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The Chopis' journey: Restoring identity through Theology and MissionMacamo, Marcos Efraim 02 1900 (has links)
This work discusses the dilemma of the Chopi people, who despite having a rich cultural heritage, were marginalized by other people, owing to menial labour they have done, such as the removal of faeces and grave digging for the city of Maputo. There is a contrast between the Chopis who were historically an exceptional people in rural Mozambique and the rejected and excluded people they have become in the city.
This study attempts, to revert this situation, through a participative process of research, action and change, and highlights some aspects related to their cultural and religious identity. Contributing factors to their predicament are political, economic, social and religious in nature. My work entails an intense endeavour towards renewing identity regarding their understanding of employment, through theology and mission in a contextual approach. Transformation and the renewal of the values of the Chopi people are crucial towards this end. / Missiology / M.Th. (Missiology-Specialisation in Urban Ministry)
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An analysis of the continuation and expansion of transnational organized crime : the case of human trafficking in MozambiqueDevor, Camilla Pahle 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 1992, warring factions in Mozambique put an end to 15 years of violence and instability.
By signing the General Peace Accord in Rome, the civil war was officially over, and postconflict
reconstruction could begin. The post-conflict state has been struggling with high
poverty, weak infrastructure and the burden of returning refugees as well as internally
displaced people (IDP’s) in the aftermath of the war. Moreover, in recent years, increasing
domestic activity on the part of transnational criminal syndicates has become a major national
and regional security dilemma.
In this study, Mozambique, as a post-conflict state has been examined to identify the most
important factors that lead to the increase and continuation in transnational crime in terms of
human trafficking. Using prevailing state theories and post-conflict theories within the field of
Political Science and analyzing Mozambique from the conceptual theoretical lenses of Max
Weber, Charles Tilly, Shmuel N. Eistenstadt, and several other scholars, it is argued that there
are numerous elements present within the state that have led to an increase in crime. These are
first and foremost the (neo) patrimonial features of the state, corrupt state-officials, the state’s
pluralist legal-system and a general lack of public trust in the legitimacy of the government.
Incomplete post-conflict reconstruction efforts, resulting in lack of public goods, such as
health-care, schooling and jobs along with a culture of exploitation and objectification of
women and deep-rooted gender-inequality in Mozambique is argued to provide criminal
syndicates with an opportunity to capitalize on organized crimes such as trafficking of
humans.
In recent years, positive developments manifest themselves through the international
recognition of human trafficking and domestic ratifications of international laws and
protocols to combat human trafficking. While Mozambique has ratified “The Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children” this
study reveals state factors that make the elimination of the crime of human trafficking in
Mozambique difficult. The findings of the study are symbolic of a globalized problem.
Combating transnational crime does not depend solely on international, regional and domestic
cooperation through laws and regulations; it also necessitates increased national efforts in
dealing with the root-causes of trafficking and to increase the political and public awareness
in the country towards this human rights violation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 1992 het strydende groepe in Mosambiek 'n einde gemaak aan 15 jaar van geweld en
onstabiliteit. Met die ondertekening van die Algemene Vredesverdrag in Rome, is die
burgeroorlog amptelik beëindig en post-konflik rekonstruksie kon begin. Die post-konflik
staat het gesukkel met hoë armoede, swak infrastruktuur en die las van terugkerende
vlugtelinge en interne verplaasde persone in die nadraai van die oorlog. Daarbenewens het
toenemende plaaslike aktiwiteite van transnasionale kriminele sindikate in die afgelope jare 'n
groot nasionale en streeks-sekuriteitsdilemma geword.
In hierdie studie is Mosambiek as 'n post-konflik staat geanaliseer om die mees belangrike
faktore wat tot die toename in transnasionale misdaad (in terme van mensehandel) gelei het,
te identifiseer. Deur gebruik te maak van bestaande staatsteorieë en post-konflik teorieë in die
veld van Politieke Wetenskap en deur Mosambiek te analiseer uit die teoretiese blik van Max
Weber, Charles Tilly, Shmuel N. Eistenstadt, en andere, word daar geargumenteer dat daar
verskeie elemente binne die staat is wat tot dié toename in misdaad gelei het. Allereers is die
neo(patrimoniale) kenmerke van die staat, korrupte staatsamptenare, die pluralistiese
regstelsel en algemene gebrek aan publieke vertroue in die regering. Daar word
geargumenteer dat onvolledige post-konflik rekonstruksie, wat 'n tekort aan publieke goedere
soos gesondheidsorg, opvoeding en werk tot gevolg het, tesame met 'n kultuur van die
seksualisering van vroue en diep-gewortelde geslagsongelykheid in die staat, vir kriminele
sindikate geleenthede vir organiseerde misdaad soos mensehandel bied.
In die afgelope jare het positiewe ontwikkelinge gemanifisteer deur die internationale
erkenning van mensehandel en die plaaslike bekragtigings van internationale wette en
protokols om mensehandel te bestry. Alhoewel Mosambiek "The Protocol to Prevent, Supress
and Punish Traffickin in Persons, especially Women and Children" bekragtig het, toon die
studie dat sekere staatsfaktore die uitwissing van mensehandel in Mosambiek moeilik maak.
Die bevindinge van die studie is simbolies van 'n globaliseerde probleem; die bestryding van
transnasionale misdaad berus nie net op internasionale, streek en plaaslike samewerking deur
wette en regulasies nie, maar dit noodsaak ook verhoogde nasionale inspanning om die
grondoorsake van mensehandel te hanteer en om politieke en publieke bewustheid omtrent dié
menseregteskending in die land te verhoog.
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The Impact of Maternal Literacy Skills on Child Weight in MozambiqueWatson, Ashley E N 13 May 2016 (has links)
Background: Infant mortality rate is a serious problem in today’s society. This statistic is often used as one measure of a country’s success and growth. One factor that is strongly associated with infant mortality is low weight in children. In Mozambique, the percentage of underweight children under the age of five was 16% in 2012 (UNICEF, 2013). In order to reduce the number of underweight children in this country, characteristics of caregivers that could potentially contribute to this problem should be investigated. One particularly important characteristic is maternal literacy, which to date has been under investigated.
Objective: This study aimed to determine whether maternal literacy affected the weight and body-mass-index (BMI) of children ages 0 to 3 years old in Mozambique.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 6,762 children between the ages of 0 and 47 months was conducted using the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey for Mozambique. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) procedures with Scheffe post hoc tests were performed in order to identify differences in mean child weight and BMI Z-score in reference to maternal literacy level. The data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software Version 9.4.
Results: 396 (6.05%) of the children in the study sample were found to be underweight and 4467 (58.69%) of mothers were found to be illiterate. There was a statistically significant association between maternal literacy level and the weight and BMI of children between the ages of 0 and 3 years of age. Interestingly, a trend of stronger association was observed for each one-year increase in child age.
Conclusion: Maternal literacy is significantly associated with child weight and BMI. Therefore, prioritizing secondary education for women is one important approach for ameliorating the risk of underweight children. Increased literacy rates in women could lead to better understanding of child nutritional needs, and ultimately, an overall reduction in the number of underweight children.
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Perpetuating hegemony: a critical reflection on social forces shaping Mozambique’s development strategy.Hansen, Mads Uhlin 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The essence of this study is about structural change and how it is affected by competing social forces. My primary aim is to examine the problems and contradictions in Mozambique‟s development strategy and to gain an understanding of how these problems are influenced by the structure of the contemporary world order. A central focus will be on how social forces at various levels influence the way in which development strategy is formed through superior material capabilities, shaping ideas and establishing institutions. The main argument is that the hegemonic neoliberalist ideology has been perpetuated in Mozambique by external social forces and has become the mainstay of the development approach in the country. By acknowledging that theory is used by different social groups for various purposes, I depart from the common assumption of considering the Mozambican development example as a success, and rather ask „for whom it has been a success‟.
The theoretical approach in this study is based on Coxian Critical Theory (CCT) and a significant proportion is dedicated to evaluate Cox‟s works and how he applies his theoretical framework in the analysis of the changing world order. To get a better appreciation for the strengths and weaknesses of CCT, the study will also examine the works of several scholars that use CCT in their studies of social forces in Southern Africa. The case study will be guided by the findings generated by the theoretical evaluation, particularly with regards to the way CCT allows for various points on entry in the analysis.
The case study of Mozambique generated three main conclusions. Firstly, that Frelimo has failed to create a broad based consensus for its ideology among different social forces in Mozambique and that the historic bloc in Mozambique remains fragile. Secondly, that the economic elite in South Africa and the ANC collaborated with Frelimo in structuring the development strategy in Mozambique, and through this collaboration, perpetuated values consistent with the hegemonic neoliberal consensus. Finally, that the prevailing order in Mozambique is strengthened by the involvement of the international community and that structural
change is unlikely to take place without the development of a stronger civil society. The theoretical contribution of the study has been to further support that the logic provided by CCT remains valid in the African context, and that it is highly compatible with other social theories. Furthermore, the study concludes that CCT is particularly compatible with post-colonial theory and social psychology and can be used to address the shortcomings of each other. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sentrale punt van die studie is strukturele verandering en hoe dit beïnvloed word deur mededingende sosiale kragte. Die primêre doel van die tesis is om die probleme en teenstrydighede in Mosambiek se ontwikkelingstrategie te ondersoek en om te verstaan hoe hierdie probleme verband hou met die struktuur van die teenswoordige wêreld-orde. ‟n Belangrike fokus is ook hoe sosiale kragte op verskeie vlakke die wyse waarop ontwikkelingstrategie gevorm word beïnvloed, via besondere materiële vermoeëns, die vorm van idees en die skep van instellings. Die hoof argument is dat „n hegemoniese neoliberale ideologie perpetueer is in Mosambiek deur eksterne sosiale kragte en dat dit sodoende die bakermat van dié land se benadering tot ontwikkeling geword het. Deur te erken dat teorie deur verskillende sosiale groepe vir uiteenlopende redes gebruik word, beweeg ek weg van die algemene aanname, naamlik dat ontwikkeling in Mosambiek as suksesvol beskou kan word. Die vraag moet eerder gestel word, “vir wie is ontwikkeling in Mosambiek „n sukses?”
Die teoretiese benadering in hierdie studie is gegrond op Coxiaanse Kritiese Teorie (CKT) en „n betekenisvolle proporosie van die studie word gewy aan „n evaluering van Cox se benadering en hoe hy dit toepas in „n analise van die veranderende wêreld-orde. Ten einde „n beter waardering daar te stel vir die voor- en nadele van CKT, ondersoek die studie ook die bydraes van „n aantal ander geleerdes wat die benadering gebruik in hul bestudering van sosiale kragte in Suider-Afrika. Die gevalle-studie word gerig deur die bevindinge wat gegenereer word deur hierdie teoretiese evaluering, in die besonder met betrekking tot die manier waarop CKT die gebruik van verskillende invalshoeke tot die analise fasiliteer.
Die Mosambiekse gevalle-studie lewer drie hoof-gevolgtrekkings op. Eerstens, dat FRELIMO nie daarin geslaag het, om „n breë konsensus vir sy ideologiese uitgangspunte onder die verskillende sosiale kragte in die land te skep nie. Derhalwe, is die „historiese blok‟ in Mosambiek kwesbaar. Tweedens, dat die ekonomiesse elite in Suid-Afrika en binne die African National Congress (ANC)
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saamgewerk het met FRELIMO om die ontwikkelingstrategie in Mosambiek te struktureer. In daardie opsig, is waardes perpetueer wat saamhang met die hegemoniese neoliberale konsensus. Laatstens, dat die heersende orde in Mosambiek versterk word deur die betrokkenheid van die internasionale gemeenskap en dat strukturele verandering in dié land onwaarskynlik is sonder die ontwikkeling van „n sterker burgerlike samelewing. Die teoretiese bydrae van die studie ondersteun verder die premis dat CKT geldig bly binne die konteks van Afrika en dat dit versoenbaar is met ander sosiale teorieë. Verder, word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat CKT ook besonder versoenbaar is met post-koloniale teorie en sosiale sielkunde en dat dit gebruik kan word om die tekortkominge in elkeen aan te spreek.
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The effect of dietary L-carntine [i.e. carnitine] supplementation on production performance parameters of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, at sub-optimal water temperatureTekle, Esayas Welday 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 60-day growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Lcarnitine
supplementation on the production performance parameters of Mozambique
tilapia, Oreochromis mosambicus. A number of approximately 140 tilapia fry with
average weight of l.4g ± 0.71g were stocked in each of 40 fine-meshed hapas
(I mx 1mx 1.5m) submerged within a complete recirculation pond system. During the first
30 days of the experiment water temperatures ranged from 19 to 23°C where after it
decreased to 16-20°C for the consecutive 30-day period. Dietary treatments consisted of 8
replicates of 5 levels of L-carnitine supplementation labelled as Co, C250,C500, C750 and
C 1000represented Omg, 250mg, 500mg, 750mg and 1000mg L-carnitine supplementation
per kg feed respectively. Results were analyzed for significant differences using one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's pairwise comparison test for growth rate,
feed intake (FI) and feed conversion efficiency. After completion of the trial 8 fish from
each hapa were sacrificed and analyzed for cephalosomatic index (CSI), dress out
percentage (viscera, gills and head excluded), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and
hepatosomatic index (HSl).
Poor production performance results were generally observed as water temperatures were
sub-optimal, especially during the second 30-days period. Results from the trial indicate
no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments for weight gain, FCR, FI and VS!.
A negative trend was observed for FCR with increasing level of L-carnitine
supplementation for both the first 30-day period (1.50±0.07, 1.53±0.08, 1.58±0.09 and
1.61±0.17 for C250,C50Q,C750and C 1000)as well as for the consecutive lower temperature
30-day period (2.22±0.10, 2.25±0.ll, 2.27±0.28 and 2.29±0.2l for C250, C500, C750 and
C 10(0)'Although statistically not significant, fish fed the C250showed better performance
in dress out percentage weight either than the control or the higher levels. The increasing
trend for head weight with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation were
significant (P<0.05) from Co and C250with and above C500.The decreasing trend for liver
weight with increasing level of L-carnitine supplementation became significant (P<0.05)
with and above C750.The results of the current study showed a trend in the improvement
of L-carnitine on the production performance parameters. However, the natural content of
L-carnitine in the basal diet impaired with the inclusion levels, thus further research at
lower inclusion levels is recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Proef oor 'n tydperk van 60-dae is onderneem om die effek van L-karniten aanvulling
op produksie prestasie parameters van Mosambiek tilapia (0. mosambicusi te ondersoek.
140 tilapia vingerlinge met 'n gemiddelde massa van lAg ± 0.7lg is ewekansig
uitgeplaas in 40 eksperimentele hapa-hokkies (lmxlmx1.5m) in "n hersirkulasie
sementdam-stelsel. Gedurende die eerste 30 dae van die proef het water temperatuur
gewissel tussen 19 to 23°C waarna dit gedaal het na tussen l6-20°C vir die opeenvolgende
30-dag periode. Proef-rantsoen behandelings het bestaan uit 8 herhalings van 5 vlakke
van L-karnitien aanvulling, naamlik Co,C250, C500, C750 en CIOOOvir Omg, 250mg, 500mg,
750mg en 1000mg L-karnitien aanvulling per kg voer afsonderlik. Resultate was ontleed
vir betekenisvolle verskille deur gebruik te maak van analise van variansie (ANOVA)
ontleding en die Tukey se vergelykende toets vir groeitempo, voerinname en
voeromsettingsverhouding. Aan die einde van die proefperiode is 8 visse van elke hapa
ontleed vir liggaamskomponent-samestelling (kop-, ingewande- en hepatosomatiese
indekse.
Ondergemiddelde produksie resultate is waargeneem wat toegeskryf kan word aan
onder-optimale water temperature, veral gedurende die tweede 30-dag periode van die
proef. Proef resultate het geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) in massatoename,
voeromsettingsverhouding (VOV) of visserosomatiese indeks tussen behandelings
getoon nie. 'n Negatiewe neiging is waargeneem vir VOV met toenemende vlakke
van L-kamitien insluiting vir beide die eerste 30 dag periode (1.50±0.07, 1.53±0.08,
1.58±0.09 and 1.61±0.17 for C250, C500, C750 and CIOOO) sowel as vir die opvolgende
30-day periode nie (2.22±0.10, 2.25±0.11, 2.27±0.28 and 2.29±0.21 for C250, C50o,
C750 and CIOOO). 'n Toenemende neiging vir kop-massa met toenemende L-kamitien
insluiting was betekenisvol (P<0.05) vanaf Co en C250 met en hoër as C500. 'n Dalende
neiging vir lewermassa met toenemde L-kinsluiting was betekenisvol (P<0.05) met en
hoër as C750. Resultate van die proef dui oor die algemeen op 'n neiging tot verbeterde
produksie prestasie parameters van tilapia vingerlinge met toenemde insluiting van Lkamitien.
Verdere navorsing word aanbeveel om die invloed van natuurlike Lkamitien
in die proteïen-bronne van die basaalrantsoen te op die gebrek aan
betekenisvolheid van hierdie neiging te verklaar.
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The use of the Brink model to assess Mozambique's political risk before and after major project investmentsMakgatho, Mathane 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mozambique managed to attract a lot of foreign direct investment despite it being one of
the poorest countries in the world and after it has been through a devastating 17 year
civil war. GOP per capita in 1995 was about US$ 144 which was one of the lowest
in the world. The country was faced with enormous challenges and risks in terms of
both country and political risk. Major risks were associated with investment in that
country because of prolonged civil war with no record of macro-economic stability.
Despite these huge challenges, Mozambique managed to attract a lot of investment
with Mozal 1 being the first big project post civil war. This paper analyses and
quantifies where Mozambique was before and after mega projects. This is done by
looking at where Mozambique was before Mozal 1 being the first mega project in the
country post civil war. The analysis is in terms of political risk as it relates to cross
border transactions with specific reference to a number of political risk indicators as
suggested by Brink (2004) that prevailed and how the projects were structured to
minimize risk. A political risk rating is developed for 1995 and 2005 using the Brink
model to check if the project did improve the country's economic health. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mosambiek het daarin geslaag om grootskaalse direkte buitelandse investering te lok ten spyte van sy status as een van die wereld se armste lande en die verwoestende burgeroorlog wat 17 jaar geduur het. Die BBP per capita was ongeveer US$ 144 in 1995, wat dit een van die laagstes in die wereld gemaak het. Die land het enorme uitdagings en risiko's in die gesig gestaar in terme van die land en die politiek. Die hoofrisiko's het met investering verband gehou vanwee die langdurige burgeroorlog en geen makro-ekonomiese stabiliteit in die land se verlede nie. Ondanks hierdie reuse
uitdagings het Mosambiek daarin geslaag om baie investering te lok, waarvan Mozal 1 die eerste megaprojek na die burgeroorlog was. Hierdie tesis analiseer en kwantifiseer
Mosambiek se posisie voor en na megaprojekte. Dit is gedoen deur te kyk na hoe
Mosambiek daar uitgesien het voor Mozal 1. Die analise is in terme van die verband
tussen politieke risiko en oorgrenstransaksies gedoen. Daar word spesifiek verwys na 'n
aantal aanwysers van politieke risiko, soos voorgestel deur Brink (2004), wat geheers
het en hoe projekte gestruktureer is om risiko te verminder. 'n Gradering van politieke
risiko is vir 1995 en 2005 aan die hand van Brink se model ontwikkel om te kontroleer of
die projek die land se ekonomiese gesondheid verbeter het.
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Bergbau in Mosambik - Steinkohlenbergbau in Vergangenheit und GegenwartKrauße, Armin 29 July 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Erfahrungsbericht zum Steinkohlenbergbau in Mosambik: Die Republik Mosambik ist ein schwach entwickeltes Agrarland mit einer bescheidenen Verarbeitungsindustrie, vorwiegend in den Hafenstädten, und einer Infrastruktur, die viele Wünsche offenlässt. Reich ist das Land an unterschiedlichen Rohstoffen. Neben Vorkommen an NE-Metallen, Tantal, Halbedelsteinen und Erdöl sind die umfangreichen Steinkohlenlagerstätten vor allem in der Provinz Tete am Sambesi zu nennen, die jedoch bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts nur in sehr bescheidenem Umfang erschlossen waren.
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Scandinavian Aid for Whose Pockets? : A minor field study on Scandinavian donors' collaboration with the private sector in MozambiqueKölegård, Caroline January 2015 (has links)
This study explores the relation between Scandinavian donor private sector development and collaboration (PSD/PSC) policies and recipients of the support in Mozambique. It seeks to understand how such relations function in the complex local political and business environment. The study departs in theory regarding hybrid regimes and private sector development, and an analytical framework is designed as a model for relations based on theories on state-business relations and aid effectiveness. The material was gathered during a two-months field study where interviews were carried out with key actors of development cooperation such as embassy staff, fund managers and local entrepreneurs. The study finds that several PSC tools are shaped according to a western point of view and not always well adjusted to the local Mozambican context. It also finds that the design of the policies in many cases produces a high entrance barrier to Mozambican entrepreneurs, why most recipients are essentially foreign business people.
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Riches from rags or persistent poverty? : inequality in the transnational second-hand clothing trade in MozambiqueBrooks, Andrew January 2012 (has links)
One of the understudied geographies of the world economy is the large-scale export of second-hand clothing form the global North to Africa. The consumption and re-use 0 clothing traces a transnational gradient of inequality between the rich and poor. This thesis examines the (re )production of second-hand clothing commodities in Britain, the international economic geographies of the used-clothing trade and the labour activities of African market traders. Coordinated and non-integrated patterns of trade are investigated through a theoretical approach which draws upon Fine's 'system of provision' analysis from heterodox economics and connects this to existing commodity studies approaches in geography. Within global second-hand clothing networks there are differential power relations between charities, companies and individuals. The socially and historically embedded roles of British charities and firms in the collection, processing and export of second-hand clothing are introduced. This is connected to the main empirical exploration of the downstream social and economic impacts of second- hand clothing imports in Africa. Linkages are made across the new and used clothing sectors and in the relationships between the decline of clothing industries across Africa, economic liberalisation and the growth of used-clothing imports. Patterns of import are investigated, with specific reference to Mozambique, where Indian merchants control distribution. Second-hand clothing markets are widespread in African urban centres and retail activities in Maputo are examined in-depth drawing upon twelve months of ethnographic research. Through specific social formations market traders have precarious livelihoods. Incomes do not provide opportunities for Mozambicans to progress out of poverty. By examining different processes at various locations in the international economy, it is demonstrated how it is not second-hand clothes which create economic relationships, but definite social relations between people.
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Improvement of power transfer in an existing power system by means of series and shunt compensation10 March 2010 (has links)
M.Phil. / The Motraco transmission system is a classical case illustrating the increase in power transfer of a network considering the possibility of a voltage collapse. This case study was used in the dissertation to find a techno-economical solution for the Motraco system to increase the power transfer to satisfy an additional load. The Motraco power system is operating close to a voltage collapse at present. A voltage collapse will be experienced if additional load is added at the Maputo substation. The possibility of a voltage collapse can be reduced if the power transfer capability of the Motraco power system is increased. Various technologies can be used to increase the power transfer of the Motraco power system. The technologies used in this study to increase the power transfer were limited to the following: • Adding shunt capacitor banks at critical locations in the network • Adding a series capacitor bank on an existing 400 kV transmission line • Adding an additional 400 kV transmission line • Adding a series capacitor bank on the new 400 kV transmission line The correct use of the combination of the shunt capacitor banks, series capacitor bank and the new transmission line contributes to: • support voltages in the network; • reduce the transmission losses; and • increase the fault levels at the receiving end. The principles used in this dissertation can be used to increase the power transfer limit of any power system with the same characteristics.
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