Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2005. / Bibliogr.: f. [65]-66. Publié aussi en version électronique.

This paper analyse how two agreements can be understood to facilitate the normative power (NP) of the EU by illuminating how they can enable four different NP mechanisms and thus influence and shape Ukraine’s notions and norms concerning energy security (ES). The study it draws on information from two agreements, i.e. Memorandum of Understanding on a Strategic Energy Partnership of 2016 (MoU) and the treaty establishing the Energy Community (TEC). If we understand NP as the ability to define what passes for normal and that NP suggests that the EU exerts influence by shaping the values and behaviour of other actors by redefining international norms in their own image. Then these two agreements are interesting as they constitute a nexus between the EU and Ukraine which could potentially enable that power as they can proliferate norms and notions of the EU concerning ES. Considering how the TEC has the goal to extend their principle and rule of the EU and how the MoU is created with the EU´s energy union as reference point the agreements might enable that influence This paper combines critical discourse analysis (CDA) with an ideal type analysis where the four NP mechanism constitute the analytical tool. The study reveals how the agreements can enable the EU´s NP by facilitating the NP mechanism, as they manage to proliferate the norms and notion of the EU. However, the aptitude of the different NP mechanism differ between the two agreements. Additionally, the study also reveals how the application of this ideal type is more suitable for examining organisation rather than agreements alone, as the full spectrum of the NP mechanisms potential cannot be illuminated. Although, the study reveal how agreements could be understood as potential tools, even if they don’t enable all NP mechanism equally.

Det finns inte mycket tidigare forskning om den grekiska folkmusiken. Därför var det intressant att undersöka dess harmonik, då den kan vara begränsad ibland när det gäller variationer av melodisträvan och ackordföljds struktur. För att förstå den grekiska folkmusikens uppbyggnad baserades studien på att undersöka dess harmonik och struktur. Detta för att se möjligheterna med att utveckla harmoniken och dess melodi med nya kadenser för att inspirera till framtida undersökningar inom området. Undersökningen gjordes då vidare utifrån de viktiga frågorna som handlar om hur förhållandet var mellan intervallen i dess skalor samt vilka ackordfärgningar som kunde göras. Nästa del var att se hur det skulle fungera med utvikningar till andra tonarter för att sedan skapa ett verk som hade mer variation i harmoniken. Metoden för arbetet var att lyssna på verket ”Koritsaki Mou” för att med deskriptiv metod besvara detta, som sedan presenterades preskriptivt. Resultatet av arbetet visade på harmonikens uppbyggnad av verket där jag sedan skrev ett nytt verk med utvikningar vilket gjordes med hjälp av mellandominanter och en strävan mellan tre olika tonarter. Detta har varit stor vikt för hur man kan utveckla nya musikstilar med inspiration från den grekiska folkmusiken.

Le développement durable territorial se compose de deux axes. Chaque collectivité est censée concilier les piliers du développement durable sur son territoire, puis articuler sa démarche de développement durable avec celles des autres collectivités. Ainsi, l’application du développement durable serait généralisée et harmonieuse. Cependant, le manque de force contraignante de ces deux axes emporte deux conséquences opposées. Une partie des collectivités profitent de la marge de manœuvre qui leur est laissée pour adapter le développement durable aux spécificités de leurs territoires. A l’inverse, d’autres collectivités tirent avantage de ce droit « doux » pour appliquer le développement durable de manière superficielle, voire pour en faire abstraction. En outre, les inégalités entre les territoires rompent la cohésion territoriale et la solidarité inhérentes à la notion de développement durable. En l’état actuel du droit, l’application du développement durable par chaque collectivité est inaccessible. Des moyens juridiques permettent d’étendre le développement durable au-delà des seules collectivités volontaires. Ceux-ci présentent, néanmoins, des failles. Pour que chaque collectivité territoriale soit tenue de mettre en œuvre le développement durable, le droit doit être modifié. Le premier axe doit devenir un standard. Ainsi, les collectivités pourront adapter le développement durable aux caractéristiques de leurs territoires, mais plus l’ignorer. Une décentralisation qui obligerait à une meilleure articulation entre les échelons de collectivité permettrait de mieux respecter le deuxième axe du développement durable. Enfin, une péréquation mieux pensée soutiendra financièrement ces modifications juridiques. / Two milestones guide the implementation of local sustainable development by local governments : first each local authority must conciliate sustainable development pillars on its territory ; then this approach must be integrated with the one of the other local authorities. Only then can local sustainability management be overspread and harmonious. However, the lack of legal constraint imposing the implementation of these milestones has two consequences: on the one hand, Sustainable development norms can be adapted by local authorities to the specificities of their territories, on the other hand, other local authorities do not apply these rules or only partially, taking advantage of “soft law”. Those diverse levels of commitment to sustainable development norms disrupt the territorial cohesion and solidarity that should be part of the notion of sustainable development. In the actual state of law the implementation of sustainable development norms by every single local authority is unattainable. There are nevertheless legal means to enforce sustainable development norms beyond the circle of willing territories. But these means are not completely effective. Therefore, in order to make every local authority apply sustainable development norms, some changes have to be made to the existing Law. The first pillar must become a standard so that local authorities won't be able to ignore sustainable development norms anymore, only to adapt it to their local specificities. Moreover,decentralization would lead to a better articulation between each local governing body, therefore allowing forbetter respect of the second pillar of sustainable development. Finally a better financial redistribution between those local authorities would support these legal changes.

With climate change and increasing populations, water availability is becoming even more important in the region of Sahel, Africa, where droughts have plagued the states for centuries. In response to this growing concern, seven Sahelian states have initiated cooperation over their shared groundwater resources, an action that is still quite unique globally, given the overlooked status of groundwater. This paper analyses their agreement using Elinor Ostrom’s framework for sustainable collective management of common-pool resources. It concludes that, although the agreement reflects progressive intentions, the attention towards the local levels of governance is insufficient. This conclusion is important specifically for the future of this agreement, and generally feeds into a discussion of governance of larger-scale, transboundary CPRs.

牟宗三的哲學系統建基於康德哲學，可謂眾所周知。不論批評抑或支持，論者均以牟宗三與康德表面上的親和關係而立論。本文嘗試擴闊相關課題的論域，論證牟宗三反覆申述的康德哲學，其實源於海德格的康德詮釋。他閱讀的康德，他建立的系統，均以「有限」與「超越」概念為焦點，這都是海德格影響下的結果。因此，本文的目標是雙重的：其一，重新評估牟宗三的哲學系統，我們應該重視他與海德格之間的對話，不應該只側重他與康德的關係；其二，顯示「有限」與「超越」概念如何有助我們重構中國哲學。 / 本文共分五章。第一章檢討學界現況，說明牟宗三與海德格之間關係的研究素被忽略，本文將論證海德格在牟宗三的哲學中扮演了關鍵的角色。第二、三章探討兩者哲學歷程上的相似性，點出兩人如何從生命哲學轉到存在論的研究。接下來的兩章，本文重點剖析牟宗三與海德格的兩個基本概念，一個是「有限」，另一個是「超越」。本文會研究牟宗三如何繼承海德格的概念，又如何使用這些概念來闡述他的存在論。牟宗三強調「智的直覺」並非出於誤解，那是他回應海德格基礎存在論的策略。 / It is well-known that Mou’s system of philosophy is constructed through a transformation of Kant’s philosophy. Both critics and followers of Mou make their stance based on the apparently intimate relation of his thought to Kant’s philosophy. My own inquiry will broaden this scope by trying to demonstrate how Mou’s much-discussed Kantianism is rooted in his close reading of Heidegger’s Kant interpretation. Under Heidegger’s influence, Mou’s own reading of Kant and his system of philosophy focus on the concepts of “finitude and “transcendence. Now the purpose of my thesis is twofold: first, the system of Mou’s philosophy should be reassessed through a dialogue with Heidegger, not merely with Kant; second, it will be shown how the reconstruction of the Chinese philosophy through concepts like “finitude and “transcendence is possible. / This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter reviews the state of current scholarship on Mou’s relation to Heidegger. This issue is largely neglected. I will argue that it is Heidegger who plays a crucial role in Mou’s philosophical development. The second and the third chapters are concerned with the similarity of their approaches to philosophy, i.e. the transformation from a philosophy of life to ontology. The following two chapters focus on the two fundamental concepts of both Mou and Heidegger -- finitude and transcendence. I will investigate how Mou inherits Heideggerian concepts and uses them to articulate his own ontology. Taking this backdrop into consideration, the purpose of Mou’s emphasis on intellectual intuition comes to the foreground, which I understand not as the result of a misunderstanding of Kant’s, but as his strategy in response to Heidegger’s fundamental ontology. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 劉保禧. / Thesis submitted in 2012. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-272). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Baoxi. / 摘要 --- p.i / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / 目錄 --- p.iv / 引用與縮寫 --- p.viii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論：隱匿的對話 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 前言：海德格籠罩下的陰影 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 文本根據：牟宗三筆下的海德格 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 主題式的理解：牟宗三論西方哲人 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 理論勁敵：牟宗三論海德格 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- 起點：上帝隱退與神聖之感 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- 誤讀：海德格與主體性 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- 轉折：海德格的康德詮釋 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3 --- 理論根據：有限與超越 --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 柏拉圖的兩個世界 --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 牟宗三：兩個世界的圓融無礙 --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- 海德格：時間、有限與超越 --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- 有限與無限之爭 --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4 --- 本文定位 --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- 學界現況：牟宗三與漢語哲學 --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- 牟宗三與康德 --- p.36 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- 牟宗三與黑格爾 --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- 牟宗三與海德格 --- p.40 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 隱匿的對話 --- p.44 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- 「隱匿」 --- p.46 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- 「對話」 --- p.48 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- 研究範圍 --- p.50 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- 論文佈局 --- p.53 / Chapter 第二章 --- 生命：實況性與氣質 --- p.55 / Chapter 2.1 --- 前言：同一的思想軌跡 --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2 --- 海德格：生命、實況性與詮釋 --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 實況性的詮釋 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- 生命與實況性 --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- 詮釋 --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 小結 --- p.72 / Chapter 2.3 --- 牟宗三：生命的學問 --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 建構理論的純學院式人物？ --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 生命的學問 --- p.76 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- 「生命」 --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- 「學問」 --- p.80 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 小結 --- p.84 / Chapter 2.4 --- 生命哲學的交鋒 --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 「英雄式的勇敢哲學」：牟宗三論海德格的生命哲學 --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 海德格的可能辯護 --- p.89 / Chapter 2.5 --- 結語：真正的分歧 --- p.94 / Chapter 第三章 --- 存在論：一個世界抑或兩個世界？ --- p.97 / Chapter 3.1 --- 康德的遺稿 --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2 --- 牟宗三：兩層存有論 --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 存在論的轉向 --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 現象與物自身 --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- 「現象」所以可能的根據 --- p.108 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- 「物自身」所以可能的根據 --- p.111 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- 「現象與物自身」所以可能的根據 --- p.114 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 基本存有論 --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3 --- 海德格：基礎存在論 --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 「兩個觀點」的閱讀方式 --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 存在論的差異 --- p.126 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 哥白尼式革命 --- p.128 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 範疇論與存活論 --- p.131 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- 存在論的「基礎」 --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4 --- 結語：無本之論 --- p.138 / Chapter 第四章 --- 有限：智的直覺與想像力 --- p.139 / Chapter 4.1 --- 前言：有限抑或無限？--牟宗三與海德格的正面衝突 --- p.139 / Chapter 4.2 --- 「有限性」的哲學意涵 --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 康德：人是甚麼？ --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 海德格：人的有限性 --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 牟宗三：人雖有限而可無限 --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- 「有限」的界線 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 康德 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 海德格 --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4 --- 越界：牟宗三論「智的直覺」 --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 「智的直覺」為何可能？ --- p.154 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 「無限」為何可能？ --- p.160 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- 「命」之限制 --- p.163 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- 無限的歷程？. --- p.168 / Chapter 4.5 --- 化無限為有限：海德格論「想像力」 --- p.173 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- 質疑：想像力不是「共根」 --- p.174 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- 回應：想像力、圖式論與共根 --- p.175 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- 想像力 --- p.177 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- 圖式論 --- p.179 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- 共根？ --- p.185 / Chapter 4.6 --- 處境與可能性：海德格對牟宗三的可能批判 --- p.190 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- 處境 --- p.191 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- 可能性 --- p.194 / Chapter 4.7 --- 結語：哲學家之間的思想對話 --- p.197 / Chapter 第五章 --- 超越：天道與界域 --- p.199 / Chapter 5.1 --- 前言：關於「超越」的爭議 --- p.199 / Chapter 5.2 --- 牟宗三：超越而內在 --- p.200 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 上帝隱退與神聖之感 --- p.201 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 作為宗教的儒學 --- p.202 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 爭議：「無本之論」--牟宗三論海德格的超越 --- p.205 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- 超越論的對象 = x --- p.207 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- 真正的「超越」 --- p.211 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 正名：transcendent 與transcendental --- p.212 / Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- 康德 --- p.213 / Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- 牟宗三 --- p.214 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- 質疑：「超越而內在」是否可能？ --- p.216 / Chapter 5.3 --- 海德格：此在的超越 --- p.224 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 為形而上學奠基 --- p.225 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 此在、世界與超越 --- p.228 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- 此在 --- p.230 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- 世界 --- p.232 / Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- 超越 --- p.234 / Chapter 5.3.2.4 --- 小結 --- p.235 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 根據的本質 --- p.237 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- 界域 --- p.237 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- 無 --- p.239 / Chapter 5.3.3.3 --- 根據 --- p.240 / Chapter 5.3.3.4 --- 小結 --- p.243 / Chapter 5.4 --- 道德與歷史：兩條取代宗教的道路 --- p.244 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 牟宗三：以道德代宗教 --- p.244 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 海德格：以歷史代宗教 --- p.246 / Chapter 5.5 --- 結語：同一與差異 --- p.248 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論：有限者的超越 --- p.251 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 詞彙表 --- p.257 / Chapter 附錄二： --- 外文著作學者姓名對照表 --- p.263 / 參考書目 --- p.265

Over the last decade we witness a steady grow of complexities in real-time systems. Today, developers have to face real-time constraints in almost every software system, from embedded software to financial systems, internet services, and computer entertainment industry. To address this widespread challenge, the Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) has been proposed. However, RTJS itself introduces many nonintuitive rules and restrictions that doom its programming model to be highly error-prone. Moreover, in contrast to the approaches for mainstream software development, the engineering technologies, tools, and frameworks for real-time systems are nowhere near as groundbreaking. The vision behind this dissertation is to ultimately close the gap between real-time programming and today's software technology. Therefore, this dissertation investigates scalable software engineering techniques for RTSJ programming. Our fundamental philosophy is to introduce high-level abstractions of RTSJ concepts in order to leverage development of real-time Java systems. As the first contribution of this thesis, we introduce domain components - an approach to unified expression and manipulation of domain-specific concerns along the software development lifecycle. We use the domain components to construct high-level abstractions of RTSJ specifics that ultimately allow developers to achieve full separation of functional and RTSJ-specific concerns in the development lifecycle. We thus allow developers to reuse and tailor the systems for variously constraining real-time requirements. Second, we propose SOLEIL- a component framework for development of RTSJ systems, the framework introduces a development methodology mitigating the complexities of the RTSJ programming model. Furthermore, we introduce the HULOTTE toolset for automatic instantiation of developed applications. In this process, the functional implementation is separated from RTSJspecific code which is automatically instantiated. In consequence, the development process is fully transparent, RTSJ complexities are hidden from the developers, and the process itself highly resembles to the standard Java development. Finally, the domain component concept and the RTSJ rules and restrictions are defined in the Alloy language which allows us to formally verify that the development process and outcoming software systems are compliant with RTSJ. To validate the approach, we conduct several case studies challenging our proposal from different perspectives. First, performed benchmarks show that the overhead of the SOLEIL framework is minimal in comparison to manually written object-oriented applications while providing more extensive functionality. Second, considering the state-of-the-art RTSJ programming methods, we achieve better separation of functional and RTSJ concerns, thus increasing efficiency of the development process. Finally, we demonstrate universality of the domain component concept by showing its ability to address various domain-specific challenges.

本論文共乙冊，凡十萬字，分為八章，首章緒論，說明本論文研究之目的、方法與主 要論題；次章總論實踐之意義，及其與當代新儒家之關聯；三、四章討論唐君毅與牟 宗三理論中對實踐問題的態度；五、六、七章就勞思光的思想討論其所謂近百年來之 「中國苦難」的本質、苦難的解除，及解除行動之著手處等問題，而顯豁其實踐哲學 之內容。末章結論，則對勞思光思想針對唐君毅、牟宗三思想之可能補益進行討論， 並進而檢討此補益中之缺陷，期能對當代新儒家之實踐問題提供更為整全的解決。

The Multifibre Agreement ("MFA") regulated textile trade until 1 January 2005. It was predominantly focused on curtailing textile exports from developing countries, like South Africa and China. With the end of the MFA, a textile crisis occurred in South Africa due to the domination of the domestic market by more affordable Chinese textile products. This case study is applied to illustrate the inadequacy of domestic legislation to provide for the resolution of an international trade dispute that affects an industry. No legislation refers to the resolution of the trade dispute by entering into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"), or recourse to the neutral dispute settlement body of the World Trade Organisation ("WTO"). Due to the absence of legislation that directly addresses either forum, all the power is vested• in the government to determine the appropriate course of action. Applications brought by textile industry representative bodies like TEXFED, CLOTRADE and SACTWU were inadequately investigated due to the limited powers of the independent investigative body, ITAC, and were ultimately abandoned. The government entered into a MOU with the Chinese government and in doing so violated international agreements, rights and obligations. An analysis of the inadequacy of the MOU that was entered into and the suitability of the WTO as dispute settlement body is conducted. It is concluded that the current legislation is inadequate in that it doesn't provide for recourse to the WTO and in that it doesn't clearly set out the obligations on government and the independent powers of an independent body. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Notre nouvelle approche expérimentale consiste à étudier la fissuration de matériaux mous, principalement des gels polymériques et colloidaux, qui ont des tailles microstructurales micrométriques. Cette augmentation de la taille microscopique va avoir pour conséquence d’augmenter la taille de la zone de process et va rendre son observation plus facile avec des moyens standard de microscopie (à transmission et confocale).Pour se faire, nous avons mis au point un nouveau dispositif expérimental pour étudier la propagation de fissures dans des matériaux mous. Cette expérience permet de faire croître une fissure de manière contrôlée dans un échantillon mou et d’inspecter la pointe de fissure à haute résolution pour des fissures se propageant entre 1 µm/s and 1cm/s. En travaillant avec des gels de polymère physiques, nous avons analyse la forme de fissure ainsi que les champs de déplacement proches pointe (en utilisant des techniques de corrélation d’image) à petites et grandes échelles et à différentes vitesses. Nous avons montré qu’il existait une séparation d’échelles spatiales entre les échelles où l’élasticité linéaire s’applique, les échelles auxquelles les non linéarités émergent et les échelles auxquelles la dissipation se produit. Cette dernière échelle n’a pas pu être investigué dans le cas de gels polymériques. De récentes expériences sur des gels colloïdaux, ayant une longueur micro-structurale plus grande que celle des gels polymers, montre que nous sommes capables de sonder en temps réel les échelles d’endommagement lors de la fissuration. / Our novel experimental approach consists in studying fracture mechanics of soft materials, mainly polymer and colloidal gels, which have microstructures with large typical length scales. This increase in the microscopic length scale will consequently increase the typical size of the process zone and make its observation easier with standard microscopy techniques (optical or confocal).To do so, we designed a novel experimental device to study crack propagation in such soft materials. This experiment enables us to grow a unique crack in a controlled way in a soft specimen and to look at the crack tip at high magnification for crack velocities between 1 µm/s and 1cm/s. Working on physical polymer gels, we analysed the crack shape and crack displacement fields (using Digital Image Correlation) at large and intermediate scales for various velocities. We realized there was a separation of scales between the scale at which LEFM applies, the scale at which elastic nonlinearities emerge and the scale at which dissipation occurs. This last scale could not be investigated with the polymer gel. Recent experiments on colloidal gels, which have a microscopic length scale bigger than the one of polymer gels, show that we are able to probe damage at the microstructural scale.