Diss.--Bonn--Universität, 1997. / Bibliogr. p.[453]-464. Notes. Glossaire.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-152). Also available in electronic version.

Diss.--Universität Bonn, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 207214.

Magister Curationis - MCur / Globally, there has been significant progress in reducing preventable maternal deaths and disability, and growing attention on improving the quality of care in maternal health care facilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes quality care as delivering healthcare that is effective, efficient, accessible, acceptable, patient–centred, equitable and safe (WHO, 2014). Midwives are the backbone of midwifery and therefore the primary care giver for pregnant women accessing maternal care and women’s ability to access quality midwifery care during the antenatal, labour and postnatal period is the key component in midwifery care. The Primary Level Protocol of South Africa is under the umbrella of the Primary Health Care System, and according to this system low risk women are expected to seek antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care from the nearest Midwife Obstetric Unit (MOU). The choice a woman makes regarding access to maternity care depends on the social norms in her society and what services are offered. However, the services that are available may not meet the needs of pregnant women. Women may need detailed information about the availability of the maternity care system in order to make an informed decision on where to access the health system. The gap between the perceived needs of pregnant women and the care provided by midwives can be bridged by listening to women to create a reciprocal understanding of quality care. In South Africa, limited research has been conducted on midwives and women’s perceptions of maternity care. In the absence of such information, this study was conducted at an MOU in the Western Cape, with the aim of exploring women and midwives’ perceptions of quality care during childbirth.

Background: The role of Midwife Obstetric Units (MOUs) as lead caregivers for low risk pregnancies has been a topic of much debate in recent years. It has been suggested that MOUs are more cost effective, and have a less interventionist approach to low risk pregnancies, when compared to Consultant Obstetric Units (COUs). Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare intrapartum delivery procedures, methods of delivery, and maternal and neonatal wellbeing for low risk pregnancies between a MOU and a COU. The second objective was to investigate the predictors of key outcomes such as caesarean sections and perineal tears. The research was carried out at a private obstetric unit in Gauteng from January 2005-June 2006. Materials and Methods: The study design was a retrospective cohort study, by means of a record review of routinely collected data. 808 subjects (212 COU and 596 MOU patients) satisfied the criteria for a low risk pregnancy during the defined period and were included in the analysis. Results: Overall the MOU had fewer interventions than the COU, but had very similar maternal and neonatal outcomes. MOU patients were less likely to have an epidural than COU patients (p<0.001), and more likely to utilise a bath for pain relief (p<0.001). The MOU was also less likely to induce a patient than the COU (p=0.002). Primiparous patients accounted for more than 95% of the caesarean section (C/S) rate (p<0.001), with the COU performing 2.2 times more C/S on primiparous patients than the MOU. Vaginal birth in the MOU was 2.6 times more likely to be an underwater birth (UWB) than the COU (p<0.001). Positive predictors for C/S were COU care, primiparous status and induction of labour. UWB was a positive predictor for grade 1 and 2 perineal tears. There were no maternal or neonatal deaths, in either unit, during the study period. There were no significant differences between the MOU and COU for maternal morbidity indicators (tears, postpartum haemorrhage, and retained placenta) or neonatal morbidity indicators (Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes and neonatal ICU admission). Conclusion: The MOU had fewer intrapartum interventions (epidurals and induction of labour) and lower C/S rates than the COU for low risk pregnancies, yet maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar. This study suggests that the MOU can function just as effectively as the COU for low risk pregnancies. Therefore the establishment of more MOUs would have immense resource implications for both the public and private health sectors in South Africa.

ABSTRACT In the past decades, the investment of Taiwan enterprises in mainland China, cross-strait trade and banking intercourse were required in indirect ways in view of economic security by the government due to the special political cross-strait relationship, which was the reason that the government could not get over exact amount of capital flowing into mainland China precisely. On the other hand, because of the various constraints on investment in mainland China, some companies transfer capital to mainland through various circuitous channels for the reasons of more flexible operations and avoiding government¡¦s regulations, which makes the cross-strait capital flow more complicated. No matter how cross-strait political situation goes, mutual business relationship is getting prosperous, we can tell from the fast growth of investment in mainland China, where is still the first choice to transplant for Taiwan's industrialists. Comparing y2000 and 2008¡¦s prime index statistics of cross-strait business collected from Mainland Affairs Council and Ministry of Economic affairs, the total volume of cross-strait trade (including Hong Kong) increased from US dollar 31.24 billion up to 105.37 billion that represented 3.4 times¡¦ growth; Taiwan¡¦s trade surplus against Mainland China was US dollar 18.78 billion increasing to 42.58 billion that represented 2.3 times¡¦ growth; Taiwan¡¦s export volume to mainland China (including Hong Kong) took 24.4% of total export volume in 2000 and then the percentage grew up to 38.5% in 2008, it was 1.6 times¡¦ expansion; the investment amount in mainland China was increased by 4.1 times from US dollar 2.607 billion to 10.61billion; the investment in mainland China took 33.9% of total outward investment in 2000 and then it grew up to 57.1% in 2008, it was 1.7 time¡¦s growth. Based upon the phenomenon the said statistics revealed, this study conducts deeper analysis in a practical way in capital flow across strait for solving investors¡¦ problems of fund raising and financial operation especially in the financial cash flow issues derived by trade, it tries to give financial layout advices for those who invested in mainland China or traded across strait. This study conducts analysis with SWOT and Porter¡¦s five forces model for reviewing an enterprise¡¦s Strength, Weakness, industrial¡¦s Opportunities and Threats from competitor it confronts. This study analyses chosen subject¡¦s (bank) strength and opportunities with SWOT model. Porter¡¦s five forces model is conducted for stress analysis on five kinds of impact on enterprises¡¦ operation. From conducting analysis on chosen subject, we discover that Porter¡¦s five forces model is interesting because it can spread and extend. For example, from the aspect of cooperation (ex strategic alliance) instead of competition, a lot of cooperative opportunities may emerge among the global competitive banking institutes. In the other way, verifying chosen bank through Porter¡¦s five forces model can also apply to discuss the issues of vertical and horizontal integration of banking industry. An analysis through this model concludes that applying offshore banking financing is the most favorable to enterprises and their operation flexibility. Banking industry in Taiwan will ultimately face the impact of competition from mainland China¡¦s banks after the MOU is signed. No matter being the banks¡¦ share holders in mainland China¡¦s banks, or setting up branches there directly, all banks include ones from Taiwan or cross nation banks cannot compete with the top four big state-run banks in mainland China according the conclusion of this study. This study tries to offer proper advices to the banks in Taiwan for making good operation strategies.

¤h/shi/, ¿Ñ¤h/mou shi/,µ¦¤h(tse shi) ( scholar who provide good idea, plans or strategies to king or power politicians) is a highly influential social class in Pre-Qin dynasty, those people are intelligent, talented, and self-actualization, possess a very strong desire to fulfillment; Accomplish both success and fame is their philosophy, standard and values. It echoes the old saying, ¡§Officialdom is the natural outlet for good scholars¡¨. In the spring and autumn period, there is the special implication that a¤h/shi/ make an official, it is not only for power, fortune, and fame, or social participation and social caring. Be an official is just a method; the concept behind this is the there is the only way to achieve their political ideals by becoming the trusted subordinate of the King and other powerful politicians. During the warring states period of china, the conflict of the domestic, diplomacy, and military affairs are keep happing between each states. Diplomatic power is the important role to deal these complicated situations, however the person¡¦s talent is the key to diplomatic power. Thus, person¡¦s talent and intelligent are attract the special attention. Under this competitive circumstance, Many powerful politician tend to hire ¤h/shi/ to give them advises, provide stage for ¤h/shi/ and facilitate their popularities. Form royal to rural, civil to military, mysterious diplomacy to gruesome battlefield, gangster to hero, ¤h/shi/ can be seen everywhere. They use their talent to pursuit powerful position, those person building accomplish by becoming a counselor or criticizer. ¤h/shi/ enjoy the special glorious treatment in warring states period of china, they even can control country¡¦s policy, influence the King¡¦s decision and dominate the future direction of the country. Those who contribute their intelligent and talent to their Master or King, might have different purposes and motivations. This research focus on the¤h/shi/ who provide their talents for King and other powerful politician, and discuss their philosophy and values. The first chapter explains respectively the motivation, hypothesis and methodology. Those aspects focus on ¡§the meaning of ¤h/shi/¡¨, ¡§The historical background or setting about the rise of¤h/shi/¡¨, ¡§The change and classification of¤h/shi/¡¨ to interpret warring period¤h/shi/¡¦s category and the reason about their rise. The second and third chapter defines the¤h/shi/¡¦s behavior, method of debating, and the result of lobby to analyze their motivation to toward successful and avoid failure. The fourth chapter lists the standout¤h/shi/ who has the strict moral code and disdains to follow such utilitarianism. It also analyze the difference from others to discover the reason they beyond other¤h/shi/. The fifth chapter list the scholar who did the lobby behavior but not belong¿Ñ¤h/mou shi/, and define the difference by comparison above-mentioned two characters. Finally the conclusion summarizes each chapter; hope can express the different viewpoint from different aspects toµ¦¤h(tse shi).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-114).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-114). Also available in print.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 novembre 2004). Bibliogr.