The major concern of this study is to examine the current process of national development in the two African states of Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. Recognizing the fact that the problem of development is the foremost challenge to all contemporary African nations, the pursuit of an alternative approach to the process of development by the two countries, is certainly a break-away from the change in continuity of the colonial capitalist mode of production, characteristic of Africa today. Contrary to the general practice in Africa which limits the concept of development to economics, and the enrichment of the petty bourgeoisie, the process of national development in Mozambique and Guinea Bissau has rightfully been conceptualized in terms of its economic, social, political, and ideological complexities, while the uplift of the masses occupies the center of the economic activity. The study critically examined the economic dimensions of the development process in both Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. The specific concern centered on industrialization and economic integration, the design and character of agriculture, the mechanisms of distribution of national wealth, the alternative measures of unemployment control, and the strategy followed in an attempt to eliminate post-colonial linkages. Viewing the role of politics in the overall process of development as an essential one, especially with regard to structural transformation and mobilization, the study examined the political dimensions of development in these countries. The focus was placed on the role of the party, structural transformation and mass participation, the distribution of power and national integration, political consciousness and rural politicization, in addition to their various implications on the development process. The study shows that the political elements have rendered the process of development, creative and complementary, cohesive, as well as dynamic. With regard to the social dimensions of development, the study examined the particularity of education, the unique innovations in health care and housing, and the progress made so far in the attainment of self-reliance. Faced with the task of assessing the efficacity of this approach to national development, the study without pretending to provide the cure for all development problems in Africa, concluded by uncovering the commendable merits and uniqueness of the approach, but also cautions against blind copying, while at the same time it encourages others to take a critical look at this experience in an attempt to assess the extent to which it can apply to their concrete conditions.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This dissertation is a cultural history of the making of a Mozambican middle class in the capital city of Maputo. It focuses on multigenerational debates, anxieties, and struggles among men and women over the meanings of, and aspirations for, economic and social inclusion in the modern world. The study spans the colonial-capitalist, socialist, and post-socialist eras in Mozambique’s modern history, and is set in the young city that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century as the Portuguese colonial capital of Lourenço Marques, later renamed Maputo in 1976 after independence. The rise of urban African middle classes as the key to modernizing Africa has come to the fore in recent scholarly and popular analyses of the continent’s economic and political future. Debates over how to define the middle class have revitalized the relevance of class analysis for understanding inequality and social change in urban Africa. However, little work has thoroughly examined the central role of changing gender relations in processes of middle-class formation. This dissertation begins to remedy this gap by examining the gendered relationship between class and culture that yields new insights into the lives and experiences that have occupied spaces in between wealth and poverty in an African city. Based on interviews, archival collections, newspapers and other print sources, I argue that Mozambican middle-class culture is the product of stitching together old and new ideas about what it means to live a better life, fueled by gendered debates over the role of “tradition,” and the position of women, in modern urban society. Focusing on debates surrounding assimilation, marriage, public life, and managing the home, I contend that men and women have negotiated, shifted, and redefined possibilities for upward social mobility in pursuit of education, meaningful work, loving relationships, and desires for greater comforts of urban life. The process of middle-class formation in Maputo has reflected shared aspirations among upwardly mobile women and men as stakeholders in colonial and postcolonial promises of “progress” and “development,” and been conditioned by periods of possibility and constraint under Portuguese colonial-capitalist, postcolonial socialist, and post-socialist Frelimo state rule. Ultimately, my research shows that the middle class has been unified over time by ambitions to modernize Mozambique, but fractured by deeply gendered debates over how to modernize.

For many years the United Nations (UN) has sought to coordinate its numerous agencies and other humanitarian relief actors during responses to natural disasters and complex emergencies. Its success in this endeavor has been mixed. Through an analysis of three different humanitarian relief operations-the Rwanda genocide in 1994, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's intervention in Kosovo in 1999, and the floods of 2000 in Mozambique-this paper describes more fully the conditions under which coordination efforts occur. Specifically, this essay argues that successful and effective coordination in each particular crisis depends on the extent to which certain capacity and contextual conditions were present. In addition, it suggests that the often-touted "coordination by command" approach, a top-down style of coordination, should not be assumed by the UN since, as the literature suggests, this notion is quite contentious among nongovernmental organizations and United Nations staff alike. This paper critiques the utility of pursuing this model and offers instead an alternative vision of a pragmatic facilitation role for UN agencies in humanitarian relief operations / Master of Public and International Affairs

ABSTRACT Key words: Dropout, repetition, scholar exclusion, school quality, General Secondary School, Mozambique. This study is a school-based research into the reasons for dropout and repetition in Mozambique. The research methodology is of a qualitative nature, which enabled the exploration of relevant themes, processes and patterns that have characterized the educational process in Mozambique, especially reasons that led to repetition and dropout, during the period between 1999 and 2005. The main reasons could be found in the whole process of teaching and learning; outdated classroom pedagogy; insufficient student participation and shortage of textbooks or teachers materials; and low teachers salaries. In addition, poverty causes many students to drop out. The main conclusion is that higher levels of repetition and dropout have cost implications, inflating enrolments and adding to total costs without necessarily leading to an improvement in learners’ outcomes. Recommendations include a redefinition of the model of secondary education in accordance with the new demands of the labour market.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1996 / Current practice of'the rural water sector in Mozambique does not generally consider all factors that have influenc.eon project sustainability, The urgent need to provide returnees in rural areas with safe water, does not give adequate time to engineers, technicians and those involved in the sector, to conceive and plan a water project property. A Decision Support System (DSS) for rural water supply has been proposed to assist the decision making process to be more systematic, fast and comprehensive. It requires a number of input cata variables which are not difficult to obtain and these variables have been selected to ensure that most aspects inherent in a successful project are considered. The main achievement of this system is the project report, similar to a project preliminary design, and the financial results which are important for project assessment and ranking. The Decision Support System is a computational model which uses engineering and economics approach to combine and process input data and information contained in its database. While the calculation method does not need constant updating, the database has to be verified frequently to produce reliable results. South African prices have been used in the database construction but a correction factor facility was incorporated to adjust and make the model useable in Mozambique. The model has been designed to be used by planners, engineers and technicians, and funding agencies. The model can be used by planners to assess implication of policy decisions on future water supplies and water resources development. For engineers and technicians, the model estimates water demands, project components sizes and quantities, and water source development and reliability. To funding agencies, the model is a tool to determine the best investment scenario of a rural water supply project.

Enfatizando a relação que a obra de Rui Knopfli mantém com o espaço africano como portador de experiências vivenciadas pelo poeta, e pelo qual ele nutre um sentimento de pertença bastante intenso, empreendemos a pesquisa. A resistência a uma poesia a serviço de uma ideologia levanta a questão da limitação ideológica da arte em favor de sua causa. Explorando as muitas tentativas do poeta de escrever uma arte poética, nos deparamos com uma honestidade e fidelidade consigo mesmo que guia o poeta do início ao fim de sua produção poética mesmo lhe custando o afastamento de sua terra natal e espaço de preferência. Reconhecemos o valor de sua poesia como afiliada à tradição ocidental e também a aproximação que promove com os espaços africanos. Assumimos, dessa maneira, a defesa da obra de Rui Knopfli como um dos pilares da poesia moçambicana, o pilar subjetivo, que acreditamos ser a tendência das próximas gerações poéticas em Moçambique. / Highlighting the relationship of the work of the Rui Knopfli keeps with the African space as a keeper of experiences lived by the poet and for which he feeds a feeling of belonging very intense, we undertook this research. The resistance to a poetry in service of an ideology raises the question about the ideological limitation of art in favor of his case. Exploring the many attempts of the poet to write a art poetic, we are faced with a honesty and loyalty to himself that guides the poet from the beginning to the end of his poetic production that cost him the departure from him homeland, place of preference. We recognize the value of his poetry as affiliated with the Western tradition and also with the approach that promotes with the African spaces. We assume, thus, to defend the work of Rui Knopfli as a pillar of the poetry of the Mozambique, the subjective pillar, that we believe to be the trend of future generations poetic in Mozambique.

Constitui o escopo deste trabalho o estudo da privatização, em regime de concessão, dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (CFM), no quadro do ajustamento da economia moçambicana, recorrentemente dependente, imposto pelo Banco Mundial e pelo FMI, como forma de a integrar no mundo globalizado dominado pelo neo-liberalismo, no período pós-guerra civil. O caso do CFM permite-nos iluminar uma realidade mais ampla e complexa, que é a dinâmica histórica, económica e social de Moçambique, realidade marcada por fortes tensões sociais num contexto de permanente e inquietante mudança. / The scope of the present work comprises the study on privatization under the concessioning regime of the Ports and Railways of Mozambique within the context of economic structural adjustment recurrently dependent, imposed by the World Bank and IMF as a way to integrate it in a globalized world dominated by neo-liberal policies. The CFM case study allows us to scrutinize a wide and complex reality that is the historic, economic and social changes, a reality highlighted by social tensions in the context of permanent and changes.

Vários complexos intrusivos de rochas alcalinas e carbonatitos ocorrem na região centro-oeste de Moçambique e estão intimamente relacionados ao Sistema do Rifte da África Oriental. Correspondem a atividades ígneas anorogênicas e cortam o embasamento pré-Cambriano da Cadeia Moçambicana. Destes, foram estudadas algumas amostras de seis complexos carbonatíticos (Xiluvo, Muambe, Muande, Fema, Rio Mufa e Evate) e três sieníticos (Chiperone, Tumbine e Salambidua). Os carbonatitos são caracterizados por uma grande predominância de carbonatos, mais apatita, flogopita e raramente anfibólio. O de Xiluvo apresenta, além disso, minerais típicos de terras raras e pirocloro. O sienito de Chiperone tem como constituinte principal nefelina, enquanto que os dois restantes são compostos essencialmente, de K-feldspatos pertíticos. Todos têm como componentes subordinados anfibólios, piroxênio, biotita e apatita. Idades K-Ar das rochas sieníticas, obtidas em anfibólio e biotita, por volta de 118 Ma, apontam o Cretáceo Inferior como período decolocação dos sienitos de Tumbine e Salambidua, enquanto que o sienito de Chiperone resultou muito mais antigo, com aproximadamente 450 Ma. Estes valores confirmam idades radiométricas anteriores, relacionadas com a Província de Chilwa em Malawi. Dados litogeoquímicos destacam dois grupos distintos entre as amostras dos carbonatitos estudadas. Xiluvo, Muambe e Evate situam-se no campo dos carbonatitos cálcicos, enquanto que Fema, Muande e Rio Mufa situam-se no campo dos carbonatitos ferromagnesianos. Os padrões de distribuição de elementos menores e de terras raras são similares àqueles definidos para diversas ocorrências congêneres. Foi analisada também, por comparação, uma amostra carbonática do mármore de Chíduè, tirando a amostra de Chíduè a qual mostrou-se quimicamente diferente, com concentrações muito baixas em praticamente todos elementos. Por outro lado as amostras do Xiluvo exibem os mais elevados teores na maior parte dos elementos. Quanto à geoquímica isotópica, os carbonatitos exibem uma correlação negativa no diagrama 87Sr/86Sr vs. Nd(0) e indicam a existência de pelo menos dois tipos de fontes. Uma delas, correspondendo aos complexos de Xiluvo e Muambe, com 87Sr/86Sr de cerca de 0.703 e Nd com valores positivos, poderia ser astenosférica. A outra fonte, relativa aos demais complexos, apresenta valores negativos de Nd entre (-4) e (-8), e valores moderadamente elevados de 87Sr/86Sr, entre 0.705 e 0.708. A interpretação dos dados geoquímicos isotópicos levou à hipótese de misturas de fontes mantélicas diferentes, bem como possibilidades de contaminação crustal. / Several Syenitic and carbonatitic alkaline complexes occur in central-western region of Mozambique and are related to the East African Rift System. They correspond to anorogenic igneous activities and intrude the Precambrian basement of the Mozambique belt. Of these, six carbonatites (Xiluvo, Muambe, Muande, Fema, Rio Mufa and Evate) and three syenites (Chiperone, Tumbine and Salambidua) were studied. The carbonatites exhibit a great predominance of carbonates, plus apatite, phlogopite and some amphibole. Xiluvo, Muambe and Rio Mufa in addition, include typical minerals of REE and pyrochlore. The Chiperone syenite exhibits nepheline as the main constituent, while the two other are mainly composed of perthitic K-feldspar. All them present amphibole, pyroxene, biotite and apatite as subordinate constituents. K-Ar ages for the Tumbine and Salambidua syenites, obtained in amphibole and biotite, with around 118 Ma, indicate the Lower Cretaceous as the period of placement. However, the Chiperone syenite yielded a much older age around 450 Ma. These values are compatible with earlier radiometric dates, related to the Chilwa Ineous Province of Malawi. On lithogeochemistry, two groups can be envisaged within the carbonatites. One of them includes the calcium carbonatites of Xiluvo, Muambe end Evate, and the other includes the ferromagnesian carbonatites of Fema, Muande and Rio Mufa. The distribution patherns of trace and REE elements are similar to those of normal carbonatites. A sample of the Chíduè marmor was also analyzed, for comparison, and yielded much lower concentrations for most elements. On the other hand, the Xiluvo samples yielded the highest contents for practically all trace and REE elements. The carbonatites exhibit a negative correlation in the 87Sr/86Sr vs. 143Nd/144Nd diagram, and indicate the existence of at least two different sources. One of them, corresponding to the Xiluvo and Muambe complexes, yielded 87Sr/86Sr values around 0.703 and positive Nd, indicating a possible astenospheric source. The second source, for the other complexes, presents negative values of Nd between (-4) e (-8) and moderately high values of 87Sr/86Sr between 0.705 and 0.708. The interpretation of the geochemical isotopic data leads to the hypothesis of mixtures of mantles sources, as well as some possibility of crustal contamination.

A presente tese define-se como uma reflexão acerca das políticas de identidade promovidas pelo estado colonial português e pela Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, com ênfase nos cem anos que antecederam a independência, proclamada em junho de 1975. Procurando uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, a análise é orientada por conceitos que procuram destacar fatores determinantes da concepção de dualismo inerente à situação colonial. A abordagem das várias estratégias culturais a que recorreu a metrópole para sustentar sua \"vocação\" imperial constitui um dado significativo do trabalho que procurou compreender algumas particularidades do projeto lusitano, com a preocupação de enquadrá-lo num processo mais amplo que não poderia desconsiderar os passos da História no ocidente. Partindo do estudo das duas concepções de assimilação e sua continuidade no luso-tropicalismo (e sua instrumentalização pelo Estado Novo português), a análise focaliza a gênese do nacionalismo e a nova dinâmica que a tática de guerrilha, implementada pela luta de libertação nacional, introduz no território de Moçambique. No que se refere à política de identidade nacional proposta pela FRELIMO, foi privilegiada pela pesquisa a dialética que ela estabelece com as sociedades tradicionais. / The present thesis deals with the identity policies promoted by the Portuguese colonial State and the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), with emphasis on the last hundred years before independence, proclaimed in June 1975. Aiming at a multidisciplinary approach, the analysis is oriented by concepts that put in evidence determinant factors of the dualistic nature of colonial situation. The approach to the various cultural strategies used by Portugal to support its imperial \"vocation\" represents a significative part of this study. It tries to understand some details of the Portuguese project, by framing it within a wider perspective that could not neglect Western History. Starting from the study of the two conceptions of assimilation and its luso-tropicalistic development (the use of the theory carried out by the Portuguese \"New State\" regime) the analysis focus on the origins of nationalism as well as on the new dynamics introduced in the territory by the guerrilla tactics used during national liberation struggle. Concerning FRELIMO\'s national identity policy, this research privileges the dialectics it establishes with traditional societies of Mozambique.