Yes / This paper presents a multi-degrees-of-freedom non-linear multibody dynamic model of a three-axle heavy commercial vehicle tractor unit, comprising a subchassis, front and rear leaf spring suspensions, steering system, and ten wheels/tyres, with a semi-trailer comprising two axles and eight wheels/tyres. The investigation is mainly concerned with the rollover stability of the articulated vehicle. The models incorporate all sources of compliance, stiffness, and damping, all with non-linear characteristics, and are constructed and simulated using automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems formulation. A constant radius turn test and a single lane change test (according to the ISO Standard) are simulated. The constant radius turn test shows the understeer behaviour of the vehicle, and the single lane change manoeuvre was conducted to show the transient behaviour of the vehicle. Non-stable roll and yaw behaviour of the vehicle is predicted at test speeds .90 km/h. Rollover stability of the vehicle is also investigated using a constant radius turn test with increasing speed. The articulated laden vehicle model predicted increased understeer behaviour, due to higher load acting on the wheels of the middle and rear axles of the tractor and the influence of the semi-trailer, as shown by the reduced yaw rate and the steering angle variation during the constant radius turn. The rollover test predicted a critical lateral acceleration value where complete rollover occurs. Unstable behaviour of the articulated vehicle is also predicted in the single lane change manoeuvre.

Yes / This paper presents a simulation study into the characteristics of a vehicle experiencing steering drift under straight line braking. Simulation modelling has been performed using a multi-body dynamics analysis based on a model of an actual vehicle. Front and rear suspension parameters have been modelled as rigid links joined with flexible bushes so as to assess their effect on a vehicle while braking. Suspension geometry and alignment settings, which define characteristic responses such as lateral acceleration, yaw velocity, toe, and caster angles of a vehicle in a transient manoeuvre, are primary to a vehicle¿s directional stability. Any symmetric inconsistencies in these settings will potentially affect a vehicle¿s performance. The findings from this research have increased the understanding of the causes of steering drift during braking conditions.

Catamarans provide vast deck space, high thrust efficiency, and excellent transverse stability, however, in rough conditions they can be susceptible to deck slamming from head seas or bow diving in following seas and a pitch-roll coupling effect that can lead to uncomfortable corkscrew motion under bow-quartering seas. A new class of catamaran called Wave-Adaptive Modular Vessels (WAM-V™) aims to help mitigate oceanic input from the cabin by allowing for the relative motion of components not common to classic catamaran design. This thesis presents a set of multi-body dynamics simulation models created for two active WAM-Vs™ along with analysis on their suspension characteristics. Both models provide conclusive and realistic results, with the final model being validated against on-water testing data from a 12-ft unmanned prototype WAM-V. The first of these simulations serves primarily as a tool to evaluate WAM-V™ response characteristics with respect to a variety of parametric variations. The modeling environment is highlighted along with details of the parametric simulation and how it was created. The results fall in line with our expectations and are presented along with analysis of the sensitivity of each parameter at three longitudinal locations. The final simulation attempts to model the response of a 12-ft unmanned surface vessel (USV) prototype of the WAM-V™ configuration. Testing data is collected, processed, and applied to the model for validation of its prediction accuracy. The results of the sea tests indicate that the simulation model performs well in predicting USV motions at sea. Future considerations for testing WAM-Vs™ can include changes in suspension and mass parameters as well as limiting particular degrees-of-freedom by making their joints rigid. / Master of Science

Thesis deals with the truck frame VARIANT 252. The main task is to analyze weighting states, setting the values for weigting states. Strength control of the frame by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). And each subsequent frame adjustments based on the results of FEM. Part of this thesis is also the drawing documentation provided a modified frame assembly and each modified components.

This diploma thesis is concerned with selecting the appropriate method for determining the moment of inertia to the vertical, lateral and longitudinal axis through the centre of gravity of the vehicle. Using the special mechanical device, constructed on IAE was carried out repeated measurements of known mass properties in each axis. With the aid of obtained data was calculated measurement error. To compare the resulting values was created MBS model.

This diploma thesis deals with the model design for gearbox. The work is focused to its basic creation and optimization in programs of MBS ADAMS and ANSYS. It includes also short summary of contemporary solutions, which are used, and basic characterization of acoustic quantities.

This diploma thesis deals with vibration of powetrain on dynamometer. For this problem I got six-cylinder engine, which is connected by flexible coupling to dynamometer. According to simplified computational model is this assembly simulated in MBS of system ADAMS View. Two versions of flexible coupling are dealt. In the final part of the thesis is created single program for calculation self-frequency of this assembly and in the end of this thesis is general evaluation.

In the research area of virtual reality, the term haptic rendering is defined as the process of computing and generating the interaction force between the virtual object and the operator. One of the major challenges of haptic rendering is the stably rendering contact with a stiff object. Traditional haptic rendering algorithms performs well when rendering contact with soft objects. But when it is used to simulate contact with objects with high stiffness, the algorithm may cause unstable response of haptic devices. Such unstable behavior (e.g., oscillation of the device) can destroy the fidelity of the virtual environment and even hurt the user.  To address the above stability issues, a new design approach has been proposed in this paper. The proposed approach consists of three main process steps: modeling and linearization in ADAMS, LQR position controller design, verification with co-simulation. In the first step, a simulation model of the system is firstly created in ADAMS/View. Then this nonlinear ADAMS multi-body dynamics model is linearized and exported as a set of linear state space matrices with the help of ADAMS/Linear. In the second step, different from the traditional force-control algorithms, LQR position controller is developed in Matlab Simulink based on the exported matrices to emulate interactions with stiff objects. At last, the verification of control performance is carried out by setting up co-simulation between ADAMS and Simulink.  A case study implementation of this proposed method was performed on the TAU device which was previously developed by Machine Design department at KTH. TAU is an asymmetrical parallel robot with six degrees of freedom for the simulation of surgical procedures like drilling and milling of hard tissues of bones and teeth. The results show that the linear model exported from ADAMS is sufficiently accurate and the proposed controller can render a virtual wall with stiffness at the level of 105 N/m. / Inom forskningsområdet virtuell verklighet definieras termen hatisk återgivning (haptic rendering) som processen för beräkning och generering av interaktiva krafter mellan det virtuella objektet och användaren. En av de största utmaningarna med haptisk återgivning är att stabilt simulera känslan av beröring av styv material för användare. Traditionella algoritmer fungerar när det gäller att simulera känslan av beröring av mjuk material, men när algoritmerna används för att simulera kontakt med materialer med stor styvhet kan det orsaka instabilitet hos haptiska enheter. Sådana instabilitet, bland annat svängning hos enheten, kan förstöra den virtuella miljöns exakthet och till och med skada användare.  Denna uppsats försöker ta itu med det ovanstående problemet genom att föreslå en ny designmetod. Metoden består av tre huvudsteg: modellering och linearisering med hjälp av ADAMS, design av LQR-positionskontroll, och verifiering med samsimulering (co-simulation). I det första steget skapas systemets simuleringsmodell med hjälp av ADAMS/View. Sedan linjäriseras denna icke-linjära ADAMS-multikroppsdynamikmodell. Modellen exporteras som linjära tillståndsmatriser med hjälp av ADAMS/Linear. I det andra steget designas en LQR-positionskontroll med hjälp av Matlab Simulink baserat på de exporterade matriserna tidigare för att simulera interaktioner med styv material, vilket skiljer sig från de traditionella kraftkontrollalgoritmer (force-control algorithms). I det sista steget utförs verifieringen av positionskontrollens prestanda genom att ställa in samsimulering (co-simulation) mellan ADAMS och Simulink.  En testkörning av denna föreslagna metod har utförs på TAU-enheten som tidigare utvecklades av KTH institutionen för maskinkonstruktion. TAU är en asymmetrisk parallellsrobot med sex frihetsgrader för att simulera kirurgiska ingrepp som borrning av hårda vävnader i ben och tänder. Resultaten visar att den linjära modellen som exporteras från ADAMS är tillräckligt korrekt, för den föreslagna positionskontrollen kan framställa en virtuell vägg med styvhet vid 105 N/m.

<p>Active secondary suspension in trains has been studied for a number of years, showing promising improvements in ride comfort. However, due to relatively high implementation and maintenance costs, active technology is not being used in service operation to a large extent. The objective of this study is to develop an active lateral secondary suspension concept that offers good ride comfort improvements and enables centring of the carbody above the bogies when negotiating curves at unbalanced speed. Simultaneously, the active suspension concept should be a cost-effective solution for future series production. The thesis consists of an introductory part and three appended papers.</p><p>The introductory part describes the concept of active secondary suspension together with different actuator types and control methods. Further, the present simulation model and applied comfort evaluation methods are presented. The introductory part also comprises a summary of the appended papers, an evaluation of track forces and suggestions for further work.</p><p>Paper A presents the initial development of an active lateral secondary suspension concept based on sky-hook damping in order to improve vehicle dynamic performance, particularly on straight tracks. Furthermore, a Hold-Off-Device (HOD) function has been included in the suspension concept in order to centre the carbody above the bogies in curves and hence avoid bumpstop contact. Preparatory simulations as well as the subsequent on-track tests in the summer of 2007 showed that the active suspension provides improved passenger ride comfort and has significant potential to be a cost-effective solution for future implementation.</p><p>In Paper B, measurement results from on-track tests performed in 2008 are presented. The active secondary suspension concept was slightly modified compared to the one presented in the first paper. One modification was the implementation of a gyroscope in order to enable detection of transition curves and to switch off the dynamic damping in these sections. Ride comfort in the actively suspended carbody was significantly improved compared to that in the passively suspended car. The satisfactory results led to implementation of the active suspension system in long-term tests in service operation in the beginning of 2009.</p><p>In Paper C, a quarter-car model in MATLAB has been used to investigate a more advanced control algorithm: <em>H</em>_∞ instead of sky-hook. <em>H</em>_∞ control provides more flexibility in the design process due to the possibility to control several parameters. In particular, this is done by applying weight functions to selected signals in the system. When comparing the two control strategies through simulations, the results show that <em>H</em>_∞ control generates similar carbody accelerations at the same control force as sky-hook; however, the relative displacement displacement is somewhat lower.</p>

<p>A mechanical model of an axial piston-type machine with a so-called wobble plate and Z-shaft mechanism is presented. The overall aim is to design and construct an oil-free piston expander demonstrator as a first step to realizing an advanced and compact small-scale steam engine system. The benefits of a small steam engine are negligible NOx emissions (due to continuous, low-temperature combustion), no gearbox needed, fuel flexibility (e.g., can run on biofuel and solar), high part-load efficiency, and low noise. Piston expanders, compared with turbines or clearance-sealed rotary displacement machines, have higher mechanical losses but lower leakage losses, much better part-load efficiency, and for many applications a more favourable (i.e., lower) speed. A piston expander is thus feasible for directly propelling small systems in the vehicular power range. An axial piston machine with minimized contact pressures and sliding velocities, and with properly selected construction materials for steam/water lubrication, should enable completely oil-free operation. An oil-free piston machine also has potential for other applications, for example, as a refrigerant (e.g., CO₂) expander in a low-temperature Rankine cycle or as a refrigerant compressor.</p><p> </p><p>An analytical rigid-body kinematics and inverse dynamics model of the machine is presented. The kinematical analysis generates the resulting motion of the integral parts of the machine, fully parameterized. Inverse dynamics is applied when the system motion is completely known, and the method yields required external and internal forces and torques. The analytical model made use of the “Sophia” plug-in developed by Lesser for the simple derivation of rotational matrices relating different coordinate systems and for vector differentiation. Numerical solutions were computed in MATLAB. The results indicate a large load bearing in the conical contact surface between the mechanism’s wobble plate and engine block. The lateral force between piston and cylinder is small compared with that of a comparable machine with a conventional crank mechanism.</p><p> </p><p>This study aims to predict contact loads and sliding velocities in the component interfaces. Such data are needed for bearing and component dimensioning and for selecting materials and coatings. Predicted contact loads together with contact geometries can also be used as input for tribological rig testing. Results from the model have been used to dimension the integral parts, bearings and materials of a physical demonstrator of the super-critical steam expander application as well as in component design and concept studies.</p>