Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michele_Pasqualotto.pdf: 1033333 bytes, checksum: 74dd4a169bab4794a14ac5626c6548a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of conditioning of plants Tifton 85 with use of Mower Conditioner with free swinging flail fingers and storage times on the curve of dehydration, occurring fungus, nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of hay Tifton 85. During the dehydration of the plants was also evaluated gas exchange. The dehydration curve was determined in the whole plant in ten times to the baling. The zero time corresponded to the plant before the cut, held 11h00 hour and other collects were made 8h00, 10h00, 14h00 and 16h00 hours. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two intensity of conditioning (high and low) and tem times of sampling, with five replicates. For the determination of gas exchange during the dehydration Tifton85 Evaluations were performed on mature leaves, situated in the upper middle third of each branch before the cutting and were performed each hour, for 4 hours. We used a portable meter infrared gas analyzer IRGA (6400 at). The variables analyzed were (A) photosynthesis, (gs) stomata conductance, (C) internal CO2 concentration, (E) sweating, (EUA) efficiency of water use, (EUAi) intrinsic efficiency to the water use. Subsequently the determination of fungi present in green plants and hay, where the grass samples were collected at the time of cutting , baling in, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage was made. It was observed that the dehydration of Tifton 85 was held in 49 hours, who is considered an ideal time for drying hay and differences between intensities of conditioning about on dry matter were taken during dehydration, but equaled the end of process. Gas exchanges were more intense before the cut, and, after cutting were decreasing to cease within 4 hours. The dry matter (DM) is smaller on the time when cutting when compared to other storage times. The crude protein did not differ between the intensity of conditioning or storage times staying on average 121.65 g kg-1. The lowest values of acid detergent insoluble protein (PIDA) were obtained with low intensity of conditioning after 30 days of storage, 64.8 g kg -1 DM. The contente of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), didn´t result no difference both to the time before the cut as to intensity of conditioning of Tifton 85. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) of Tifton 85 did not differ on the times of storage evaluated or difference on the intensities of conditioning. In samples collected during the storage period up to 90 days after dehydration was not detected the presence of fungi, with less than 30 colony forming units (CFU) per plate count. The use of mowers Conditioners in diferente intensities of injury does not accelerate the time of dehydration plants Tifton 85. Proper drying and storage under favorable conditions do not favor the growth of fungi in Tifton 85 / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a intensidade de condicionamento de plantas de capim Tifton 85 com uso de segadeira condicionadora com batedores de dedos livres e tempos de armazenamento sobre a curva de desidratação, ocorrência de fungos, valor nutricional e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca de feno Tifton 85. Também avaliou-se as trocas gasosas durante a desidratação das plantas. A curva de desidratação foi determinada na planta inteira em dez tempos até o enfardamento. O tempo zero correspondeu à planta antes do corte, realizado as 11h00 horas e as demais coletas foram realizadas as 8h00, 10h00, 14h00 e 16h00 horas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizado com duas intensidades de condicionamento (alta e baixa) e dez tempos de amostragem, com cinco repetições. Para a determinação de trocas gasosas durante a desidratação do Tifton 85, foram realizadas avaliações em folhas maduras, situadas no terço médio superior de cada ramo antes do corte e a cada hora, por 4 horas. Utilizou-se um medidor portátil de trocas gasosas por infravermelho IRGA (6400 xt). As variáveis analisadas foram (A) fotossíntese, (gs) condutância estomática, (Ci) concentração interna de CO 2 , (E) transpiração, (EUA) eficiência do uso de água, (EUAi) eficiência intrínseca do uso de água. Em uma segunda etapa do presente trabalho avaliou-se o valor nutricional do feno de Tifton 85 e para isto adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com dois tratamentos alocados nas parcelas: alta e baixa intensidade de corte e cinco tempos nas subparcelas: corte (tratamento adicional), enfardamento, e 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. Posteriormente foi realizada a determinação dos fungos presentes nas plantas verdes e no feno, onde coletaram-se amostras do capim no momento do corte, no enfardamento, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. Observou-se que a desidratação do Tifton 85 realizou-se em 49 horas, sendo considerado um tempo ideal para secagem do feno e as diferenças entre intensidades de condicionamento sobre os teores de matéria seca se deram durante a desidratação, mas se igualaram no final do processo. As trocas gasosas foram mais intensas antes do corte e após o corte foram diminuindo até cessar nas 4 horas seguintes. Os teores de matéria seca (MS) apresentam-se menores no momento do corte quando comparados aos demais tempos de armazenamento. A proteína bruta não diferiu entre intensidade de condicionamento nem tempos de armazenamento ficando em média 121,65 g kg -1 . Os menores valores de proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA) foram obtidos com baixa intensidade de condicionamento aos 30 dias de armazenamento, 64.8 g kg 1 de MS. O teor de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), não apresentou diferença tanto para o tempo antes do corte quanto para intensidade de condicionamento do Tifton 85. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) do capim Tifton 85 não diferiu entre os tempos de armazenamento avaliados e nem entre as intensidades de condicionamento. Nas amostras coletadas durante o período de armazenamento, até 90 dias após a desidratação não foi constatada a presença de fungos, apresentando contagem inferior a 30 unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) por placa. O uso de segadeiras condicionadoras em diferentes intensidades de injúria não acelera o tempo de desidratação das plantas de capim Tifton 85. A secagem adequada e o armazenamento em condições favoráveis não propiciam o crescimento de fungos em feno de Tifton 85

This thesis deals with the analysis and design OF self-propelled mower on the grass. The machine is designed for cutting fodder, and their subsequent treatment. Focusing on the vast scope and great hourly output. The design emphasis is on compliance ergonomic rules, easy maintenance and functionality of the machine. For a very innovative features can be seen ejecting the cab, crop spacing on the sides, drive hydraulic cutter bars. In particular, the location of the cabin and boarding colors and folding machine cutter bars during transport. The machine was created to perfect performance, operator comfort, performance focused on large cysts and fluid design.

The work deals with comprehensive design concept of a remote controlled slope mower in direct relation to the proposed technological solution. Product has been designed in order to take (capture) its place in the current, young market of commercialy used slope mowers. Main goal of this work is to create an advanced shape solution with high-end technical specifications, based on a suitable undercarriage concept.

SammanfattningExamensarbetet har syftat till att undersöka möjligheten att utrusta Husqvarnas autonomagräsklippare med avståndssensorer. Dessa ska hindra gräsklipparen från att kollidera med hinder i sinomgivning. Gräsklipparen arbetar i en miljö där väder, temperatur, ljusförhållanden och underlagvarierar kraftigt. Detta innebär att kravet på sensorerna är högt.Av de sensorer som undersökts har det visat sig att ultraljud och ”structured light” är de system sombäst skulle kunna uppfylla all dessa krav till ett rimligt pris.I examensarbetet undersöks därför ultraljudssensorer från företaget Maxbotix närmare ochimplementeras i en prototyp. Fyra stycken sensorer placeras på gräsklipparens kaross. Dessakommunicera med en mikrokontroller som i sin tur förmedlar mätdata till en dator. På datorn körsen sökalgoritm som tolkar och sammanfogar sensorernas mätdata.Efter ett antal tester visar det sig att de sensorer som valts inte uppfyller de krav som ställts. Dockbör den metod och algoritm som används kunna uppfylla kraven om en annan typ av sensor används. / AbstractThis master thesis is aiming to investigate the possibility of adding distance sensors to Husqvarna’sautonomic lawnmower. The goal is to prevent the lawnmower from colliding with obstacles in itssurroundings. The environment where the lawnmower is working is very dynamic in sense ofweather, temperature, ambient lightning and terrain. This gives high requirements on the sensors.Of all the sensors that were examined, ultrasonic and structured lightning came out as the ones bestfit to fill these requirements to a reasonable cost.In this thesis ultrasonic sensors from Maxbotix were implemented on a prototype. Four sensors wereplaced on the lawnmower body and connected to a microcontroller. The microcontroller then passesalong the sensor data to a computer that is running a search algorithm. The algorithm is used tointerpret the data and merge the different measurements.After certain amount of testing it was shown that the chosen sensor did not meet all therequirements. However the method and the chosen algorithm should suffice with another type ofsensor.

Husqvarna AB is one of the leading producers of outdoor products such as autonomous lawn mowers. One important feature of these products is the ability toquickly respond to environmental factors such as slippy areas. A reliable slip detector is needed for this mission and many different technologies exists for detectingslip events. A common technique is to check the wheel motor current, which clearlydeviates when the lawn mower is subjected to slipping. The on-board sensors opensup for an alternative solution which utilizes the loop sensors as the main slip detector. This thesis covers the construction of a slip detection prototype which is basedon the loop sensors. In the end, Husqvarna AB was provided with a new alternativesolution, which was successfully compared to the exiting solution. It proved to bea reliable slip detector for manually induced slipping indoors, outdoor performancewere not investigated. Ultimately, the implemented prototype outperformed the existing solution in the intended environment of indoor testing.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the practical limits of EPA's NONROAD 2005 to accurately simulate Central Florida conditions, especially with regard to lawn and garden equipment. In particular we investigated a NONROAD emission inventory using default inputs and then created a locally specific emission inventory. These emission inventories were prepared for Orange, Osceola, and Seminole county and focused only on the VOC and NOx emissions caused by lawn and garden equipment. The model was manipulated to assess its ability to represent this specific category of nonroad equipment for a given airshed first by running a base case scenario using default data and then by developing a locally-specific scenario through administration of a survey. The primary purpose of the survey was to evaluate local values for equipment population, equipment characteristics, activity estimates, and other relevant information. To develop these local input estimates, data were collected concerning population and usage statistics in the Central Florida area and were combined with emission factors, load factors, allocation factors, and other needed values that have been previously established by the U.S. EPA. The results of the NONROAD model were compared with the resulting emission estimates calculated from locally derived inputs, and as a result of the analysis an accurate emission estimate was calculated. In addition, several possible air quality action steps were further assessed according to feasibility, cost, and predicted emission benefit. These potential management projects were further investigated by assessing the success of other similar projects in other cities in an effort to establish specific costs and emission benefits as they relate to the tri-county area.

No description available.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da cobertura morta, produzida pelos adubos verdes lab-lab (Dolichos lablab L.), guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), crotálaria (Crotalaria juncea L.), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke), uma mistura de três coberturas (D. lablab + C. cajan + C. juncea), e a infestação natural do pomar de laranja, composta principalmente por capim-colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.), sobre as plantas daninhas, bem como avaliar o efeito destas coberturas sobre as seguintes plantas daninhas: poaia (Richardia brasiliensis Gomes.), capim-colonião, erva-palha (Blainvillea biaristata DC.), falsa-serralha (Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.), capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis (Retz.) Koel.), corda-de-viola (Ipomea grandifolia (Dammer.) O’Donell), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.), guanxuma (Sida santaremnensis H. Monteiro.) e tiririca (Cyperus rotundus (L.) Pers.), em condições de pós e pré-emergência, foram instalados dois experimentos em condições de campo e quatro em condições de casa de vegetação, na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Piracicaba, S.P. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados para um experimento em campo e blocos casualizados no esquema fatorial para os demais. O manejo mecânico das diferentes vegetações, foi realizado mediante a utilização de roçadeira lateral, marca KAMAQ, modelo NINJA MAC 260 que esta desenhada para projetar o material verde cortado, sobre a projeção da copa da árvore cítrica, formando dessa maneira uma camada de cobertura morta. Os parâmetros avaliados durante a condução dos experimentos, foram os seguintes: avaliações de contagem da infestação de plantas daninhas por vaso e ou por m2 (densidade), determinações de algumas propriedades químicas do solo e avaliações de produção de biomassa das plantas daninhas. Pelos dados obtidos nas condições locais dos experimentos conduzidos pode-se observar que: a utilização de coberturas mortas produzidas pelas distintas vegetações contribui, significativamente, na redução das populações das plantas daninhas, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com a vegetação natural e a mistura dos adubos verdes; e que a adubação em área total, independentemente da cobertura vegetal utilizada apresenta uma menor densidade de plantas daninhas nas linhas das plantas cítricas. Sendo assim pode se concluir que a utilização de adubos verdes pode contribuir de maneira significativa na redução da comunidade infestante, auxiliando de forma sustentável o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas; além de contribuir com outros benefícios inerentes a utilização dessa prática. / With the objective of evaluating the effect of the mulches produced by the cover crop Dolichos lablab, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum, a mixture of three cover crops (Dolichos lablab + Cajanus cajan + Crotalaria juncea), and a natural infestation in orange tree plantations composed mostly by Panicum maximum on weeds and to evaluate the effect of these cover crop on the following weeds Richardia brasiliensis, Panicum maximum, Blainvillea biaristata, Emilia sonchifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Ipomea grandifolia, Bidens pilosa, Sida santaremnensis and Cyperus rotundus, in conditions of pos and pre-emergence, two experiments in field conditions and four in greenhouse conditions were carried out at the Superior School of Agricultura "Luiz of Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Plant Production Department, São Paulo, Piracicaba - SP - Brazil. The experimental design used was of randomized blocks for an experiment in the field and randomized blocks in the factorial design for the others. The mechanical management of the different crops was carried out utilizing a KAMAQ lateral rotary mower Ninja Mac 260, designed to throw the cut crops down forming a layer of mulch around the citric plant. The data collected during the experiments were planta/m2 and plant/pot density, determination of some chemical conditions of the soil and weed dry biomass production in g/pot. In the carried out experiments, it could be observed that the use of mulches produced by different crops contributes significantly to reduce weeds. The best results were obtained in a natural infestation and the mixture of three cover crops. The fertilization in the whole area regardless the cover crops, presents a minor density of weeds in the lines of the citric plants. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the use of cover crops contributes widely to reduce weeds, supporting integrated management of weeds and providing with other inherent benefits.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da cobertura morta, produzida pelos adubos verdes lab-lab (Dolichos lablab L.), guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), crotálaria (Crotalaria juncea L.), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke), uma mistura de três coberturas (D. lablab + C. cajan + C. juncea), e a infestação natural do pomar de laranja, composta principalmente por capim-colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.), sobre as plantas daninhas, bem como avaliar o efeito destas coberturas sobre as seguintes plantas daninhas: poaia (Richardia brasiliensis Gomes.), capim-colonião, erva-palha (Blainvillea biaristata DC.), falsa-serralha (Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.), capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis (Retz.) Koel.), corda-de-viola (Ipomea grandifolia (Dammer.) O’Donell), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.), guanxuma (Sida santaremnensis H. Monteiro.) e tiririca (Cyperus rotundus (L.) Pers.), em condições de pós e pré-emergência, foram instalados dois experimentos em condições de campo e quatro em condições de casa de vegetação, na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Piracicaba, S.P. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados para um experimento em campo e blocos casualizados no esquema fatorial para os demais. O manejo mecânico das diferentes vegetações, foi realizado mediante a utilização de roçadeira lateral, marca KAMAQ, modelo NINJA MAC 260 que esta desenhada para projetar o material verde cortado, sobre a projeção da copa da árvore cítrica, formando dessa maneira uma camada de cobertura morta. Os parâmetros avaliados durante a condução dos experimentos, foram os seguintes: avaliações de contagem da infestação de plantas daninhas por vaso e ou por m2 (densidade), determinações de algumas propriedades químicas do solo e avaliações de produção de biomassa das plantas daninhas. Pelos dados obtidos nas condições locais dos experimentos conduzidos pode-se observar que: a utilização de coberturas mortas produzidas pelas distintas vegetações contribui, significativamente, na redução das populações das plantas daninhas, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com a vegetação natural e a mistura dos adubos verdes; e que a adubação em área total, independentemente da cobertura vegetal utilizada apresenta uma menor densidade de plantas daninhas nas linhas das plantas cítricas. Sendo assim pode se concluir que a utilização de adubos verdes pode contribuir de maneira significativa na redução da comunidade infestante, auxiliando de forma sustentável o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas; além de contribuir com outros benefícios inerentes a utilização dessa prática. / With the objective of evaluating the effect of the mulches produced by the cover crop Dolichos lablab, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum, a mixture of three cover crops (Dolichos lablab + Cajanus cajan + Crotalaria juncea), and a natural infestation in orange tree plantations composed mostly by Panicum maximum on weeds and to evaluate the effect of these cover crop on the following weeds Richardia brasiliensis, Panicum maximum, Blainvillea biaristata, Emilia sonchifolia, Digitaria horizontalis, Ipomea grandifolia, Bidens pilosa, Sida santaremnensis and Cyperus rotundus, in conditions of pos and pre-emergence, two experiments in field conditions and four in greenhouse conditions were carried out at the Superior School of Agricultura "Luiz of Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Plant Production Department, São Paulo, Piracicaba – SP - Brazil. The experimental design used was of randomized blocks for an experiment in the field and randomized blocks in the factorial design for the others. The mechanical management of the different crops was carried out utilizing a KAMAQ lateral rotary mower Ninja Mac 260, designed to throw the cut crops down forming a layer of mulch around the citric plant. The data collected during the experiments were planta/m2 and plant/pot density, determination of some chemical conditions of the soil and weed dry biomass production in g/pot. In the carried out experiments, it could be observed that the use of mulches produced by different crops contributes significantly to reduce weeds. The best results were obtained in a natural infestation and the mixture of three cover crops. The fertilization in the whole area regardless the cover crops, presents a minor density of weeds in the lines of the citric plants. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the use of cover crops contributes widely to reduce weeds, supporting integrated management of weeds and providing with other inherent benefits.

Road safety is a complicated issue that affects most world economies due to its negative socioeconomic impact. Road safety programs include different programs that cover different areas for minimizing the effects of these impacts. One of these programs focuses road safety against invasion of wildlife into traffic roads. Most economies that heavily include these particular programs, such as Sweden, rely on specific machinery and techniques for clearing road shoulders that allows driver to foresee any possible danger or road invasion in good time. The most common piece of machinery used for covering this type of activity is known as a boom mower. Boom mowers can be pictured as giant lawnmowers that are attached into a long boom crane from wheel loaders or excavators, so they can clear invading vegetation from the road shoulders. Boom mowers suffer from heavy wear due to their dimensions, weight and operating speed which it requires companies to pay extra attention to their construction and choice of materials. Cranab Slagkraft is a Swedish company that has been specialized for providing high quality boom mowers for the last 30 yearsfor clearing vegetation on the Swedish roads. But, despite their higher quality products, these boo mowers are often expensive and complicated to manufacture. For this reason, Cranab has requested a study to minimize the manufacturing burden in order to simplify its production and diminish cost. This research study focuses on the latest components addition into the boom mower construction to assess their performance. For this research, the researcher will put to test the reinforcements of the boom mower’s model SH150 and see what their performance against harmonic vibrations and structural strength against local stresses are. The research follows two complementary analysis. First, a modal analysis on the boom mower’s main structure for evaluating resonance levels at an operating frequency. Second, a structural analysis with idealized conditions at operating speed to determine construction stress resilience. The results in this research reveals that the modal analysis rejects the viability of one group of reinforcements and confirms the implications of the other one. Also, the results reveal that the complicated geometry requires advanced software for providing more conclusive results. In addition, the boom mower’s own geometry and choice of material might play a role in adjusting the harmonic resonance and adjusting the boom mower’s mechanical properties. The latter conclusion should be considered as a theme of study for future research in this same field. / Trafiksäkerhet är ett komplicerat ärende som påverkar de flesta världsekonomier på grund av dess negativa socioekonomiska inverkan. I trafiksäkerhetsprogrammen ingår olika program som täcker olika områden för att minimera de socioekonomiska effekterna. Ett av dessa program koncentrerar sig på trafiksäkerhet mot invasion av vilda djur på motorbanor. De flesta världsekonomiers system som omfattar dessa trafiksäkerhetsprogram, till exempel Sverige, är beroende av specifika maskiner och tekniker för röjning av vägarna som gör det möjligt för föraren att i god tid ska kunna förutse eventuell fara eller vilt som kommer in på vägen. Den vanligaste maskinen som används för röjning av vägar kallas kättingröjare. Kättingröjaren kan liknas vid gigantiska gräsklippare som är fastsatta på en grävmaskin, hjullastare och/eller väghyvel så att de kan rensa bort gräs från vägkanten. Kättingröjare lider av kraftigt slitage på grund av deras dimensioner, vikt och driftshastighet. Det kräver att tillverkaren uppmärksammar konstruktionen och materialvalet till kättingröjaren. Cranab Slagkraft är ett svenskt företag som under de senaste 30 åren har specialiserat sig på att leverera högkvalitativa kättingröjare. Kättingröjarna är ofta dyra och komplicerade att tillverka. Av den anledningen har Cranab begärt en studie för att förenkla produktionen och minska tillverkningskostnaderna. Den här studien koncentrerar sig på det senaste komponenttillägget i kättingröjarens konstruktion för att bedöma deras prestanda. I den här studien testas flera förstärkningar i kättingröjarens modell SH150 för att undersöka deras prestanda mot harmonisk vibration och strukturell hållfasthet mot lokala spänningar. I studien ingår två kompletterande analyser. Först görs en modalanalys på kättingröjarens huvudstruktur för utvärdering av resonansnivåer vid driftsfrekvensen. Sedan görs en strukturell analys med idealiserat tillstånd vid driftshastigheten för att bestämma spänningsmotståndet. I resultatet beskrivs en grupp av förstärkningar som inte har någon påverkan för kättingröjarens harmoniska vibration och spänningsmotstånd och en andra grupp som visar påverkan. Även resultaten visar att den komplicerade geometrin kräver avancerad mjukvara för att ge mer avgörande resultat. Dessutom kan kättingröjarens egen geometri och materialval ha påverkan vid justering av dess harmoniska resonans och mekaniska egenskaper. Den senare slutsatsen bör betraktas som ett begrepp för framtida studier inom samma område.