Στην παρούσα διατριβή εξετάστηκε η δυνατότητα χρήσης της σιδηραλούμινας, του προϊόντος που προέρχεται από την επεξεργασία της ερυθράς ιλύος, ως πρώτη ύλη και ως πρόσθετο στη διεργασία παραγωγής τσιμέντου. Η ερυθρά ιλύς αποτελεί το παραπροϊόν της επεξεργασίας του βωξίτη για την παραγωγή αλούμινας μέσω της διεργασίας Bayer. Αποτελείται από το τμήμα του βωξίτη που δεν αντιδρά, το τμήμα του βωξίτη που έχει αντιδράσει προς το σχηματισμό άλλων ενώσεων, από συστατικά που εισάγονται στη διεργασία και από τα υδροξείδια του αργιλίου που δεν ανακτώνται. Η απομάκρυνση του νερού από την ερυθρά ιλύ έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την παραγωγή ενός στερεού υπολείμματος, της σιδηραλούμινας. Αν και υπάρχουν αρκετές διαθέσιμες τεχνολογίες για απομάκρυνση του νερού, η χρήση πρέσας φίλτρων υψηλής πίεσης συγκεντρώνει πολλά προτερήματα. Η μελέτη απομάκρυνσης του νερού πραγματοποιήθηκε σε μια εργαστηριακής κλίμακας πρέσα φίλτρων, όπου και διαπιστώθηκε ότι είναι δυνατή η παραγωγή στερεού υπολείμματος (κέικ) με περιεκτικότητα ~35% σε νερό. Η έρευνα επεκτάθηκε σε πιλοτικής κλίμακας πρέσα φίλτρων όπου εξετάστηκαν περισσότερες παράμετροι, όπως ο τύπος του φίλτρου και το υλικό από το οποίο είναι φτιαγμένο. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι είναι δυνατή η παραγωγή στερεού υπολείμματος με σταθερό ποσοστό υγρασίας μεταξύ 27% και 32% και πυκνότητα περίπου 2g/cm3, οδηγώντας στην εγκατάσταση μιας βιομηχανικής πρέσας φίλτρων υψηλής πίεσης, η οποία λειτουργεί από την αρχή του 2006 με επιτυχία στο «Αλουμίνιο της Ελλάδας». Η χημική ανάλυση της σιδηραλούμινας καταδεικνύει ότι πρόκειται για ένα υλικό που μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σαν δευτερεύουσα πρώτη ύλη στην βιομηχανία τσιμέντου ως φορέας σιδήρου. Η μελέτη της καταλληλότητάς της πραγματοποιήθηκε με το σχεδιασμό μιγμάτων πρώτων υλών για την παραγωγή τσιμέντου τύπου Portland στα οποία η σιδηραλούμινα συμμετείχε σε ποσοστά έως 5%κ.β. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι τα παραγόμενα με σιδηραλούμινα τσιμέντα παρουσιάζουν ίδια ποιοτικά ορυκτολογική σύσταση με το αντίστοιχο αναφοράς ενώ οι φυσικές τους ιδιότητες όπως η απαίτηση σε νερό και ο χρόνος πήξης βρίσκονται στα ίδια επίπεδα. Όσον αφορά στις μηχανικές τους ιδιότητες, οι τιμές που ελήφθησαν κατατάσσουν όλα τα τσιμέντα στην κατηγορία των 42.5N. Ειδικότερα τα τσιμέντα με σιδηραλούμινα κατατάσσονται σε υψηλότερη κατηγορία (52.5N) λόγω των αυξημένων πρώιμων αντοχών (2 ημερών). Τέλος, τα παραγόμενα με σιδηραλούμινα τσιμέντα έδειξαν ότι απελευθερώνουν μεγαλύτερη ποσότητα υδατοδιαλυτού χρωμίου από το τσιμέντο αναφοράς, απόρροια του υψηλότερου αρχικού φορτίου ολικού χρωμίου που περιέχουν. Οι βιομηχανικές δοκιμές που ακολούθησαν στις βιομηχανίες ΤΙΤΑΝ και ΑΓΕΤ ΗΡΑΚΛΗΣ έδειξαν ότι η προσθήκη σιδηραλούμινας σε επίπεδα 2.7%κ.β οδηγεί σε βελτίωση της εψησιμότητας του μίγματος λόγω της μείωσης του πυριτικού δείκτη. Επίσης η προσθήκη σιδηραλούμινας προς αντικατάσταση του χρησιμοποιούμενου πυρίτη στο μίγμα οδήγησε στη μείωση των ιχνοστοιχείων Mn, Pb, Zn και Cu στο μίγμα ενώ αύξησε το ποσοστό του Cr. Τα αποτελέσματα για το παραγόμενο κλίνκερ έδειξαν ότι η προσθήκη δεν επηρέασε ποιοτικά τις σχηματιζόμενες ορυκτολογικές φάσεις ενώ οι αντοχές που παρουσίασαν τα παραγόμενα τσιμέντα φτάνουν τα 27.7MPa για τις πρώτες 2 ημέρες και τα 51.6MPa μετά από 28 ημέρες. Η επίδραση της προσθήκης στους αέριους ρύπους των εργοστασίων ήταν μηδενική, καθώς οι τιμές αυτών παρέμειναν στα ίδια επίπεδα κατά τη διεργασία παραγωγής. Προκειμένου να αξιολογηθεί η περιβαλλοντική συμπεριφορά των παραγόμενων με σιδηραλούμινα τσιμέντων, πραγματοποιήθηκαν δοκιμές εκπλυσιμότητας. Για τις δοκιμές χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο δείγματα τσιμέντου, ένα χωρίς σιδηραλούμινα (αναφορά) και ένα 2%κ.β σιδηραλούμινα. Οι ανωτέρω δοκιμές πραγματοποιήθηκαν υπό το πρίσμα δύο προτύπων, του NEN 7345-tank test που αναφέρεται σε μονολιθικά υλικά (service life scenario) και του prEN 14429-pH dependence test που αναφέρεται σε κοκκώδη υλικά (“second life” scenario). Σύμφωνα με τη χημική ανάλυση των δύο τσιμέντων, το τσιμέντο με σιδηραλούμινα παρουσιάζει μεγαλύτερο αρχικό φορτίο σε Cr, Ni και V από το αντίστοιχο αναφοράς. Το παραπάνω γεγονός δεν επηρεάζει την απελευθέρωση στην περίπτωση του μονολιθικού υλικού, όπου τόσο για την περίπτωση του Cr όσο και για αυτές των Ni και V παρατηρούνται ίδια επίπεδα απελευθέρωσης τόσο για το δοκίμιο αναφοράς όσο και για το δοκίμιο με σιδηραλούμινα. Στην περίπτωση του κοκκώδους (θραυσμένου) υλικού η απελευθέρωση των ιχνοστοιχείων στο περιβάλλον είναι ανάλογη του αρχικού τους φορτίου και εντείνεται καθώς η ισορροπία μετατοπίζεται προς χαμηλότερα pH. Οι σύγχρονες τάσεις που αφορούν την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας και την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος έστρεψαν την έρευνα στη δυνατότητα προσθήκης σιδηραλούμινας ως πρώτη ύλη για την παραγωγή τσιμέντων μπελιτικού τύπου. Η διαφορά των ανωτέρω τσιμέντων με τα τσιμέντα τύπου Portland είναι τα μειωμένα επίπεδα της φάσης του πυριτικού τριασβεστίου (C3S) απόρροια της χαμηλότερης θερμοκρασίας έψησης (~1350οC) γεγονός που τα κατατάσσει στην κατηγορία των φιλικών προς το περιβάλλον τσιμέντων. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η χρήση σιδηραλούμινας για την παραγωγή μπελιτικών τσιμέντων είναι εφικτή αλλά και ότι τα τσιμέντα αυτού του τύπου έχουν ένα σαφές μειονέκτημα έναντι των Portland, τις χαμηλές πρώιμες αντοχές τους. Το μειονέκτημα αυτό αντιμετωπίστηκε με την εισαγωγή γύψου στο μίγμα των πρώτων υλών που είχε ως επακόλουθο τη δημιουργία της υδραυλικής ένωσης 4CaO.3Al2O3.SO3 κατά τη διαδικασία έψησης. Τέλος εξετάστηκε η δυνατότητα της σιδηραλούμινας να δράσει ως υπόστρωμα για την ρόφηση του εξασθενούς χρωμίου (Cr(VI)) σε υδατικά διαλύματα προκειμένου να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως πρόσθετο στο τελευταίο στάδιο της παραγωγής τσιμέντου. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψιν παραμέτρους όπως το pH του διαλύματος, ο χρόνος επαφής και η αναλογία υγρού προς στερεό (l:s ratio). Τα αποτελέσματα κατέδειξαν ότι η σιδηραλούμινα εμφανίζει ροφητικές ιδιότητες οι οποίες αυξάνονται εάν προηγηθεί ένα στάδιο χημικής και θερμικής επεξεργασίας αυτής. Αυτό οφείλεται στην αύξηση της ειδικής επιφάνειας της σιδηραλούμινας από τα 10m2 g-1 στα 70m2 g-1 λόγω της αύξησης του μικροπορώδους της. Τα επίπεδα ρόφησης χρωμίου για την επεξεργασμένη σιδηραλούμινα έφτασαν σε ιδανικές συνθήκες στα 0.82mg g-1. Ο μηχανισμός της ρόφησης περιγράφεται από την ισόθερμη Langmuir ενώ περιορίζεται σε μια στενή περιοχή τιμών του pH ανάμεσα στο 5 και στο 6. / In the present thesis the potential utilization of ferroalumina, a by-product that derives from the dewatering of red mud, as a raw material as well as an additive material in the cement production route is examined. Red mud is the main by-product that derives from the digestion of bauxite ores during Bayer process in order to produce alumina. It comprises from the ore part that has not reacted, the part that has reacted and has formed other than the desired compounds, from supplementary materials that were introduced during the procedure and from aluminium hydroxides that were not recovered. The removal of red mud’s water content leads to the production of ferroalumina. Although there are many ways of removing the water, the use of a filter press has many advantages. The laboratory study of the water removal from red mud by means of a filter press led to the formation of a cake with ~35%wt of water. Parameters, such as the filter type and the material that it comprises were examined with the further use of a pilot scale filter press. The results indicated that the filter press can produce a cake with constant water amount between 27% and 32%wt and density 2g/cm3. The latter results, led to the installation of an industrial high pressure filter press, which is in operation since the beginning of 2006, in the Aluminium Hellas industry. Ferroalumina’s chemical analysis indicates that it can be used as a secondary material in the cement industry, mainly as an iron oxide carrier. The study for its suitability was performed by preparing Portland cement raw mixtures introducing ferroalumina up to 5%wt are a raw material. Consequently, the raw mixtures were fired up to 1550oC in order to produce clinker and co-grounded with gypsum in order to produce Portland cement. The results indicate that the produced ferroalumina cements presents similar mineralogical composition with the cements without ferroalumina whilst their physical properties such as the water demand and the setting time are at the same levels. Regarding their mechanical properties, the obtained compressive strength values are ranking all the cements in the 42.5N category. Especially the ferroalumina cements are falling into a higher category and more specifically in the 52.5N category due to their high early day strengths. Finally, the study indicate that the ferroalumina cements presents higher amounts of water soluble chromium than the cement without ferroalumina (reference), most probably due to their higher initial amount of total chromium. The industrial trials that were performed by the Greek cement industries TITAN and AGET Heracles showed that the addition of ferroalumina up to 2.7%wt improves the burnability of the mixture due to the silica modulus reduction. The substitution of the raw material pyrite from the ferroalumina, led to the reduction of Mn, Pb, Zn and Cu on the raw mixture whilst it increased the Cr percentage. The results for the produced clinker indicate that the ferroalumina addition did not affect the formatted mineralogical phases. The compressive strength values of the obtained cements, was 27.7MPa after the first 2 days and 51.6MPa after 28 days of curing. The flue gas emissions were at the same levels during the cement production indicating that the ferroalumina addition does not affect that part of production either. In order to evaluate the environmental behaviour of the ferroalumina cements, two types of leaching tests, which refer to different field scenarios, were employed. The NEN 7345-tank test which refers to monolithic materials (“service life” scenario) and the prEN 14429-pH dependence test, which concerns granular materials (“second life” scenario). Two different cement samples were used for the above mentioned tests. The first one was produced without ferroalumina (reference sample) whilst the second one was produced with a 2%wt ferroalumina addition. The chemical analysis of the cement with ferroalumina showed that it presents greater content of Cr, Ni and V than the reference cement. The latter does not affect leaching in the service life scenario. More specifically in the case of Cr the reference cement presents the same leaching amount with the ferroalumina cement whilst in the case of Ni and V no leaching is observed for any of the two cement samples. During the “second life” scenario the leaching is greater in the case of the ferroalumina cement. The latter is related to the greater initial content of the above mentioned cement in Cr, Ni and V. The leaching behaviour is for both cements pH sensitive as higher leaching values for Cr and Ni are observed while the pH shifts to lower values. The new trends concerning the sustainable development through energy conversion and environmental protection have led the current study in the utilization of ferroalumina in the field of belite cements. The main difference of the above mentioned cements from the Portland cements is the low content in calcium silicate (C3S) mainly due to the lower firing temperature (~1350οC). The latter ranks the above mentioned cements in the environmental friendly cements category (green cements). The obtained results indicate that the use of ferroalumina as a raw material for the production of belite cements is possible as well as that the produced cements have a certain drawback when compared with the OPC. The lack of C3S leads to low early day strength. This drawback was confronted with the introduction of gypsum in the raw mixture which led to the formation of the hydraulic compound 4CaO.3Al2O3.SO3 (Klein’s compound) during the firing procedure. The last chapter deals with the possibility of utilize ferroalumina as a substrate for the absorption of hexavalent chromium in order to use it as an additive material in the last stage of cement production. The study examined parameters such as the pH of the solution, the contact time and the liquid to solid ratio (l:s ratio). The results indicate that the ferroalumina is able to absorb chromium and that this ability increases if a stage of chemical and thermal treatment is employed before. The treatment enhances ferroalumina’s absorption ability due to an increase of specific surface from 10m2 g-1 to 70m2 g-1. The absorbance mechanism is described with the Langmuir model and the best results are obtained for pH 5 and contact time 1h. The amount of chromium that is absorbed from each grammar of ferroalumina in the above mentioned conditions is 0.82mg.

Submitted by Élida Maeli Fernandes Quirino (maely_sax@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-15T19:50:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLENILSON FERREIRA DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2004..pdf: 17082584 bytes, checksum: a09a08f2e0b07031cb1ef45f2c5c6b73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T19:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLENILSON FERREIRA DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2004..pdf: 17082584 bytes, checksum: a09a08f2e0b07031cb1ef45f2c5c6b73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09 / Este trabalho teve, como objetivo a desinfecção do lodo anaeróbio oriundo de Digestores Anaeróbio de Fluxo Ascendente (DAFA), instalado no PROSAB/ Campina Grande-Pb, através da vermicompostagem com minhocas vermelhas da Califórnia. O experimento foi realizado durante o período de junho a outubro de 2002. O delineamento foi em blocos inteiramente causalizados, em esquema fatorial [(3 x 2) + 1], representado por três umidades (60, 70 e 80%) e dois compostos de lodo (lodo anaeróbio e lodo anaeróbio+bagaço de cana-de-açúcar), mais uma testemunha: absoluta (lodo anaeróbio a 85%), com quatro repetições. Após a desidratação do lodo anaeróbio. A vermicompostagem promoveu a remoção dos coliformes fecais em todos os tratamentos aplicados. Para os helmintos, a maior redução foi obtida quando da utilização do substrato sem bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, já em relação ao teor de umidade, a maior redução de helmintos foi conseguida a uma umidade de 70%. Quanto ao teor de metais pesados determinados nas amostras do vermicomposto, ficaram muito abaixo do máximo permissível para uso agrícola do lodo (USEPA, 1992). Observou-se também que, ao final do experimento a produtividade da Eisenia fétida (minhoca vermelha da Califónia) foi bastante satisfatório em alguns tratamentos. / This vvork had, as objective the disinfection of the anaerobic mud originating frora of Anaerobic Digestores of Ascending Flow (DAFA), installed in PROSAB / Campina Grande-Pb, through the vermicompostagem with red earthworms of Califórnia. The experiment was accomplished during the period of June to October of 2002. The delineamento was in blocks entirely causalizados, in factorial outline [(3 x 2) + 1], acted by three humidities (60, 70 and 80%) and two composed of mud (anaerobic mud and mud sugarcane anaeróbio+bagaço), one more witness: absolute (anaerobic mud to 85%), with four repetitions. After the dehydration of the anaerobic mud. The vermicompostagem promoted the removal of the fecal coliformes in ali of the applied treatments. For the helmintos, the largest reduction was obtained when of the use of the subsrratum without sugarcane pulp, already in relation to the humidity tenor, the largest helmintos reduction was gotten her/it a humidity of 70%. as for the tenor certain metais in the samples of the vermicomposto, they were a lot below the permissible maximum for agricultural use of the mud (USEPA, 1992). it was also Observed that, at the end of the experiment the productivity of fetid Eisenia (red earthworm of Califónia) it was quite satisfactory in some treatments.

This thesis presents Bayesian geoacoustic inversion of seabed reflection-coefficient data as part of the U.S. Office of Naval Research Seabed Characterization Experiment 2017 at the New England Mud Patch. First, a linearized, ray-based Bayesian inversion of acoustic arrival times is carried out for high-precision estimation of experiment geometry and uncertainties, representing an important first step to inferring seabed properties using geoacoustic inversion methods such as reflection inversion. The high-precision estimates for source-receiver ranges, source depths, receiver depths, and water depths at reflection points along the survey track are used to calculate grazing angles, with angle uncertainties computed using Monte Carlo methods. The experiment geometry uncertainties are obtained using analytic linearized estimates, and verified with nonlinear analysis. Second, a trans-dimensional (trans-D) Bayesian inversion of reflection-coefficient data is carried out for geoacoustic parameters and uncertainties of fine-grained/cohesive sediments. The trans-D inversion samples probabilistically over an unknown number of seabed interfaces and the parameters of a zeroth- or first-order autoregressive error model. The numerical method of parallel tempering reversible jump Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling is employed. Spherical-wave reflection coefficient modelling is applied using plane-wave decomposition in the Sommerfeld integral. The inversion provides marginal posterior probability profiles for Buckingham's viscous grain-shearing parameters: porosity, grain-to-grain compressional modulus, material exponent, and compressional viscoelastic time constant as a function of depth in the sediment. These parameters are used to compute dispersion relationships for each layer in the model, providing marginal posterior probability profiles for compressional-wave velocity and attenuation at different frequencies, as well as density. The geoacoustic inversion results are compared to independent measurements of sediment properties. / Graduate

[pt] O estudo de escoamentos em espaço anular é de fundamental importância para o entendimento e otimização do processo de perfuração de poços. A lama de perfuração deve possuir propriedades reológicas e termofísicas tais que garantam um bom desempenho no carreamento de cascalho, na lubrificação e refrigeração das brocas, na limpeza do poço, manutenção da pressão da coluna de líquido para equilibrar a pressão das formações atravessadas e estabilizar as paredes do poço. Uma análise completa desta situação é extremamente complexa; o cilindro interno (coluna) pode estar girando, a geometria da parede do poço não é um cilindro perfeito, o espaço anular é excêntrico e a excentricidade varia ao longo do poço. Além disto, lamas de perfuração possuem um comportamento pseudoplástico, isto é a viscosidade é função decrescente da taxa de deformação. Os modelos que levam em conta todos esses fatores são extremamente complexos e caros computacionalmente. Os modelos disponíveis na literatura utilizam hipóteses simplificadoras para tornar a análise menos complexa. Muitos trabalhos consideram a rotação do cilindro interno e o comportamento não Newtoniano, mas desprezam a variação da excentricidade ao longo do poço. Mesmo com esta simplificação, os modelos apresentados, que consistem na solução da equação bidimensional para determinar o campo de velocidade axial e tangencial do escoamento desenvolvido em um espaço anular, possuem alto custo computacional. O modelo apresentado neste trabalho leva em conta a variação da excentricidade ao longo do poço, bem como o comportamento pseudoplástico da lama e a rotação do cilindro interno. As equações que governam o problema foram simplificadas utilizando a teoria de lubrificação. As equações diferenciais parciais que descrevem o perfil de velocidade e a pressão ao longo do poço foram resolvidas pelo método de diferenças finitas (diferenças centrais) e linearizadas pelo método de Newton. O modelo de lubrificação foi validado através da comparação dos resultados obtidos com trabalhos na literatura para escoamentos com excentricidade constante. Os resultados mostram o efeito da variação da excentricidade ao longo do poço, da rotação na coluna, das propriedades não Newtonianas no padrão do escoamento e no fator de atrito. / [en] Helical flow in annular space occurs in drilling operation of oil and gas wells. The correct prediction of the flow of the drilling mud in the annular space between the wellbore wall the the drill pipe is essential to determine the variation in the mud pressure within the wellbore, the frictional pressure drop and the efficiency of the transport of the rock drill cuttings. A complete analysis of this situation is extremely complex; the inner cylinder is usualy rotating, the wellbore wall will depart significantly from cylindrical, during driling operation the drill pipe is eccentric, and the eccentricity varies with position along the well. Moreover, drilling muds present pseudoplastic behavior, the viscosity is a strong function of the deformation rate. A complete analysis of this situation would require the solution of the three-dimensional momentum equation and would be computationally expensive and complex. Models available in the literature to study this situation do consider the rotation of the inner cylinder and the non Newtonian behavior of the liquid, but assume the position of the inner and outer cilinders fixed, i.e. they neglect the variation of the eccentricity along the length of the well, and assume the flow to be well developed. This approximation leads to a two-dimensional model to determine the three components of the velocity field in a cross-section of the annulus. The resulting differential equations have to be solved by some numerical method. The model presented in this work takes into account the variation of the eccentricity along the well; a more appropriate description of the geometric configuration of directional wells. As a consequence, the velocity field varies along the well length and the resulting flow model is three-dimensional. Lubrication theory is used to simplify the governing equations into a non-linear, two-dimensional Poisson Equation that describes the pressure field. Lubrication model was validated by comparing the predictions to reported results on fully developed flow on eccentric annular space. The results show the effect of varying eccentricity, non Newtonian behavior and inner cylinder rotation on the flow field and on the friction factor.

87 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-12T15:01:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 segunda parte13 12 2011.pdf: 1803059 bytes, checksum: 77dce8aede354949d61ce2f1feeabc83 (MD5) PRIMEIRA PARTE 12 12 2011.pdf: 154138 bytes, checksum: 9b2d71757d09c6b175075617256d6973 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br), reason: ficheiro on 2013-05-14T17:06:59Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-14T17:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Selma S A Santos.pdf: 1944188 bytes, checksum: b67bb2c70d4b97d9bed39e1571d93961 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-14T17:12:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Selma S A Santos.pdf: 1944188 bytes, checksum: b67bb2c70d4b97d9bed39e1571d93961 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-14T17:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Selma S A Santos.pdf: 1944188 bytes, checksum: b67bb2c70d4b97d9bed39e1571d93961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES / A estação de tratamento de água (ETA) Vieira de Mello (VM), uma das ETAs da EMBASA, situada em Salvador-Ba, com capacidade para tratar 2,5 m3 s-1 de água, entrou em operação em março de 1964 atendendo parte da demanda de água potável da cidade de Salvador. Para transformar a água bruta em água potável, a VM utiliza o processo convencional de tratamento, com adição de diversos componentes, formando resíduos a serem removidos nas etapas de decantação e filtração, principalmente nos decantadores, sendo estes resíduos chamados de lodo. A disposição final dos lodos gerados nas ETAs constitui atualmente um dos principais passivos ambientais do setor de saneamento. Há muito, o destino destes resíduos de ETA vinha sendo os cursos d’água próximos das estações, podendo causar efeitos, principalmente à fauna aquática e a saúde humana, pois o mesmo contém metais, tóxicos entre outros contaminantes. Esta prática tem sido questionada por órgãos ambientais. Atualmente, um dos grandes desafios é a busca de destinação final desses lodos, ambientalmente vantajosa e econômica e tecnicamente viável. Entre as possibilidades aponta-se incorporação do lodo em compostagem e seu uso na fabricação de tijolos. Neste estudo realizou-se a caracterização do resíduo gerado na ETA VM, após secagem em estufa sob controle de temperatura na faixa de 103-1050C. Foram encontradas concentrações de metais e semi metais nas faixas de: 6,00 - 9,57 mg L-1 Al; 2,14 – 2,89 mg L-1 As; 0,30 - 0,50 x10-3 mg L-1 Be; < 0,10 – 0,12 x10-3 mg L-1 Cd; 0,83 – 0,14 mg L-1 Cr; <2,0 – 0,11 mg L-1 Pb; 6,50 – 12,50 x 10-3 mg L-1 V. Resultados obtidos de testes de resistência de bloco (fbk =fbk,est= 7,8 Mpa) e de absorção de umidade ( ≤ 13%), além de testes de lixiviação: As < 0,035 mg L-1, Cd < 0,020 mg L-1 ,Pb < 0,20 mg L-1, Cr< 0,070 mg L-1, Al < 1,2 mg L-1, Be< 0,020 mg L-1, V<0,30 mg L-1, comprovam a adequação do lodo para uso na confecção de blocos na construção civil. Como o volume de água tratada em média é 178.710 m3 dia-1 na ETA VM, e a produção de resíduo no final do tratamento é de 42,20 g m-3 SST a produção de blocos por dia poderá ser de 15.814, considerando a composição do material nas seguintes proporções: 1,0: 3,7: 0,85: 0,28 correspondendo a cimento:areia:água:lodo. A tecnologia identificada neste trabalho para a destinação final do resíduo da ETA VM é econômica e ambientalmente adequada. / Salvador

xiii, 48 p. : (col. ill.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: SCIENCE QL537.D76 N57 2007 / Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a unique mechanism employed during development to achieve cellular diversity from a small number of progenitor cells. Cells undergoing ACD distribute factors for self-renewal at the apical cortex and factors for differentiation at the basal cortex. It is critical for proper development that the mitotic spindle be tightly coupled to this axis of polarization such that both sets of proteins are exclusively segregated into the daughter cells. We use ACD in Drosophila neuroblasts as a model system for understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern spindle-cortical coupling. Neuroblasts polarize Partner of Inscuteable (Pins), Gαi and Mushroom Body Defect (Mud) at the apical cell cortex during mitosis. Gαi and Pins are required for establishing cortical polarity while Mud is essential for spindle-cortical alignment. Gαi and Mud interact through Pins GoLoco domains and tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) respectively, however it is unclear how Mud activity is integrated with Pins and Gαi to link neuroblast cortical polarity to the mitotic spindle. This dissertation describes how Pins interactions with Gαi and Mud regulate Iwo fundamental aspects of neuroblast ACD: cortical polarity and alignment of the spindle with the resulting polarity axis. I demonstrate that Pins is a dynamic scaffolding protein that undergoes a GoLoco-TPR intramolecular interaction, resulting in a conformation of Pins with low Mud and reduced Gαi binding affinity. However, Pins TPR domains fail to completely repress Gαi binding, as a single GoLoco is unaffected by the intramolecular isomerization. Gαi present at the apical cortex specifies Pins localization through binding this "unregulated" GoLoco. Liberation of Pins intramolecularly coupled state occurs through cooperative binding of Gαi and Mud to the other GoLoco and TPR domains, creating a high-affinity Gαi-Pins-Mud complex. This autoregulatory mechanism spatially confines the Pins-Mud interaction to the apical cortex and facilitates proper apical-spindle orientation. In conclusion, these results suggest Gαi induces multiple Pins states to both properly localize Pins and ensure tight coupling between apical polarity and mitotic spindle alignment. / Adviser: Ken Prehoda

This thesis investigates three problems in the general area of environmental fluid mechanics. The first two problems are related to liquid or gas flow through clay-water suspensions, with relevance for the underground storage of radioactive waste and also for understanding the mechanism of eruption in mud volcanoes. The third problem centres on the different problem of mixing in a turbulent buoyant plume. First, the injection of gas and water from a central source into a two-dimensional layer of clay confined between two circular horizontal plates is investigated. This provides a model of the potential pressurisation and failure of the seal rock around a radioactive waste repository as may arise if gas is continuously generated in the repository. As the gas injection pressure is gradually increased the cell walls deform and the clay moves radially outwards. However, at a critical radius, the liquid-clay interface becomes unstable and a series of channels propagate through the clay. When one of the channels reaches the edge of the domain the gas escapes and the pressure is released. As a result, the domain relaxes by elastic deformation and the clay seals the channel. In this way, continuous fluid injection leads to episodic release of gas from the cell. The second problem concerns the flow of mud along a vertical conduit driven by the combined effect of reservoir pressure and buoyancy associated with the gas injected at the base of the conduit. This represents an analogue model of the eruption of a mud volcano, in which mud rises from a deep reservoir to the surface. I find that the pressure associated with the reservoir and any buoyancy force produced by the migration of gas from deep in the reservoir to the surface leads to a continuous eruption if the net pressure is greater than the yield stress of the clay. If the reservoir pressure falls during such an event, the eruption will eventually stop, once the pressure reaches a dynamic yield stress condition. Only later, if the reservoir pressure increases to the static yield stress of the clay will the eruption start again, and this can lead to a series of eruption cycles which depend on the non-Newtonian rheology of the clay. In contrast, if this pressure is smaller than the yield stress of the clay, a series of episodic gas burst events can occur until the conduit is cleared of mud. The third problem relates to the mixing in a turbulent buoyant plume. Through a series of new experiments and some complementary theoretical modelling I show that the mixing in a turbulent plume is strongly affected by the eddies and leads to significant longitudinal dispersion in the flow. The implications of the modelling for determining the residence time distribution of the fluid in the plume is discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000739180.pdf: 903847 bytes, checksum: ab7369716a3250c09766b15d4cf9c235 (MD5) / O processamento do esgoto urbano pelas estações de tratamento (ETE) produz uma mistura pastosa e complexa constituída por material orgânico (microorganismos, vegetais, etc.) e inorgânico (hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, minerais, metais pesados, etc.). Diante da possibilidade de utilização deste lodo para enriquecimento de solo agrícola (USEPA, 1999), o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de desregulação endócrina do Lodo de uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (LETE) do estado de São Paulo em modelos in vivo utilizando ratos machos adultos e recém-desmamados. No Estudo A, ratos Wistar machos com 98 dias de idade receberam por oito semanas ração basal (grupo GI) ou acrescida de 2.500, 5.000, 10.000 e 20.000ppm de LETE (grupos GII, GIII, GIV e GV respectivamente). Foram avaliados peso e aspectos histológicos do fígado, rins, adrenais, testículos, epidídimos, próstata ventral e vesículas seminais. Outros parâmetros analisados foram os níveis plasmáticos de hormônios sexuais e a qualidade e quantidade de espermatozoides. A exposição ao LETE reduziu a concentração plasmática do FSH e também o número de espermatozoides com movimento progressivo em ratos adultos. Esse resultado ocorreu de forma dose-resposta e significativamente nas concentrações de 10.000 e 20.000 ppm de LETE, podendo indicar comprometimento da qualidade do esperma. O Estudo B baseou-se no protocolo de Hershberger (OECD Nº 144, 2009) e visou avaliar efeitos androgénicos e anti-androgênicos em ratos Wistar machos desmamados no 21º dia pós-natal. Também nesses animais não foram registradas alterações do peso corpóreo e dos órgãos, do consumo de ração. Como conclusão no Estudo A os resultados sugerem alterações espermáticas funcionais que podem comprometer a fertilidade, e no Estudo B a exposição ao LETE não induziu efeito androgênico ou anti-androgênio em ratos adultos e... / Not available

The estimated global production of red mud, a by-product of alumina production, is ~120 million t per year. Little is known about the long-term chemical, physical and ecological responses in aquatic ecosystems following pollution with red mud. To date, no whole-lake assessment of the impact of red mud and recovery trajectories has been conducted. Kinghorn Loch, Fife, Scotland, is an important example of a red mud polluted aquatic ecosystem. This is due mainly to the availability of long-term data documenting changes in the lake during the pollution and recovery following diversion of red mud leachate in 1983 to date. Long-term data were assessed to determine the time scale of recovery for a range of specific pollutants in the surface waters of Kinghorn Loch, and field surveys and a laboratory controlled experiment were conducted to investigate lake sediment-pollutant interactions and arsenic (As) species bioaccumulation in aquatic plants. Results showed recovery of the lake water column, with a significant decrease of pH and the concentrations of all red mud constituents in surface water since the cessation of pollution. Using generalised additive models the chemical recovery period was 5 years for pH and from 22 to 26 years for As, vanadium (V) and phosphorus (P), with aluminium (Al) still not reaching the end-point recovery following this period. A 12- month field survey showed that concentrations of phosphate (PO4-P), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved and total As and V in lake water varied significantly throughout the year, with depth of overlying water contributing to variation in P concentrations in water above sediment. A range of physico-chemical factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and concentrations of pollutant binding element controlled seasonal and spatial variations in water column contaminant concentrations. The behaviour of V differed from As and P concentrations in water, with maximum V concentrations occurring in spring and the highest concentrations of As and P in surface water and dissolved As and PO4-P in water above sediment observed in summer. With the exception of V in deeper layers of the water column in spring and winter, observed total As and V concentrations met standards for Protection of Aquatic Life in the UK (50 and 20 μg L-1, respectively). Sediment in Kinghorn Loch is still contaminated 30 years into the lake recovery period. The highest seasonal mean concentrations in the upper (0-4 cm) sediment layer were 231 mg kg-1 for V and 185 mg kg-1 for As, the latter considerably exceeding Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life for As (17 mg kg-1). Evidence from the laboratory experiment and the field observations suggests that the lake still processes red mud contaminants, with seasonal mobilisation of As and P from lake sediment under reducing conditions. In contrast, release of V from sediment into overlying water appeared not to be driven predominantly by redox conditions, but instead by interactions between pH, competitive ion concentrations and DO. Higher pollutant concentrations observed throughout the year in deeper layers of the water column compared to surface water indicated that the impact of sediment on the water column is generally confined to the bottom waters of the lake. Macrophytes in Kinghorn Loch contained relatively high concentrations of As, predominantly in the inorganic form which is most toxic to organisms. The highest As content measured in roots of Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray (40.4 – 218 mg kg-1) greatly exceeded the 3 – 10 mg kg-1 range suggested as a potential phytotoxic level. Accumulation of toxic As species by plants suggested toxicological risk to higher organisms in the food web and indicated that ecological recovery of the lake is still in progress. The results of this research at Kinghorn Loch will help water resource managers to understand not only the environmental and human health effects of multiple pressures related to red mud pollution, but also the likely recovery time scales in relation to water quality targets.

Orientador: João Lauro Viana de Camargo / Banca: Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro / Banca: Renné Laufer Amorim / Banca: Patrícia Garcia / Banca: Sergio Britto Garcia / Resumo: O processamento do esgoto urbano pelas estações de tratamento (ETE) produz uma mistura pastosa e complexa constituída por material orgânico (microorganismos, vegetais, etc.) e inorgânico (hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, minerais, metais pesados, etc.). Diante da possibilidade de utilização deste lodo para enriquecimento de solo agrícola (USEPA, 1999), o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de desregulação endócrina do Lodo de uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (LETE) do estado de São Paulo em modelos in vivo utilizando ratos machos adultos e recém-desmamados. No Estudo A, ratos Wistar machos com 98 dias de idade receberam por oito semanas ração basal (grupo GI) ou acrescida de 2.500, 5.000, 10.000 e 20.000ppm de LETE (grupos GII, GIII, GIV e GV respectivamente). Foram avaliados peso e aspectos histológicos do fígado, rins, adrenais, testículos, epidídimos, próstata ventral e vesículas seminais. Outros parâmetros analisados foram os níveis plasmáticos de hormônios sexuais e a qualidade e quantidade de espermatozoides. A exposição ao LETE reduziu a concentração plasmática do FSH e também o número de espermatozoides com movimento progressivo em ratos adultos. Esse resultado ocorreu de forma dose-resposta e significativamente nas concentrações de 10.000 e 20.000 ppm de LETE, podendo indicar comprometimento da qualidade do esperma. O Estudo B baseou-se no protocolo de Hershberger (OECD Nº 144, 2009) e visou avaliar efeitos androgénicos e anti-androgênicos em ratos Wistar machos desmamados no 21º dia pós-natal. Também nesses animais não foram registradas alterações do peso corpóreo e dos órgãos, do consumo de ração. Como conclusão no Estudo A os resultados sugerem alterações espermáticas funcionais que podem comprometer a fertilidade, e no Estudo B a exposição ao LETE não induziu efeito androgênico ou anti-androgênio em ratos adultos e ... / Abstract: The complex mixture of organic and inorganic materials that constitutes sewage sludge (SS) has been proposed for use in agriculture and as raw material for the pottery industry. This study aimed to assess the potential for endocrine disruption of SS in vivo using adult and weanling male Wistar rats. In a first experiment, pubertal male rats (42th postnatal day, PND) were exposed ad libitum up to adulthood (56th PND) to a diet containing 0, 2,500, 5,000, 10,000 or 20,000 ppm of SS. The liver, kidneys, adrenals, testes, epididymis, ventral prostate and full seminal vesicle weights were evaluated, in addition to sexual hormones levels, sperm counts and sperm motility. In the second study, androgenic and antiandrogenic effects were evaluated in wealing male rats (21th PND), daily treated during 10 days with flutamide (anti-androgenic positive control, 3mg/kg/day, gavage), testosterone propionate (androgenic positive control, 1mg/kg/day, s.c.) and fed diets with SS at 10,000 or 20,000 ppm. In these later animals, no alterations were registered in body and organs weights, diet consumption and sperm countings. Exposure to the SS only induced a doseresponse decrease in the quality of adult rats sperm (first experiment), documented by decreased number of sperm with progressive movement (10,000 ppm, 20,000ppm). According to these results, SS exposure did not induce androgenic or antiandrogenic effect in both periods of the life of Wistar rats / Doutor