Mozambique is a semi-arid area with unreliable rainfall distribution; therefore optimal planting dates are critical to ensure that maize is not stressed during critical stages. The objective of this research was to study the effect of sowing date and cultivar on maize (Zea mays L.) yields in Mozambique. A further objective was to establish whether the SWB model could be utilized to help select the optimum planting window for different maize cultivars and localities. An experiment was conducted during the 2007/08 season at the Chókwè Agricultural Research Station, Mozambique, in which a short (or early cultivar, Changalane) and long (or late) season maize cultivar (Tsangano) were sown on three different dates: 5 December 2007 (PD1), 25 December 2007 (PD2) and 15 January 2008 (PD3). Sowing date had a significant effect (p<0.05) on yield and yield components. The 25 December planting (PD2) out yielded (4.3 t ha-1) the 5 December (PD1) (2.5 t ha-1,) and 15 January (PD3) (1.5 t ha-1) plantings for cv. Changalane. However, for cv. Tsangano, PD1 (3.2 t ha-1) out yielded PD2 (2.3 t ha-1) and PD3 (0.7 t ha-1). Cultivars varied significantly in yield potential. The most responsive cultivar to water supply was Changalane, which when planted late in December (PD2), gave a water productivity (WP) of 17 kg ha-1 mm-1, while Tsangano, the late cultivar, performed better when planted early in December (PD1), with a WP of 8.5 kg ha-1 mm-1 The Soil Water Balance (SWB) model was calibrated on the data from one planting date per cultivar and successfully validated on independent data sets from the other two planting dates. Long-term historical weather data sets were obtained for Chókwè and Umbeluzi, two important dry land maize production areas in Mozambique. The calibrated SWB model was used to simulate maize yields for different planting dates to establish the best planting date for different cultivar x plant date x soil combinations. Simulation results for the two cultivars across three planting dates showed that the simulated grain yields per planting date varied substantially from year to year and between the two sites. The SWB scenario simulation results showed that for both Umbeluzii and Chókwè sites, in four out of five years, best yields can be achieved by planting Changalane late in December and Tsangano early in December. It can be concluded that the SWB model can be a very useful tool to help select the most suitable maize cultivars and planting dates for different localities, based on differences in plant water availability during the growing season. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Magister Artium - MA / This study questions why domestic work that is generally considered a feminine job is yet a field dominated by men in the city of Nampula, Mozambique. In the attempt to explain this phenomenon, the research explores economic, social and cultural aspects. Due to the fact that Nampula is a province with a strong Islamic presence and the majority of the population identify themselves as belonging to the Makhuwa ethnic group—which is traditionally defined by a matrilinear kinship system—I argue that the domestic sector remaines masculinised because of the influence of the matrilinear values and gendered practices. I also argue that the Islamic patriarchal values play a decisive role as men see themselves as the exclusive family providers and for that reason forbid their wives to develop and to get engaged in economic activities outside the household. This study also explores notions of masculinity in connection with domestic work and examines how male domestic workers, coming from rural areas and employed in the city, perceive and perform their masculine identities. How does the job of the domestic worker shape particular understandings of masculinity? Given the fact that many domestic workers in Nampula are immigrant people from the rural areas of the Zambézia province, I argue that migrating and working in the city is considered as a way to achieve a manhood as immigrants have access to goods that can only be purchased in urban contexts and are scarce in the villages. The access to all these “modern” commodities and the experience of the city make the immigrant young boys to gain respect in their original communities.

Domestic violence has long been studied as a factor in health issues, specifically chronic illness and mental health issues. However, less research has been conducted concerning domestic violence as a risk factor for certain infectious diseases. Mozambique has alarmingly high rates of both domestic violence and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The object of this research is to ascertain if there is link between women who suffer from domestic violence and risk of being HIV positive. The data used for this analysis was obtained from a 2018 survey conducted in Mozambique by the Department of Health Surveys (DHS). The data was cleaned to remove any observations that did not contain responses to relevant questions surrounding domestic violence and HIV positivity. The final population used for analysis was 2125 individuals. During analysis, age was identified as a possible confounder, and was included in analysis as well as in the final logistic model. A chi squared test was performed which indicated that a relationship exists between Domestic Violence and HIV Positivity (p=.0003). A second chi squared test also indicated a relationship between Age and HIV Positivity (p=

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / ‘A Visual Struggle for Mozambique. Revisiting narratives, interpreting photographs (1850 – 1930)’ is a study that requires an engagement with the historiography of the Portuguese empire, with reference to Mozambique. This is initially to provide some context for the East African situation in which photography began to feature in the mid- to late 19th century. But the other purpose is to see what impact the inclusion of visual archives has on the existing debates concerning Portuguese colonialism in Mozambique, and elsewhere. The rationale for this study, therefore, is to see what difference photographs will make to our interpretation and understanding of this past. The central issue is the ‘visual struggle’ undertaken to explore and dominate the territory of Mozambique. Deprived of their ‘historical rights’ by the requirements of the Berlin Treaties that insisted on ‘effective occupation’, the Portuguese started to employ a complex of knowledge-producing activities in which photography was crucially involved. Constituting part of the Pacification Campaigns that led to the territorial occupation, photographic translations of action taken to control the different regions in fact define the southern, central and northern regions of the country. The chapters propose ways to analyze photographs that cover issues related to different forms of knowledge construction. The resulting detail sometimes diverges from expectations associated with their archival history, such as the name of the photographers and exact dates, which are often unavailable.1 In discussing processes of memorialization, the thesis argues that memory is fragile. The notion of ellipsis is applied to enrich the potential narratives of the photographs. The thesis reads them against the grain in search of counter-narratives, underpinned by the concept of ‘visual dissonances’, which challenges the official history or stories attached to the photographs. Besides a participation in the general debates about the work of photography in particular, this research is driven by the need to find new ways to access the history of Mozambique. Ultimately the project will facilitate these photographic archives to re-enter public awareness, and help to promote critical approaches in the arts and humanities in this part of southern Africa.

Brucella canis causes canine brucellosis in dogs inducing mainly contagious abortion. Diagnosis of B. canis is based on bacterial isolation that is timeconsuming and inconsistent; serological tests (more than one test) that is ambiguous and lacks specificity; and PCR that may lack sensitivity as bacteraemia may not be constant. Since bacteraemia of B. canis develops 7-30 days after infection, often resulting in a sustained bacteraemia, PCR was investigated for the detection of B. canis in whole blood of dogs. The PCR sensitivity was validated to detect 3.8 fg Brucella DNA mixed with dog DNA as well as 1 x 102 cfu/ml B. canis in dog blood (mock infection) using primers (ITS66 and ITS279) that amplifies the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (ITS) region. The PCR assay for the detection of B. canis in whole blood samples was compared with bacterial isolation, serological tests, which include the rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT), 2-mercaptoethanol RSAT (2ME-RSAT) and imunochromatographic assay (ICA). These techniques were used to test 56 dog samples obtained from the Michangulene and Mafavuca villages at the municipality of Changalane, in District of Namaacha in Maputo, Mozambique for B. canis. No B. canis was isolated from dog blood using the classical microbiology isolation and PCR. A sample was only presumed positive if both the 2ME-RSAT and ICA tested positive. None of the samples in this study tested positive using this criterion for serological testing. Results of this study indicated that B. canis was not present in the 56 dogs sampled in the Maputo region of Mozambique using bacteriology, PCR and serological tests (RSAT, 2ME-RSAT and ICA). Due to the discrepancy between serological tests we cannot conclude that B. canis is not present in the Maputo region of Mozambique. In future the accuracy of the serological tests, bacteriology and PCR assay should be assessed using experimentally infected B. canis dogs over a period followed by a surveillance study in Mozambique that includes urine, semen and blood samples collected from dogs. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / Unrestricted

The Incomati River Estuary is prone to pollutants from anthropogenic activities such as agricultural and industrial activities in the upper catchments. The main aim of the study was to use free-living nematodes as pollution indicators in the Incomati River Estuary. The main objectives were to determine the relationship between nematodes assemblage and environmental variables, and to identify environmental factors that play a role in nematodes community structuring. Lastly, it was to identify free-living nematode genera that can be used as pollution indicators in the Incomati River Estuary. Four sites were selected following the salinity gradient of the Incomati River Estuary. Site E1 with a salinity range of 0-3NST (Oligohaline Zone), E2 with a salinity 3-5NST (Euhaline Zone), E3 with a salinity 6-18NST (Mesohaline Zone), and E4 with 20-27 NST (Polyhaline Zone) were selected and monitored bi-monthly from June 2017 to April 2018. Two sediments samples were collected per site during neap tide using a handheld perplex corer which was 1m long with a 3.6 diameter and 10cm penetration height. Plastic bottles with a height of 13cm and a diameter of 7cm were used to store the sediment samples. One of the two sediment samples was used for free-living nematodes, and the other bottle was used for the analysis of environmental factors. All environmental factors were analysed at Labserve Laboratory, Mbombela Town, Mpumalanga Province. Sediment particle size and organic matter analyses were done following the procedure set by Parker (1983) and Buchanan (1971) respectively. Metal analysis was done following the procedure used by Gyedu-Ababio et al.1999. Nutrients were done using different methods. For nitrates (NO3) analysis, a copper cadmium method by Bate and Heelas, 1975 was used, while a method designed by Strickland and Parson, 1972 was used to analyse orthophosphate. A mixed acid digestion procedure of Oles and Dean 1965 was followed for total phosphate. A method by Lorenzen and Jeffrey, 1980 was used for the analysis of chlorophyll-a. Heterotrophic bacteria analysis were done following a procedure by (Atlas, 1997). Nematodes were extracted using a method by Furstenberg et al.1978, with sucrose as a separating agent. Nematodes were counted following a procedure by Giere, 1993. Nematodes feeding types were investigated using Wieser, 1953 procedure. Different statistical packages including PRIMER version 6 were used to analyse the data. A Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis indicated a similarity between sites E1 (Oligohaline Zone) and E2 (Euhaline Zone), and between site E3 (Mesohaline Zone) and E4 (Polyhaline Zone) which was attributed to similar sediment particle sizes distribution within the sites. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) of sediments particle size between the sites. The highest concentration of metals was found at site E2 which was situated in the Euhaline Zone, whilst the second highest concentration was found at site E1 which was situated in the Oligohaline Zone. A PERMANOVA analysis indicated that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) of Metal concentration between sites sampled. The PCA analyses indicated that there was a positive correlation between Metals and Sediment Particle Size such as Granules. It was observed that sediment particle size and organic matter influenced the distribution of metals in the Estuary. The highest concentration of chlorophyll-a and nitrates (NO3) were found at site E3 which was situated in the Mesohaline Zone, and the second highest was found at site E4 which was situated in the Polyhaline Zone. There was a positive correlation between Heterotrophic bacteria and environmental factors such as zinc, fine sand, very fine sand and mud. This indicated that certain metals and sediment particles size played a role in structuring food source for meiofauna, especially nematodes. The number of free-living nematodes were found to decrease towards site E1. This indicated that salinity influenced the diversity and density of free-living nematodes in the estuary. Site E2 had the lowest diversity and richness followed by site E1. The lower diversity, richness and Maturity Index at site E2 and E1 indicated that these sites were under stress. A Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis indicated that there was a spatio-temporal variation of diversity and density of free-living nematodes in the estuary. All four nematodes feeding types were found in the Estuary and feeding type 1B was the dominant feeding type at the sites, followed by feeding type 2A. The highest number of feeding type 1B (non-selective deposit feeders) was identified at site E2. The life strategy characterisation (colonizer- persisters) indicated that site E2 was dominated by colonizer and intermediate genera (c-p 2 and 3), which indicated that the site was under stress. The study found that genera such as Terschellingia and Theristus were pollution indicators because they were found in higher abundance at a site that was mostly polluted by metals, organic matter, and total phosphate. Further studies in other River Estuaries in South Africa and SADC should be undertaken to add to the findings of the current study. / Environmental Studies / Ph. D. (Environmental Sciences)

Terrorism emerged in northern Mozambique in 2017 and is ostensibly attributed to Muslim militants. The first attacks occurred on 5 October 2017 in Mocimboa da Praia town in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado. The group known as ‘Ansar al-Sunnah’ or ‘Al-Shabaab’ appears to be inspired by international terrorist clerics and followers, specifically from Tanzania, such as Sheik Aboud Rogo. These individuals share similar aspirations, including the rejection of Western education and the establishment of Sharia law. The Islamic State Central Africa Province has claimed responsibility for the attacks. This was the first spate of attacks since the guerrilla offensive during the anti-colonial war in the 1960s, as well as attacks by Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) members during the Mozambican civil war. Since October 2017, 900 people have been killed and by 21 March 2020, over 80 attacks and 100 deaths had occurred. The aim of this research paper was to account for the re-emergence of terrorism in northern Mozambique, through the relationship of at least two causal factors. The research problem was that most of the literature on terrorism presents a one-sided explanation to account for its cause; the focus is on armed groups or their militants, while ignoring the many ways in which states (through governance, in particular) can influence the re-emergence of terrorism. The two key components of the re-emergence of terrorism in northern Mozambique — an enabling environment and the northern Mozambicans’ history of conflict and specifically terrorism — therefore show that literature centred on single religious and socio-economic causes of terrorism is discredited. The re-emergence of terrorism in northern Mozambique challenges the explanation that terrorism is attributed to a single cause. This research identified a gap in the literature. It pertained to the state’s role in facilitating and/or providing the breeding ground or enabling environment for terrorism. This research’s argument was twofold. Firstly, terrorism is not attributed to a single causal factor. Secondly, ignoring the state’s role in providing a breeding ground for terrorism is problematic. Therefore, the re-emergence of terrorism in northern Mozambique is likely to stem from the state’s inability to secure its people adequately, providing personal, community, political and economic security through effective governance practices. This research argued that when governments are ineffective in the provision of basic security and economic needs for their citizenry, ‘basic human insecurity’ is a result and thus contributes to the re-emergence of terrorism. Ultimately, poor governance, poor economic development, corruption and lack of human rights are ‘push factors’ towards terrorism. The locals are left feeling discontented and marginalised by government, which creates grievances as a stepping-stone towards terrorism in the north. Ultimately, the culmination of a history of conflict (including specifically terrorism), poor governance practices, and the influence of regional militants not only creates an insecure environment in the north, but establishes the region as an enabling environment for terrorism. / Mini Dissertation (MA (Security Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Political Sciences / MA (Security Studies) / Unrestricted

Commemoratives sites, as the term might suggest, are most often evaluated in the transitional justice literature in relationship to time. Scholars debate if and to what extent commemorative sites can leverage history and memory in service of peace, justice, and/or reconciliation. Alternatively, these same spaces have been critiqued as counterproductive to the transitional cause. They are constant reminders of trauma, hollow gestures, and continually vulnerable to politicization as the powerful attempt to manipulate history in service of a particular narrative. While these debates remain relevant, commemorative sites are not just analogs of memory, they are also public or communal spaces. Commemorative sites are a unique mechanism in transitional justice for their physicality, and as such, should be evaluated for their spatial qualities. This study uses planning/design literature to offer a new analytical lens to the study of commemorative sites as transitional approach. Based on observational, archival and interview case study evidence in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and Inhambane province in Mozambique, I argue that a commemorative site is more than just the product of its narration. It represents the evolution and potential of the spatial landscape in post-conflict life. In both South Africa and Mozambique, the ability to create and/or use these kinds of spaces implicate critical sociopolitical relationships for transitioning societies, particularly dynamics of ownership. Individuals and communities become stakeholders in the political system as they are empowered to or prohibited from leaving a fingerprint on the (re)design and function of their physical environment. These same consumers continue to control how such spaces are used and to what end. They can be places of gathering, exchange, interaction, confrontation, and debate, or they can be left unused and idle. Whether through assertion or acknowledgement, commemorative sites serve as a living expression of ownership over the built and natural environment. The practice of commemoration is of course highly variable across the cases outlined in the following chapters, but the question of space is hugely consequential, sometimes even superseding concerns of memory and heritage. The spatial politics of commemorative sites can be constructive or conflictual, but is exemplary of how the design and use of commemorative spaces is a layered political project and suggestive of the way in which commemorative sites might serve as a more sophisticated or holistic approach to transitional justice.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1992. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Development in the world and particularly in South Africa has resulted in change. This presents new opportunities and challenges to today's managers and entrepreneurs. As a result of our local political reform process, together with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the general deterioration of communistic ideologies, south Africans are experiencing a growing acceptance back into the world and neighbouring African communities. south African businessmen are faced with opportunities in foreign countries, especially neighbouring African countries, with South Africa cited as the key to Africa. The problem South African managers face, is how to evaluate opportunities in a neighbouring African country and to ascertain the type of trading conditions in that country. After eighteen years of communistic rule and ten years of civil war Mozambique is amongst the poorest countries in the world. World aid programs have come to the country's assistance, introducing economic recovery programs as well as replacing the out-dated socialistic ideas with western style free market principles. Although the country is suffering the effects of an ongoing civil war, indications are that a peace settlement is imminent. The Mozambique government has .introduced an attractive foreign investment package which is aimed at attracting foreign capital. A first impression indicates that this country is ready for foreign investment and exploitation, but is it? This research proj ect firstly evaluates existing feasibility models in an attempt to find a suitable model to assess the feasibility of investing in a clay brickworks located in Mozambique. Failing to find such a feasibility model, a suitable model is then presented. The feasibility model presented takes a holistic approach, acknowledging that first world structures, such as a financial or transportational infrastructure, should not be assumed to exist. The model is divided into two parts, the first evaluating the macro parameters of the country and the second evaluating the micro parameters or specifics of the opportunity. The assessment of macro parameters is divided into five sections, namely, socio- cultural, political, economic, technological and physical parameters. After the completion of each section parameters are summarised and graded. At the end of the macro parameters, an interim evaluation is required to assess whether the country is favourable for investment. If the investor believes the country is ready for investment, the following section covering the micro parameters is investigated. If, however, the investor believes that the country is not suitable for investment then further analysis is suspended. The second section which covers the micro parameters is also divided into five sections, namely, financial, manufacturing, proposed infrastructure, marketing and personnel parameters. These parameters cover the project specifically and are similar to those of a normal business plan. Following this analysis, a final evaluation is done culminating in a decision on whether the project is feasible or not . In applying this model to evaluate the feasibility of establishing a clay brickworks in Mozambique, the researchers concluded at the interim evaluation that it was premature to invest in a clay brickworks in Mozambique . This type of investment might only become attractive after a peace settlement were reached between the government and the resistance movement and with the restoration of the country's infrastructure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkeling wereldwyd, en veral in Suid-Afrika, het verandering meegebring. Dit stel nuwe geleenthede en uitdagings aan vandag se bestuurders en entrepreneurs. Na aanleiding van veranderinge in die politieke bestel in Suid-Afrika, die verbrokkeling van die Sowjet-Unie en die verlies van geloofwaardigheid van die kommunistiese ideologie, beleef Suid-Afrika toenemende aanvaarbaarheid in die wereld asook met sy naburige Afrika lande. Nuwe geleenthede buitelands en veral in die naburige Afrika lande, word nou aan besigheidslui in Suid-Afrika gebied, derhalwe word Suid- Afrika gesien as die sleutel tot Afrika. Die probleem wat Suid-Afrikaanse bestuurders tans in die gesig staar, is die evaluasie van lewensvatbare geleenthede in 'n naburige Afrika land en om die handelstoestande te bepaal waaronder hulle sal moet funksioneer. Na agtien jaar van kommunistiese heerskappy en tien jaar van burgeroorloe is Mosambiek een van die armste lande ter wereld. Buitelandse noodlenigingsprogramme het tot die land se redding gekom met die daarstel van ekonomiese herstel programme sowel as die vervanging van sosialistiese idees met 'n Westerse vryemarkstelsel. Alhoewel Mosambiek nog swaar gebuk gaan onder burgeroorloe, is daar wel aanduidings dat 'n vredesooreenkoms onafwendbaar is. Die Mosambiekse regering bied tans aantreklike beleggingspakkette aan wat hoofsaaklik gerig is op die buitelandse belegger. Die eerste indrukke wat gelaat word, is dat Mosambiek gereed is vir buitelandse belegging en ontginning. Die vraag is, is dit wel so? Hierdie navorsingsprojek evalueer eerstens bestaande uitvoerbaarheidsmodelle ten einde 'n toepaslike model te vind om die uitvoerbaarheid te bepaal van investering in 'n kleibaksteenfabriek in Mosambiek. Die uitvoerbaarheidsmodel wat hier voorgestel word, neem 'n holistiese benadering aan, met die erkenning dat elemente soos die finansiele- en vervoer-infrastruktuur nie noodwendig tans bestaan nie. Die model is verdeel in twee dele waarvan die eerste die makro- parameters van die land evalueer, en die tweede die mikra-parameters, of spesifieke besonderhede aangaande die geleentheid. Die evaluering van makro- parameters word opgedeel in vyf afdelings, naamlik, die sosio-kulturele, politiese, ekonomiese, tegnologiese en fisiese parameters. Na voltooiing van elke afdeling word 'n kort opsomming en gradering gedoen. Aan die einde van die deel wat handel oor makro-parameters, is daar 'n tussentydse evaluasie gedoen om te bepaal of die land gunstig is vir beleggings. As die belegger glo dat die land gereed is vir belegging, word die volgende afdeling, naamlik mikro-parameters, ondersoek. Indien die belegger egter van mening is dat die land nie geskik is vir beleggings nie, word die ontleding na die eerste gedeelte gestaak. Die tweede afdeling, wat na mikro-parameters verwys, word ook in vyf sub- afdelings opgedeel, naamlik, finansieel, vervaardiging, voorgestelde infrastruktuur, bemarking en personeel parameters. Hierdie parameters is soortgelyk aan 'n gewone besigheidsplan en is omvattend en spesifiek. Hierdie ontleding word gevolg deur 'n finale evaluasie wat uitloop op 'n besluit of die projek uitvoerbaar is of nie. Deur middel van die toepassing van hierdie model om die lewensvatbaarheid van die vestiging van 'n kleibaksteenfabriek in Mosambiek te evalueer, het die navorsers in die tussentydse ontleding getoon dat so 'n belegging nie op hierdie stadium lewensvatbaar sal wees nie. 'n Belegging sal moontlik aantreklik wees nadat daar ' n vredesooreenkoms bereik word tussen die regering en die weerstandsbeweging, en met die herstel van die land se infrastruktuur.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A case study in miombo woodlands was carried out in Pindanganga and MOFLOR forest concession, Gondola and Dondo Districts respectively, in the centre of Mozambique, to analyse the impact of alternative forest management regimes and sectoral and extra sectoral policies on the well being of stakeholders and conservation of the woodlands. A system dynamics model, MIOMBOSIM, based on game theory and implemented in POWERSIM was developed. The analysis is based on a simulation model of the fluctuation over time of the human population, forest dynamics, harvesting costs of the private sector, household consumption, commercial outputs and prices (timber, charcoal, non timber forest products and domestic animals), using data from field surveys and the literature. It also simulated the effects over time of changes in charcoal production efficiency, sales amount and marketing prices of NTFPs, agricultural output prices, off-miombo greater employment availability and a combination between the changes (simultaneous increase in marketing prices ofNTFPs and agricultural output prices, simultaneous increase in charcoal production efficiency and agricultural output prices, and simultaneous increase in off-miombo greater employment availability and agricultural output prices). The modelling approach chosen allows to evaluate management regimes taking into account the different stakeholder interests, which are often conflicting. This study shows that improvement in the well being of stakeholders and resource conservation can be achieved with sound forest management practices. There is no management regime capable of fully satisfying the goals of the stakeholders. The cooperative management option is potentially beneficial to local communities if properly implemented and can improve the rural livelihoods and the woodland resources condition. It also shows that regulated forest management regimes incorporating social concerns or incorporating social and environmental concerns are potentially more beneficial to the household sector than the open access regime. Results found in the study show that an increase by 10% and 30% on charcoal production efficiency can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector by 3.0 to more than 100%, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). An increase by 100% in the sales amount or 100% increase in market selling prices of NTFPs can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector. An increase in agricultural output selling prices by 25% without any other incentive leads to agricultural expansion. An increase by 100% in off-miembo employment opportunities in the study areas has an insignificant impact on resource use and conservation for the local communities due to the very low employment opportunities currently in place (0.008% in Pindanganga and 0.005% in MOFLOR area). A combination of these two policies instruments under ceteris paribus condition can improve the well being of the rural communities depending on the management regime option, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). The ranking of the management regime can change depending on the policy instrument applied. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Gevalle-studie is in Miombo boomveld in Pindanganga en MOFLOR, onderskeidelik in die Gondola en Dondo Distrikte in die sentrale deel van Mosambiek, uitgevoer om die impak van alternatiewe bosbestuursisteme en sektorale en ekstra-sektorale beleide op die welstand van belanghebbendes (stakeholders) en bewaring van die boomveld te ontleed. 'n Sisteem-dinamika model, MIOMBOSIM, gebaseer op spel teorie (game theory) en ge-implementeer in POWERSIM, was ontwikkel. Die analise is gebaseer op 'n simulasie-model van die fluktuasie oor tyd van die plaaslike bevolking, bosdinamika, oestingskostes van die private sektor, huishoudelike verbruik, kommersiële uitsette en pryse (hout, houtskool, nie-hout produkte en huishoudelike diere), deur data van veldopnames en uit die literatuur te gebruik. Die invloede oor tyd in veranderinge in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie, verkoopsvlakke en markpryse van nie-hout produkte, landbou uitsetpryse, beskikbare indiensneming buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede, en 'n kombinasie tussen die veranderinge, is ook gesimuleer. Die gekose modelleringsbenadering het dit moontlik gemaak om die bosbestuursisteme te evalueer met inagneming van die verskillende en dikwels teenstrydige behoeftes van die belanghebbendes. Die studie het getoon dat verbetering In die welstand van die belanghebbendes en hulpbronbewaring bereik kan word met gesonde bosbestuurspraktyke. Geeneen van die bosbestuursisteme kan die doelwitte van die belanghebbendes ten volle bevredig nie. Die kooperatiewe bestuursopsie is potensieel voordelig vir die plaaslike gemeeskappe indien behoorlik ge-implementeer, en kan die landelike lewensbestaan sowel as die toestand van die boomveld as hulpbron verbeter. Gereguleerde bosbestuursisteme wat sosiale belange of sosialeomgewingsbelange insluit, is potensieel meer voordelig vir die huishoudelike sektor as die vrye toegangsisteem (open access regime). Resultate van die studie het getoon dat 'n toename van onderskeidelik 10% and 30% in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie kan lei tot 'n toename in per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor van 3.0% tot meer as 100%, maar kan nie lei tot 'n vebetering bokant die armoedevlak nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). 'n Toename van 100% in die hoeveelheid verkope of 'n 100% toename in die markverkoopsprys van nie-hout produkte kan lei tot 'n toename in die per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor. 'n Toename in die landbou uitsetverkoopspryse met 25% sonder enige ander insentiewe lei tot landbou-uitbreiding. 'n 100% Toename in indiensnemingsgeleenthede buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede in die studiegebiede het onbeduidende impakte op hulpbrongebruik en bewaring vir die plaaslike gemeenskappe as gevolg van baie lae huidige indiensnemingsgeleenthede (0.008% in Pindanganga en 0.005% in MOFLOR). 'n Kombinasie van die twee beleidsinstrumente onder toestande van ceteris paribus kan die welstand van die landelike gemeenskappe verbeter afhangende van die bestuursisteemopsie, maar kan nie die armoedsvlak oorskry nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). Die rangorde van die bestuursisteem kan verander afhangende van watter beleidsinstrument toegepas word.