A presente tese tem por objetivo examinar a formação da coligação de resistência organizada, no final do século XIX, por chefes de Angoche, Sangage, Sancul e Quitangonha, dos grupos macua-imbamela e namarrais, às interferências da política colonialista portuguesa no norte de Moçambique. Esses chefes efetuaram vários ataques aos postos administrativos e militares portugueses, postergando a ocupação efetiva daquele território até 1910. O principal objetivo da coligação era a preservação da autonomia política, ameaçada pelas iniciativas de ocupação territorial e pela instituição de mecanismos coloniais, como o controle do comércio e da produção de gêneros agrícolas, a cobrança de impostos e o trabalho compulsório. Os participantes da coligação estavam inseridos num complexo de interconexões gerado pelas múltiplas relações estabelecidas por meio dos espaços políticos, culturais, religiosos e de trocas comerciais, que envolviam não apenas as sociedades islâmicas da costa, as do interior e as do mundo suaíli, como o sultanato de Zanzibar, as ilhas Comores e Madagascar, mas também indianos, portugueses, ingleses e franceses. Essas relações eram definidas pelo parentesco, pela doação de terra, pela religião islâmica e pelos contatos comerciais. Essas conexões facilitaram a formação da coligação de resistência no final do século XIX. / The present thesis has as objective to examine the formation of the coalition resistance organized at the end of the nineteenth century, by the leaderships of Angoche, Sangage, Sancul and Quitangonha, and the groups macua-imbamela and namarrais, to the interference of the Portuguese colonialist policy in Northern Mozambique. Those learderships effectuated several attacks to the Portuguese military and administrative posts, postponing the effective occupation of that territory until 1910. The main objective of the coalition was the preservation of the political autonomy, threatened by the initiatives of the territorial occupation and the establishment of the colonial mechanisms, as the control of the trade and the agricultural production, the collection of taxes and the compulsory labor. Participants in the coalition were inserted of a complex of interconnections generated by the multiple relationships established through the political, cultural, religious and trade spaces, which involved not only the Islamic societies of the coast, the interior ones and the World Swahili as Zanzibar Sultanate, Comoros and Madagascar, but also Indian, Portuguese, English and French people. Those relationships were defined by the kinship, the land donating, the Islamic religion and also mercantile contacts. Those connections facilitated the formation of the resistance coalition at end of the nineteenth century.

This thesis asks how neoliberal enclavisation produces precarity. It focuses on eight months of fieldwork on large-scale dispossession of rural and peri-urban populations caused by the coal mining enclave in Tete, Mozambique, and my interpretation of Judith Butler's work on precarity, Henri Lefebvre's conceptualisation of the production of capitalist social space and Jacque Ranciere's understanding of politics. Bringing theory and empirical research together, I construct an original theoretical approach to explore how precarity as a condition of life, as well as the (im)possibility of politics, is constituted by contemporary capitalist expansion in Mozambique. I explore how precarity is produced through the interplay of structural, symbolic and direct violence of contemporary capitalist expansion, such as the coal mining enclave and resettlement sites inhabited by the dispossessed populations, in Tete. These processes of precarisation, I argue, result in the non-politics of abandonment that, whilst enabling life to be lived on precarious terms at the margins of the neoliberal mining enclave, does not openly challenge and only unwillingly reinforces the socio-material order of the neoliberal enclave. I demonstrate how this dynamic reconstitutes the precarity created by the violence of the neoliberal enclave and overshadows possibly different and progressively anti-neoliberal imaginaries of life and space in Tete. I conclude that these dynamics of precarity disactivate the possibility of transformative politics, and thus sustain and stabilise global capitalist expansion in Tete, and Mozambique more broadly. This reading of precarity makes several contributions to the literatures on the politics of precarity. It explores the condition of precarity outside the usual empirical and analytical focus of labour relations in the Global North, as well as developing a spatial reading of precarity. The thesis also challenges these, as well as broader literatures on agency in the context of structural inequalities and opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa, for overestimating possibilities of resistance in situations characterised by extreme precarity. Finally, the thesis contributes to the literature on contemporary neoliberal capitalist expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa by demonstrating how neoliberal enclaves result in human suffering outside of their own exclusionary spaces of accumulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 saguate_aw_me_sjrp.pdf: 549397 bytes, checksum: 6ea13e3200cf68809df87a03cbf337bc (MD5) / Fundação Ford / Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral trazer uma reflexão sobre a variação do português em Moçambique. O trabalho busca identificar, de forma específica, - através de um conjunto de recursos lexicais e de construções sintáticas -, motivações linguísticas e extralinguísticas da variação do português escrito por estudantes universitários em Moçambique. O corpus considerado para a análise foi coletado pela Faculdade de Letras e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane - Moçambique, entre 2002 e 2003. Esse corpus comporta 60 textos, constituídos por cerca de 31.000 palavras, e foi produzido por 60 estudantes que frequentavam cursos de ciências da linguagem. Vale mencionar que Moçambique é um país caracterizado por uma situação de multilinguismo. Em função da colonização portuguesa, o País instituiu o português de norma padrão europeia como língua oficial. Apesar de o corpus apresentar diferentes marcas divergentes dessa norma, nossa análise se limita a fenômenos de empréstimos e de neologismos (em nível lexical), e a fenômenos de concordância nominal e de concordância verbal (em nível sintático). Da análise feita, constatou-se a transposição de itens lexicais das línguas bantas para o português, o entrelaçamento entre as regras morfológicas das línguas bantas e as regras morfológicas do português, a apreensão dos universitários com vista a escrever o português de norma culta europeia, a “convivência” entre uma prática linguística que se julga obedecer à norma culta europeia e uma prática linguística que não obedece a essa norma. Essas constatações permitem confirmar as hipóteses de que os textos dos universitários mostram a prática real do português em Moçambique... / This research aims at bringing a general reflection on the variation of the Portuguese in Mozambique. The paper seeks to identify, in a specific manner – through a set of lexical features and syntactic constructs – linguistic and extralinguistic motivations of variation of the Portuguese written by college students in Mozambique. The corpus considered for the analysis was collected by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Eduardo Mondlane University, in Mozambique, between 2002 and 2003. The corpus comprises 60 texts, consisting of about 31,000 words, and it was produced by 60 students who attended language sciences courses. It is worth mentioning that Mozambique is a country characterized by a situation of multilingualism. Due to the Portuguese colonization, the country established European standard Portuguese as its official language. Although the corpus presents marks differ from this standard, our analysis is limited to phenomena of loanwords and neologisms (at the lexical level), and to phenomena of nominal and verbal agreement (at the syntactic level). The analysis of the corpus showed that there was a transposition of lexical items from Bantu languages to Portuguese, the entanglement between the morphological rules of Bantu languages and the morphological rules of Portuguese, the seizure of the university students in order to write the Portuguese of cultural norms, the “coexistence” between a linguistic practice which is believed to comply with European cultural norms and a linguistic practice that does not obey this rule. These findings allow us to confirm the hypothesis that the texts of the university show the actual practice of the Portuguese in Mozambique, and the grammars used in formal education in... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Among the core concerns with the extraordinary proliferation of land deals in Africa - often referred to as "land grabs" - is that the signing of contracts between host states and foreign companies and/or other states for large swaths of territory and associated agribusinesses could represent an erosion of the host state's sovereignty powers. This concern reveals a double characterisation of the state, as weak in its sovereignty and, yet, as very able to negotiate and implement deals. Host states have been shown to be able to exercise sovereignty in those deals, what type of sovereignty - and whose -, however, remains in dispute. This thesis seeks to address this issue through a case study that focuses on the question how sovereignties are shaping and being shaped by land deals in Mozambique's Limpopo Valley. It specifically investigates the rice and sugar projects in areas of the Chokwe and Xai-Xai regadios. It considers land deals as a set of processes for international-domestic negotiation of goals and funding, followed by processes in the areas of decision-making, policy-making, and project implementation. Based on critical reappraisals of the concept of sovereignty, the thesis understands sovereignty as a set of powers that a state effectively has, beyond mere legal sovereignty, rather than an a priori attribute that a state does or does not possess, in zero-sum terms. As such it is an outcome of relational, inter-subjective processes and, thus, dynamic and historically contingent. Consequently, rather than absolute power over its territory and population, sovereignty is considered in terms of degrees of two types of political power practices, "command" power and "infrastructural" power, according to multiple and not always congruent state functions. To this, the thesis brings a notion of socially constructed state such that it is never neutral because a part of society and, thus socially embedded and produced. This allows me to move past the assumption of 'common good' and the moralist discussions of 'elite capture' and corruption. Based on this theoretical and analytical framework, the thesis posits irrigated agriculture and the state schemes hosting foreign projects as "sites" where actors' interests and powers are shaped relationally: the state (in different capacities), other states and their development agencies, foreign private sector actors and multiple domestic groups. The processes are studied at two levels. The first concerns how state "command" power is used to harness and/or defend against different international developments, negotiating international narratives and domestic needs, resulting in agricultural and water regulations, with ODA dependence for budgets. A subset of regulatory activity is the revisions to by-laws of management irrigation-scheme companies, as new representatives of central power locally. At the second level, the research focuses on interaction with Western equity and Chinese cooperation projects, two of the main types of investors, which come with different foreign management and funding models. Further, processes are embedded in historical trajectories of elite groups' moving away from agriculture since the 1980s, yet holding on to land entitlements, and of producers' displacement. This analytical framework allows research to effectively go beyond the notion of the state as either weak or able, considering it as polymorphous and acting in specific dimensions that no longer seem contradictory. Further, it illuminates the mutually constitutive nature of (sub)national and international dimensions of sovereignty, which tend to be exiled from each other in mainstream approaches to the notion, as well as the inextricability of political and economic powers in the 'sovereignty frontier' of post-conditionality states.

A área objeto da presente pesquisa encontra-se na parte centro-oeste de Moçambique, entre os paralelos 16 o e 20 o S e meridianos 33 o e 34 o E, e corresponde ao extremo sul do Cinturão de Moçambique. Inclui a borda leste do Craton do Zimbabwe e encontra-se limitada a leste pelas formações sedimentares Fanerozóicas do Karoo. A região tem uma importância geotectônica fundamental, por se localizar numa junção crítica entre as grandes unidades tectônicas Pan -Africanas dos cinturões de Moçambique e de Zambezi. Embora exista um controle geológico relevante, em virtude dos mapeamentos geológicos detalhados e das informações trazidas nos relatórios do Consórcio GTK, as relações entre as unidades tectônicas são muito complexas e o número de datações que se faziam disponíveis era pequeno e restrito às áreas limítrofes da borda do cráton Arqueano. Em vista disso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o de efetuar um estudo geocronológico robusto, utilizando essencialmente monocristais de zircão, extraídos das rochas regionais, e produzir uma série de determinações de idade U-Pb, pelos métodos LA-ICP-MS e SHRIMP, com a finalidade de definir épocas precisas de cristalização de rochas magmáticas e de recristalização de rochas metamórficas, além de buscar elementos para estimar a proveniência e colocar limites temporais para as unidades metassedimentares. Em adição às datações U-Pb em zircão, foram realizados estudos básicos complementares de petrografia, bem como de datações K -Ar em minerais separados, datações Sm-Nd em granadas, estudos especiais de microssonda analítica para estudos geotermobarométricos, e de geoquímica isotópica de Nd e de Hf como indicadores de ambiente tectônico. As datações efetuadas nas rochas ortoderivadas confirmaram algumas idades obtidas anteriormente pelo Consórcio GTK, próximas de 1050 Ma para os granitóides do Complexo de Báruè e de 850 Ma para os da Suite de Guro. Além disso, datações em zircões detríticos de metassedimentos relacionados com o craton do Zimbabwe confirmaram a idade pelo menos Mesoproterozóica do Grupo Umko ndo, e a idade neoproterozóica do grupo Rushinga. Resultados inesperados foram encontrados para as rochas de alto grau, paragnaisses, granulitos e migmatitos dos Grupos Macossa, Chimoio e Mungari, para as quais as condições do metamorfismo foram estimadas entre 4-6 kbr e 700-800 o C, através de estudo geotermobarométrico. Os zircões detríticos dessas rochas indicaram idades máximas do Neproterozóico, demonstrando aloctonia e proveniência de Leste. Além disso, as idades do metamorfismo dessas unidades, a partir de isócronas Sm-Nd em granadas e datações U-Pb nas bordas metamórficas de cristais de zircão, revelaram-se muito jovens e muitas delas próximas de 500 Ma, já no Cambriano. Além disso, o evento tectono-termal Pan-Africano, entre ca. 500-600 Ma, superposto em toda região de estudo, foi registrado também por idades de resfriamento K-Ar abaixo de 500 Ma. Dos resultados obtidos foi possível estabelecer tentativamente uma história da evolução tectônica da região centro-oeste de Moçambique e considerá-la num contexto continental, como segue: Nos limites leste e norte do cráton do Zimbabwe ocorrem os grupos marginais tectonicamente autóctones de Umkondo (Mesoproterozóico) e Rushinga (Neoproterozóico). Mais para leste, as demais rochas compreendem terrenos alóctones formados por material de idade variada, em grande parte Mesoproterozóica, sotoposto a rochas supracrustais com zircões detríticos do Neoproterozóico (Macossa, Chimoio e Mungari). Tentativamente, duas grandes nappes estão sendo sugeridas, definindo contatos de justaposição tectônica com empurrões para Oeste, em direção ao Craton do Zimbabwe. Uma delas ao norte, denominada Nappe de Mungari, seria correlacionável com as unidades tectônicas da parte NW de Moçambique, com idades principalmente Mesoproterozóicas. A segunda, denominada Nappe Macossa-Chimoio, seria correlacionável com o Bloco de Nampula, que ocorre ao sul do Lineamento do Lúrio, no NE de Moçambique. A zona de contato tectônico entre as duas nappes e as rochas Arqueanas do craton, com direção aproximada N-S, representa a provável sutura principal do Cinturão de Moçambique na região estudada. / The study area is located in the central-western part of Mozambique, between 16 o - 20 o S latitude and 33 o - 34 o E longitude, and corresponds to the southernmost part of the Mozambique Belt. It includes the eastern border of the Zimbabwe Craton and it is limited towards the East by the Phanerozoic formations of the Karoo System. The region is fundamentally important for the African tectonic context, because it belongs to the critical junction among the very large Pan-African units of the Mozambique and Zambezi belts. Although a relevant geological control is available, due to the regional mapping done by the GTK Consortium, the tectonic relations within the area are complex, and the geochronological control was insufficient and restricted to the vicinity of the cratonic border. Because of this, the main objective of this work was to carry out a comprehensible and robust geochronological study, using zircon crystals and producing a series of U-Pb dates, by means of LA-ICP-MS or SHRIMP methods, in order to establish some precise magmatic crystallization or metamorphic recrystallization ages, as well as to estimate provenance and maximum ages for the meta-sedimentary units. In addition, some K-Ar ages on micas and some Sm-Nd ages on garnets were obtained, and a special Nd and Hf isotopic, and a few geothermobarometric studies were also made as indicators of the tectonic envi ronment. Some ages of orthogneisses confirmed some previously known results obtained by the GTK Consortium, near 1050 Ma for the granitoids of the Barue Complex and 850 Ma for those of the Guro Suite. Moreover, ages of detrital zircons of meta-sediments related to the Zimbabwe Craton confirmed at least a Mesoproterozoic age for the Umkondo Group and a Neoproterozoic age for the Rushinga Group. Unexpected ages were found for the high-grade rocks, paragneisses, granulites and migmatites of the Macossa, Chimoio and Mungari Groups, for which the P-T conditions were estimated between 4 - 6 kbr and 700 - 800 o C. Detrital zircons from these rocks indicated Neoproterozoic maximum ages of deposition, demonstrating allochthony and provenance from the East. Moreover, from U-Pb dating of zircon overgrowths, and Sm-Nd garnet-whole rock isochron dates, their age of metamorphism was found to be very young, about 500 Ma, already in the Cambrian. Finally, the Pan-African tectono-thermal event, which affected the entire area, yielded still younger K-Ar cooling ages, below 500 Ma. From the geochronological context, it was possible to make a preliminary tentative suggestion for the tectonic history of the central-western region of Mozambique, as follows: At the northern and western borders of the Zimbabwe Craton, the marginal sequences of Umkondo (Mesoproterozoic) and Rushinga (Neoproterozoic) occur. Towards the east, allochthonous terrains which include variable material of mainly Mesoproterozoic age are found, overlain by supracrustal rocks with Neoproterozoic detrital zircons of the Macossa, Chimoio and Mungari Groups. Two large nappes are envisaged, with tectonic juxtaposition towards the Zimbabwe Craton. The Mungari Nappe, in the north, would correlate with the tectonic units encountered in the NW portion of Mozambique. The Macossa-Chimoio Nappe, in the south, would correlate with the Nampula Block, which occurs to the south of the Lurio Belt in the NE portion of Mozambique. The tectonic contact between each one of the nappes a nd the Zimbabwe Craton is here considered as the probable principal suture of the Mozambique Belt in the studied region.

Constitui o escopo deste trabalho o estudo da privatização, em regime de concessão, dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (CFM), no quadro do ajustamento da economia moçambicana, recorrentemente dependente, imposto pelo Banco Mundial e pelo FMI, como forma de a integrar no mundo globalizado dominado pelo neo-liberalismo, no período pós-guerra civil. O caso do CFM permite-nos iluminar uma realidade mais ampla e complexa, que é a dinâmica histórica, económica e social de Moçambique, realidade marcada por fortes tensões sociais num contexto de permanente e inquietante mudança. / The scope of the present work comprises the study on privatization under the concessioning regime of the Ports and Railways of Mozambique within the context of economic structural adjustment recurrently dependent, imposed by the World Bank and IMF as a way to integrate it in a globalized world dominated by neo-liberal policies. The CFM case study allows us to scrutinize a wide and complex reality that is the historic, economic and social changes, a reality highlighted by social tensions in the context of permanent and changes.

A inserção internacional de Moçambique é um processo que ocorreu em fases, tendo se iniciado com os esforços empreendidos na década de 1960 pelo Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, Primeiro Presidente da Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO). Visando criar o isolamento internacional do regime colonial Português e obter o apoio necessário para a causa da independência de Moçambique, Mondlane estabeleceu contatos com governos de vários Estados do mundo incluindo países ocidentais, países progressistas africanos e países socialistas, projetando, deste modo, a imagem de Moçambique no mundo. Iniciada com as decisões tomadas no Segundo Congresso da FRELIMO realizado em 1968, a política externa de Moçambique tinha em vista “criar mais amigos e poucos inimigos”, num contexto de bipolaridade ideológica que caracterizava a guerra-fria. O novo contexto internacional emergente no período após o fim da guerra-fria viria a originar uma redefiniçao desta política que passou a ser definida como de “criar mais amigos e mais parceiras”. A nível da região da África Austral a FRELIMO considerou sempre que a independência de Moçambique só seria completa com a libertação de todos os países da região que ainda se encontravam sob a dominação de regimes coloniais e minoritários tendo dado o seu apoio incondicional à luta de libertação do Zimbábue, África do Sul e Namíbia, para além do seu grande empenho no processo de cooperação e integração regional. É neste contexto que se pode enquadrar esta tese cujo tema é “a política externa de Moçambique e sua inserção na região da África Austral” a qual procura, através de uma vasta revisão bibliográfica, analisar os contornos que estiveram à volta da afirmação de Moçambique como Estado reconhecido no concerto das nações tanto a nível regional como internacional. / The international insertion of Mozambique is a process that took place in phases, starting with the efforts made in the 1960s by Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, First President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO). In order to create the international isolation of the Portuguese colonial regime and obtain the necessary support for the cause of Mozambique's independence, Mondlane established contacts with governments in several states of the world including Western countries, progressive African countries and socialist countries, thus projecting the image of Mozambique in the world. Initiated by the decisions taken at the Second FRELIMO’s Congress held in 1968, Mozambique's foreign policy aimed to "create more friends and few enemies" in a context of ideological bipolarity that characterized the Cold War. The new emerging international context in the period after the end of the Cold War would lead to a redefinition of this policy, which was defined as "creating more friends and more partners". At the level of the southern African region FRELIMO always considered that Mozambique's independence would only be complete with the liberation of all the countries of the region that were still under the domination of colonial and minority regimes and gave its unconditional support to the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia, in addition to its strong commitment to regional cooperation and integration. It is in this context that one can frame this thesis whose theme is "the foreign policy of Mozambique and its insertion in the region of Southern Africa" which seeks, through a vast bibliographical review, to analyze the contours that were around the affirmation of Mozambique as State recognized in the concert of nations at both regional and international levels.

<p>In sub-Saharan Africa, poverty and its consequences hit orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) the hardest. As the once protective safety net dissipates, many OVC are forced to live in overcrowded and understaffed orphanages. In the attempt to meet survival needs, psychological health is pushed into the background. The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of psychological well-being among institutionalized OVC in Maputo, Mozambique. Qualitative interviews (N=12) and field observations in orphanages (N=6) were analyzed through the hierarchy of needs model. Institutionalized OVC were found living under poor general care with few opportunities for ludic, educational, and social growth. Also among the finding were neglect and abuse, attachment difficulties and traumatic stress symptoms. Nonetheless, this study opposes the disuse of orphanages and suggests interventions to improve the children’s psychological well-being.</p>

In sub-Saharan Africa, poverty and its consequences hit orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) the hardest. As the once protective safety net dissipates, many OVC are forced to live in overcrowded and understaffed orphanages. In the attempt to meet survival needs, psychological health is pushed into the background. The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of psychological well-being among institutionalized OVC in Maputo, Mozambique. Qualitative interviews (N=12) and field observations in orphanages (N=6) were analyzed through the hierarchy of needs model. Institutionalized OVC were found living under poor general care with few opportunities for ludic, educational, and social growth. Also among the finding were neglect and abuse, attachment difficulties and traumatic stress symptoms. Nonetheless, this study opposes the disuse of orphanages and suggests interventions to improve the children’s psychological well-being.

No description available.