance to be able to maintain the lifestyle adaptations that are required by obesity interventions.
It can be concluded that the physical– and motor proficiency of children is negatively influenced by obesity, that a multidisciplinary intervention programme improves the body composition profile of obese children and has a positive effect on the physical– and the motor proficiency of obese nine– to 12–year old South African children, although the effect is not sustainable without ongoing, controlled intervention. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Kinderkinetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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The experiences of professionals utilizing sensory–motor play with young children in Gestalt play therapy / Elizabeth Sarah Janse van RensburgJanse van Rensburg, Liza January 2011 (has links)
The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of professionals
utilizing sensory-motor play (SMP) with young children (YC) in Gestalt play therapy in
order to provide recommendations for professionals and to create an awareness of the
value of SMP in Gestalt play therapy. Coming from an occupational therapy
background, the researcher became aware of the potential value of utilizing sensorymotor
play in Gestalt play therapy with YC. SMP, being a vital part of the sensory
integration developmental process of YC, promotes body awareness through muscle
movement and control. Awareness is one of the major aims of Gestalt play therapy. All
the senses contribute to YC's awareness, including the frequently unacknowledged
vestibu lar and proprioceptive senses. In order to treat YC holistically, the developmental
importance of SMP should be acknowledged and integrated in the therapy process.
Professionals young children working in this field, coming from diverse educational
backgrounds, do not necessarily have the knowledge or experience of the utilization of
SMPwith YC.
A qualitative research approach with a case study research design was adopted in
order to explore and describe the experiences of professionals regarding the utilization
of SMP with YC in Gestalt play therapy, through applied research. The empirical data
was collected by conducting two focus group discussions with professionals from
diverse educational backgrounds. Two main themes with different sub-themes and
categories were identified by analysing the data. The main themes are that participants
are of the opinion that SMP enhances the therapeutic relationship and that SMP has a
self-regulatory function.
The researcher concludes that professionals gained a new awareness regarding the
subject of discussion and experienced that uti lizing SMP in Gestalt play therapy with YC
can promote and facilitate whole body/mind awareness and integrated healing. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Die ontwerp en toepassingswaarde van posisie spesifieke evalueringskriteria en norme in netbal vir senior netbalspelers (Afrikaans)Jordaan, Elsje 13 December 2007 (has links)
Globally, sport plays a significant role and forms part of every modern person’s life, irrespective of race, age, gender or ethnic group. Researchers on this topic increasingly focus on the early identification of talent and the development of the talent to ensure optimal performance. One of the most critical trademarks of human development is die correlation between age and physical ability. The primary reason why people participate in sport is to improve their level of participation and performance. Therefore every effort should be made to obtain a more scientific approach towards optimal sports performance, seeing that it is scientifically proven that it improves the effectiveness of a specific sport with regards to the selection and preparation of individuals and teams. In present time South African sport is still facing the challenge to successfully integrate previously disadvantaged communities and to select teams purely on merit. The use of scientific evaluation criteria in the selection process of teams can make a definite contribution to help solidify the selection principle of merit only. This is due to the fact that scientifically, assessed physical performance can not merely be ignored or overruled in the selection of teams. The primary objective of this study was first of all to establish whether different norms will be needed for different playing positions in netball and if the assessments that are currently used are able to accurately predict the highest level that players will be able to play at. In the second instance, the objective of this study was to try and determine which components should be part of a set of netball specific evaluation criteria. To accomplish this objective research was done to find many different test protocol and to find literature that would verify the protocol. A third objective was to identify the positional qualities that netball players have to comply to, based on the selected evaluation criteria, and to select the best tests to be used for talent identification. In other words what the minimum test requirements would be to accomplish maximum data gathering. The developed protocol consisted of three (3) motor tests, four (4) physical tests and three (3) kinanthropometrical tests. The research group used in this study consisted of 304 senior netball players i.e. players older than 19 years of age. These players were categorized into three groups, namely players competing at club, national and international level. With the presentation of the statistical analysis, percentile ranks were developed and a 100 research candidates per positional group was used; i.e. 300 netball players in total. Furthermore an ANOVA was used to determine whether there were significant differences between the three positional groups. An analysis was done to determine if the evaluation criteria could discriminate between players from different positional groups. The analysis was merely used as a classification method and did not serve to evaluate die significance of differences. The results delivered position-specific norms. A function for predicting the identification of talented and less talented players was also developed. Although the study showed certain limitations, the research can be utilized to further develop scientific talent identification criteria for netball and this will be to the advantage of sports scientists and coaches involved with netball. / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / DPhil / unrestricted
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Effek van motoriese oefening op die leerder se leervermoë in die grondslagfase in die Hazyview streek, MpumalangaLubbe, Nadene 11 1900 (has links)
Afrikaans text / Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal wat die invloed van motoriese oefening op die leervermoë van die leerder in die grondslagfase is. Vyf en twintig leerders is ewekansig verdeel in `n eksperimentele en kontrole groep. Oor `n tydperk van vyf weke, voor die aanvang van elke leerafdeling, het die eksperimentele groep, saam met die onderwyseres, klaskamer gebaseerde motoriese oefeninge verrig terwyl die kontrole groep geen intervensie ontvang het nie. Die Copeland’s checklist for Attention Deficit Disorder vraelys is as voor- en natoets gebruik. Na die afloop van die empiriese ondersoek het die eksperimentele groep `n verbetering getoon in onoplettendheid/afleibaarheid, impulsiwiteit, ooraktiwiteit/hiperaktiwiteit, onderaktiwiteit en aandagvermoë, terwyl die kontrole groep oor dieselfde tydperk verswak het of onveranderd gebly het. Die veranderinge was egter nie statisties betekenisvol (p≤0.05) nie. Hierdie resultaat dui slegs op „n tedens dat motoriese oefening 'n positiewe effek op die leerders se leervermoë in die grondslagfase het. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Studies)
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Effek van motoriese oefening op die leerder se leervermoë in die grondslagfase in die Hazyview streek, MpumalangaLubbe, Nadene 11 1900 (has links)
Afrikaans text / Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal wat die invloed van motoriese oefening op die leervermoë van die leerder in die grondslagfase is. Vyf en twintig leerders is ewekansig verdeel in `n eksperimentele en kontrole groep. Oor `n tydperk van vyf weke, voor die aanvang van elke leerafdeling, het die eksperimentele groep, saam met die onderwyseres, klaskamer gebaseerde motoriese oefeninge verrig terwyl die kontrole groep geen intervensie ontvang het nie. Die Copeland’s checklist for Attention Deficit Disorder vraelys is as voor- en natoets gebruik. Na die afloop van die empiriese ondersoek het die eksperimentele groep `n verbetering getoon in onoplettendheid/afleibaarheid, impulsiwiteit, ooraktiwiteit/hiperaktiwiteit, onderaktiwiteit en aandagvermoë, terwyl die kontrole groep oor dieselfde tydperk verswak het of onveranderd gebly het. Die veranderinge was egter nie statisties betekenisvol (p≤0.05) nie. Hierdie resultaat dui slegs op „n tedens dat motoriese oefening 'n positiewe effek op die leerders se leervermoë in die grondslagfase het. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Educational Studies)
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Effects of iron and omega–3 fatty acid supplementation on physical activity of iron deficient primary school children residing in KwaZulu–Natal / Greeff J.Greeff, Jani January 2011 (has links)
Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. In children, both inadequate iron and fatty acid (FA) status have been found to have an effect on cognitive and behavioural function, including physical activity behaviour and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–related behaviour.
Aim: To investigate the effects of supplementation with iron and omega–3 fatty acids (n–3 FAs), alone and in combination, on spontaneous motor activity and ADHD–related behaviour in iron deficient primary school children in KwaZulu–Natal. An additional aim was to evaluate the use of the Actical accelerometer as a tool to assess physical activity behaviour.
Methods: The study design was a 2x2 factorial, randomized, double–blind and placebo–controlled trial. Iron deficient school children aged six to ten years with or without mild anaemia were included in the study (n = 321). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the following supplement combinations: (1) 420mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/80 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 50mg of iron as ferrous sulphate (Fe); (2) 420mg DHA/80mg EPA + placebo; (3) 50mg of Fe + placebo; (4) placebo + placebo. Supplements were provided four times a week for a duration of 8.5 months (excluding school holidays). Physical activity of a subgroup of subjects (n=98) was recorded on four random school days at baseline, midpoint and endpoint (12 days in total) during three different time periods namely class time 1 (08h00-10h30), break time (10h30–11h00) and class time 2 (11h00–12h00). Classroom behaviour of study subjects was assessed by teachers at baseline and endpoint using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–Revised: Short Forms (CTRS). Iron status indicators and red blood cell (RBC) FA composition were measured at baseline and endpoint. Treatment effects were assessed for activity and CTRS scores. Furthermore, the relationship between activity, CTRS scores and iron/FA status indicators was determined using bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis.
Results: Overall activity of all subjects varied over time from baseline and midpoint to endpoint. A significant cycle x age interaction (P = 0.005) as well as a significant cycle x time period x gender interaction (P = 0.036) was observed on overall activity. There were no significant interactions of cycle or time period with treatment. However, there was a significant main effect of DHA/EPA supplementation for lower class time 1 activity at endpoint (P = 0.014). Biological markers indicating better or poorer iron status were positively and negatively associated with activity at break time, respectively. Subjects in the group receiving both iron and DHA/EPA supplements showed a significant improvement from baseline to endpoint on the cognitive problems/inattention subscale (P = 0.005) of the CTRS. Hyperactivity scores increased
iv
significantly from baseline to endpoint in all groups (P = 0.006). DHA (r = –.203; P = 0.040) and EPA (r = –.199; P = 0.044) content of RBC were negatively associated with activity at class time 1. No significant associations were observed between activity and CTRS scores at baseline. At endpoint, class time 1 activity was positively associated with all CTRS subscale scores except for the cognitive problems subscale, which only bordered significance (correlation, P = 0.051; regression, P = 0.073).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that n–3 FA supplementation may have an influence on ADHD–related behaviour during class time. During school break time when subjects were allowed to move around freely, iron status was positively associated with spontaneous motor activity. Furthermore, the accelerometer might be a useful complimentary tool for assessing both classroom and break time activity behaviour in school children. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Effects of iron and omega–3 fatty acid supplementation on physical activity of iron deficient primary school children residing in KwaZulu–Natal / Greeff J.Greeff, Jani January 2011 (has links)
Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. In children, both inadequate iron and fatty acid (FA) status have been found to have an effect on cognitive and behavioural function, including physical activity behaviour and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–related behaviour.
Aim: To investigate the effects of supplementation with iron and omega–3 fatty acids (n–3 FAs), alone and in combination, on spontaneous motor activity and ADHD–related behaviour in iron deficient primary school children in KwaZulu–Natal. An additional aim was to evaluate the use of the Actical accelerometer as a tool to assess physical activity behaviour.
Methods: The study design was a 2x2 factorial, randomized, double–blind and placebo–controlled trial. Iron deficient school children aged six to ten years with or without mild anaemia were included in the study (n = 321). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the following supplement combinations: (1) 420mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/80 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 50mg of iron as ferrous sulphate (Fe); (2) 420mg DHA/80mg EPA + placebo; (3) 50mg of Fe + placebo; (4) placebo + placebo. Supplements were provided four times a week for a duration of 8.5 months (excluding school holidays). Physical activity of a subgroup of subjects (n=98) was recorded on four random school days at baseline, midpoint and endpoint (12 days in total) during three different time periods namely class time 1 (08h00-10h30), break time (10h30–11h00) and class time 2 (11h00–12h00). Classroom behaviour of study subjects was assessed by teachers at baseline and endpoint using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–Revised: Short Forms (CTRS). Iron status indicators and red blood cell (RBC) FA composition were measured at baseline and endpoint. Treatment effects were assessed for activity and CTRS scores. Furthermore, the relationship between activity, CTRS scores and iron/FA status indicators was determined using bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis.
Results: Overall activity of all subjects varied over time from baseline and midpoint to endpoint. A significant cycle x age interaction (P = 0.005) as well as a significant cycle x time period x gender interaction (P = 0.036) was observed on overall activity. There were no significant interactions of cycle or time period with treatment. However, there was a significant main effect of DHA/EPA supplementation for lower class time 1 activity at endpoint (P = 0.014). Biological markers indicating better or poorer iron status were positively and negatively associated with activity at break time, respectively. Subjects in the group receiving both iron and DHA/EPA supplements showed a significant improvement from baseline to endpoint on the cognitive problems/inattention subscale (P = 0.005) of the CTRS. Hyperactivity scores increased
iv
significantly from baseline to endpoint in all groups (P = 0.006). DHA (r = –.203; P = 0.040) and EPA (r = –.199; P = 0.044) content of RBC were negatively associated with activity at class time 1. No significant associations were observed between activity and CTRS scores at baseline. At endpoint, class time 1 activity was positively associated with all CTRS subscale scores except for the cognitive problems subscale, which only bordered significance (correlation, P = 0.051; regression, P = 0.073).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that n–3 FA supplementation may have an influence on ADHD–related behaviour during class time. During school break time when subjects were allowed to move around freely, iron status was positively associated with spontaneous motor activity. Furthermore, the accelerometer might be a useful complimentary tool for assessing both classroom and break time activity behaviour in school children. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Sportspesifieke inoefening en antropometriese, fisieke en motoriese vereistes van 15– tot 17–jaar oue vroulike netbalspelers / Y. WillemseWillemse, Yolandi January 2010 (has links)
In the light of the facts given in literature it is evident that players in the game of netball
need to meet specific anthropometric (body length, body mass, percentage body fat and
percentage muscle mass), physical (pliancy, abdominal power, aerobic endurance and
anaerobic endurance) and motor (speed over 5 m and 10 m, agility and explosive
power) requirements. This consequently necessitates specific attention to be given to
the mentioned requirements. In spite of the fact that a few studies do exist that enter
into the requirements of the profile of netball players in different positions, as well as
into what the effect of a periodization programme is on anthropometric, physical and
motor requirements, voids do exist regarding the positional profile of 15 to 17 year old
netball players and as to what the effect is of a sport specific periodization programme
in the course of a season on 15 to 17 year old netball players.
In the light of the above–mentioned, this study was undertaken with the aim to:
1) Determine the requirements for 15 to 17 year old netball players;
2) Compile positional profile scales of netball specific requirement for 15 to 17 year old
players in the Tlokwe region;
3) Establish the effect of a sport specific periodization programme on anthropometric,
physical and motor requirements for 15 to 17 year old female netball players, of a
specific school in the Tlokwe region, in the course of a season.
96 players (28 goalkeepers, 44 centre court players and 24 defenders) between ages
15 and 17 years from two high schools in the North–West Province were used in the
study to determine positional differences. A group of only 22 player of one school was
exposed to a sport specific periodization programme for purposes of the study, since
the coach and players from only one school’s teams were prepared to participate in the
sport scientific intervention programme for the full duration of the netball season. The
afore–mentioned group was evaluated over a period of two years, namely prior to the start of the season (T1), after conclusion of the season once the sport specific
periodization programme was completed (T2), prior to the start of the season in the
subsequent year (T3) and after conclusion of the season without the sport specific being
followed. The data is processed on the basis of descriptive statistics. Furthermore, the
practical significance of test result changes between the respective groups and different
test sessions were compared using Cohen’s effect size.
Literature was consulted to determine whether specific requirements exist for netball
players and whether differences occur in the three positional groups. However, no
literature could be traced in which only netball specific requirements for 15 to 17 year
old players were focused on. The literature did indeed point out clear anthropometric
differences between the three positional groups, namely attacking, centre court and
defence players in club and elite netball players. The goalkeeper and defence players
are, according to literature, considerably taller and heavier than the centre court players.
Literature also indicated that differences do indeed occur regarding physical and motor
requirements. Centre court players are significantly faster and more agile than the
goalkeeper and defenders. However, there were components of which the differences
were not prominent concerning the three positional groups.
Where a specific positional profile of anthropometric, physical and motor requirements
for 15 to 17 year old female netball players was composed from available data of
players in the North–West Province, Tlokwe region, the results of the anthropometric
requirements indicated that body length showed a large significant difference between
the three positional groups, with defenders being the tallest, followed by goalkeepers,
and the centre court players being the shortest. Body mass also showed a medium
significant difference between goalkeepers and centre court players as well as between
centre court players and defence players. Goalkeepers were heavier than centre court
players, and defenders also showed a higher body mass than centre court players. The
other two variables, namely percentage fat and percentage muscle mass, only showed
small practically significant differences, in this group of netball players, between the test
sessions.
With the physical and motor requirements, results indicated that large practically
significant differences occurred in vertical jumping, 5 m speed, 10 m speed and agility between the groups. The general trend observed in the profiles was that the largest
significant differences occurred between goalkeepers and defence players on the one
hand and centre court players on the other. Vertical jump and speed showed a large
significant difference between goalkeepers and centre court players as well as between
centre court players and defenders, although the goalkeepers and defenders’ results
corresponded considerably. Other large significant differences occurred in the 10 m
speed as well as in 505–agility to the left between centre court players and defenders.
In summary it can be mentioned that the most and the largest significant differences
occurred between goalkeepers and centre court players as well as between defenders
and centre court players. Only one medium significant difference occurred between the
goalkeepers and defenders, which is ankle dorsiflexion and which can be ascribed to
injuries. From this it can be inferred that a positional profile can indeed be compiled for
the different positional groups in netball, but that the requirements of positional variables
between goalkeepers and defenders correspond largely and that the large difference
between the last–mentioned two groups occur when compared with those of the centre
court players of this specific group.
The results of the group of twenty–two players that were evaluated twice during the
course of both netball seasons indicate that the variable that showed a large significant
difference between T1 and T2, following the sport specific periodization program, was
body mass (inverted difference). Although there was no large significant difference, it
can clearly be deduced from the graphs presented in the study that a visible difference
(improvement) was observed in most of the variables. The variables that showed a
large practically significant difference with the training of the coach’s general
programme, were ankle dorsiflexion on the left, abdominal power and 5 m speed
(inverted effect). A number of variables indeed existed that also showed medium and
small significant differences during the course of both seasons, but it will not be
mentioned here.
A number of shortcomings and recommendations did indeed come to the fore during
and after the course of the study. It should, however, be borne in mind that such a
structured periodization programme is very important for the development of netball
potential. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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