The detection of weak, ground-moving targets can be improved through effective utilization of additional target signal energy collected over an extended dwell time. The signal model used in conventional radar processing limits integration of signal energy over an extended dwell. Two solutions that consider the complexity of the extended-dwell signal model and effectively combine signal energy collected over a long dwell are presented. The first solution is a single-channel algorithm that provides an estimate of the optimal detector to maximize output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for the extended dwell time signal. Rather than searching for the optimal detector in an intractably large filter bank that contains all combinations of phase components, the single-channel algorithm projects dictionary entries against the data to estimate the signal’s linear and nonlinear phase components sequentially with small, phase-specific dictionaries in a multistage process. When used as the detector, the signal model formed from the estimated phase components yields near optimal performance for a wide range of target parameters for dwell times up to four seconds. In comparison, conventional radar processing methods are limited to an integration time of approximately 100 milliseconds. The second solution is a multichannel, multistage algorithm based on element-space pre-Doppler space-time-adaptive processing with two modifications that make it suitable for detection of weak targets whose energy is collected over an extended dwell time. The multichannel solution detects targets with lower radial velocities at significantly lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) than conventional radar processing methods. The decrease in required input SNR for the multichannel solution as compared to conventional methods nearly doubles the detection range for a typical target of interest. Future related research includes extension of these concepts to other radar applications and investigation of algorithm performance for the multiple-target scenario.

Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen har haft en stor påverkan på den svenska handeln. E-handeln har de senaste åren fått en ökad betydelse och präglas idag av stark tillväxt. Inom flera branscher har det därtill skett en kanalförflyttning från fysiskt till digitalt och en reduktion av fysiska butiker. Inom den svenska apoteksbranschen har renodlade nätaktörer dykt upp och skapat prispress samt förhöjd konkurrens på marknaden. Detta skapar således problem för apotek med flera försäljningskanaler att generera lönsamhet för överlevnad. Därmed ställs idag krav på en konkurrenskraftig strategi i den digitala ekonomi företag verkar i. Vi ser att det idag finns en avsaknad av vetenskapliga studier angående digitaliseringen av den svenska apoteksverksamheten, varför vi finner detta viktigt att studera. Syfte: Denna uppsats syftar till att förstå hur en ökad digitalisering, med utbredning av e-handel, har påverkat de företag som bedriver apoteksverksamhet i Sverige. Uppsatsen ämnar undersöka detta utefter de aktiviteter som företagen gör i syfte att tillfredsställa eller vinna kunden. Vi vill vidare undersöka de möjligheter som finns för apoteken som bedriver handel, både via fysiska butiker och online, att genom en anpassning te sig unika och stå konkurrenskraftiga i en digital omvärld influerad av e-handel och pressade priser. Metod: Denna kvalitativa uppsats applicerar ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv samt har utvecklats genom en abduktiv ansats. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio respondenter från tre stycken fallföretag inom apoteksverksamheten. Dessa har valts ut genom en kombination av lämplighets-, bekvämlighets- samt snöbollsurval. Slutsats: Svenska fysiska apotek ser idag vikten av att vara verksamma inom flera kanaler. Oavsett aktör görs idag stora satsningar inom e-handeln, vilken apoteken sedan försöker att koppla samman med butiken genom en hög integration och samarbeten med vårdgivare. Givet en fortsatt tillväxt inom e-handeln måste apoteken arbeta med automatisering och bygga ut logistiken. Genom parallella digitaliseringsresor satsar butikerna på digitala lösningar vilka ska skapa smidigare kundupplevelser. Butiker kommer aldrig att försvinna helt, vilket grundar sig i att e-handeln aldrig kommer kunna möta den direkta produktanskaffningen samt erbjuda en social interaktion. Apotekens roll kommer framöver att förändras, där tjänster kommer att vara en större del av värdeerbjudandet och där apoteken närmar sig primärvården. / Background: Digitalisation has had a great impact on Swedish retail. During the recent years e- commerce has gained an increased importance and as of today the phenomenon is characterized by rapid growth. Furthermore, within multiple industries we can detect a transition regarding sales channels, from physical to digital, with a reduction of physical stores. Within the Swedish pharmacy market pure e-commerce players has been established and are now creating competition regarded to low product prices. Pharmacies operating multiple sales channels are thus facing a challenge generating profitability and not having to close down their stores. Therefore, demands are set for a strong competitive strategy, applicable to the digital economy in which the companies are operating. Today, we find a lack of scientific studies investigating digitalisation within the Swedish pharmacymarket, indicating a need for further studies. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to create an understanding of how an increased digitalisation, with a spread of e-commerce, has affected companies pursuing business within the Swedish pharmacy market. Moreover, we want to further investigate the possibilities laying ahead for pharmacies, operating through both physical stores and online, adjusting to a unique appearance and stay competitive in a digital economy influenced by e-commerce and lowered prices. Methodology: This qualitative thesis takes an abductive approach, while applicating a phenomenological perspective. The empirical material has been gathered through semi- structured interviews with nine respondents representing three case-companies. These have further been selected based upon a combination of a suitability-, a convenience- and a snowball method. Conclusion: Swedish pharmacies are now realizing the importance of running their businesses through multiple channels. Regardless of the actor, great investments are being aimed at developing the e-commerce, which the pharmacies work to connect with the physical stores through high integration and through collaborations with healthcare providers. Given the fact that online shopping continues to grow, the pharmacies must work with automatisation and expanding their logistics. Through parallel journeys of digitalisation the physical stores are working to create better and more efficient customer experiences. These stores will never completely vanish, based on the fact that the direct delivery of products and the social interaction provided by the stores never will be met within the e-commerce. Looking forward, the role of the pharmacy will change, meaning that services will constitute a greater part of the value offer and that the pharmacies will be approaching the primary healthcare. Background: Digitalisation has had a great impact on Swedish retail. During the recent years e- commerce has gained an increased importance and as of today the phenomenon is characterized by rapid growth. Furthermore, within multiple industries we can detect a transition regarding sales channels, from physical to digital, with a reduction of physical stores. Within the Swedish pharmacy market pure e-commerce players has been established and are now creating competition regarded to low product prices. Pharmacies operating multiple sales channels are thus facing a challenge generating profitability and not having to close down their stores. Therefore, demands are set for a strong competitive strategy, applicable to the digital economy in which the companies are operating. Today, we find a lack of scientific studies investigating digitalisation within the Swedish pharmacymarket, indicating a need for further studies. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to create an understanding of how an increased digitalisation, with a spread of e-commerce, has affected companies pursuing business within the Swedish pharmacy market. Moreover, we want to further investigate the possibilities laying ahead for pharmacies, operating through both physical stores and online, adjusting to a unique appearance and stay competitive in a digital economy influenced by e-commerce and lowered prices. Methodology: This qualitative thesis takes an abductive approach, while applicating a phenomenological perspective. The empirical material has been gathered through semi- structured interviews with nine respondents representing three case-companies. These have further been selected based upon a combination of a suitability-, a convenience- and a snowball method. Conclusion: Swedish pharmacies are now realizing the importance of running their businesses through multiple channels. Regardless of the actor, great investments are being aimed at developing the e-commerce, which the pharmacies work to connect with the physical stores through high integration and through collaborations with healthcare providers. Given the fact that online shopping continues to grow, the pharmacies must work with automatisation and expanding their logistics. Through parallel journeys of digitalisation the physical stores are working to create better and more efficient customer experiences. These stores will never completely vanish, based on the fact that the direct delivery of products and the social interaction provided by the stores never will be met within the e-commerce. Looking forward, the role of the pharmacy will change, meaning that services will constitute a greater part of the value offer and that the pharmacies will be approaching the primary healthcare.

Dans le contexte général de la résolution de problèmes inverses en acoustique et traitement du signal audio les défis sont nombreux. Pour la résolution de ces problèmes, leur caractère souvent mal posé nécessite de considérer des modèles de signaux appropriés. Les travaux de cette thèse montrent sur la base d'un cadre algorithmique générique polyvalent comment les différentes formes de parcimonie (à l'analyse ou à la synthèse, simple, structurée ou sociale) sont particulièrement adaptées à la reconstruction de signaux sonores dans un cadre mono ou multicanal. Le cœur des travaux de thèse permet de mettre en évidence les limites des conditions d'évaluation de l'état de l'art pour le problème de désaturation et de mettre en place un protocole rigoureux d'évaluation à grande échelle pour identifier les méthodes les plus appropriées en fonction du contexte (musique ou parole, signaux fortement ou faiblement dégradés). On démontre des améliorations de qualité substantielles par rapport à l'état de l'art dans certains régimes avec des configurations qui n'avaient pas été précédemment considérées, nous obtenons également des accélérations conséquentes. Enfin, un volet des travaux aborde la localisation de sources sonores sous l'angle de l'apprentissage statistique « virtuellement supervisé ». On montre avec cette méthode des résultats encourageants sur l'estimation de directions d'arrivée et de distance. / Today's challenges in the context of audio and acoustic signal processing inverse problems are multiform. Addressing these problems often requires additional appropriate signal models due to their inherent ill-posedness. This work focuses on designing and evaluating audio reconstruction algorithms. Thus, it shows how various sparse models (analysis, synthesis, plain, structured or “social”) are particularly suited for single or multichannel audio signal reconstruction. The core of this work notably identifies the limits of state-of-the-art methods evaluation for audio declipping and proposes a rigourous large-scale evaluation protocol to determine the more appropriate methods depending on the context (music or speech, moderately or highly degraded signals). Experimental results demonstrate substantial quality improvements for some newly considered testing configurations. We also show computational efficiency of the different methods and considerable speed improvements. Additionally, a part of this work is dedicated to the sound source localization problem. We address it with a “virtually supervised” machine learning technique. Experiments show with this method promising results on distance and direction of arrival estimation.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Lawrence Howard Ozarow. / Ph.D.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Rene Leonardo Cruz. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Jeannine Mosely. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Erdal Arikan. / M.S.

Cette thèse traite de la compréhension de l’engagement client dans un contexte multicanal. Le flot de littérature sur le marketing multicanal présente plusieurs lacunes théoriques et managériales, telles que les impacts dynamiques de l’adoption multicanal sur la valeur client, la quantification de la rentabilité des campagnes marketing, le comportement multicanal à travers les marques, etc. (Neslin et al. 2014; Neslin and Shankar 2009). Cette thèse a pour but d’éclairer les impacts dynamiques de l’engagement client sur la valeur client et les revenus de l’entreprise dans un contexte multicanal. Le Chapitre 1 aborde les « Impacts dynamiques du canal d’acquisition et de l’adoption multicanal sur la valeur vie client ». Au Chapitre 2, « antécédents et conséquences de l’utilisation des codes promotionnels », nous étudions le processus d’utilisation des codes promotionnels et la rentabilité de telles campagnes. Au Chapitre 3, « Modéliser les impacts de l’achat multicanal sur le choix de marque », nous étudions la question du comportement en termes de choix d’une marque dans un environnement multicanal. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse étudie divers engagements client et leurs effets sur la valeur client et les revenus de l’entreprise. Du point de vue théorique, c’est une contribution aux publications sur le marketing dans les domaines du marketing multicanal, de la valeur vie client, des promotions et des choix de marques. Elle propose une approche exhaustive de l’engagement client et de la valeur client dans un contexte multicanal. Dans une optique de gestion, cette étude propose aux entreprises des méthodologies novatrices pour gérer leur clientèle au niveau individuel, ainsi que de nouveaux modèles pour évaluer les activités de marketing multicanal / This dissertation aims to investigate the dynamic impacts of customer engagement on customer value and firm revenues in a multichannel context. I address this research question in three chapters. In chapter 1, we propose a hidden Markov model to understand the dynamic effects of acquisition channel and multichannel adoption on the customer-firm relationship and to estimate the customer lifetime value. The results show that multichannel customers acquired from offline channels exhibit higher short-term value than multichannel customers acquired from online channels. In contrast, multichannel customers acquired from online channels are more likely to stay in a higher value state in the long run. In the long run, multichannel customers acquired from offline channels are more valuable than other customers. Chapter 2 focuses on promo code redemption behaviors. We conduct the research using a field experiment. We identify the determinants of opening, clicking the email and the final redemption behavior using a simultaneous multiple equation probit model. In our setting, we find that 11% of the profitability of the promo code campaign stems from eligible purchases without redemption. By targeting those customer segments that are more likely to make eligible purchases without redemption, the average profitability increases. In Chapter 3, we investigate how multichannel behavior impacts brand choice in a grocery setting. Our research develops a hierarchal Bayesian brand choice decision model to understand how multichannel adoption impacts brand choice decision, brand size-of-wallet, and brand share-of-wallet. Our results show that brand choice probability increases in general after consumers become multichannel. We also find that consumers increase both the size-of-wallet and share-of-wallet for the brand which they first purchase online, yet do not necessarily decrease the share-of-wallet for other brands.

The last part considered a k-receiver broadcast channel with two unmatched degraded components, and degraded message sets where receiver Ys, s ∈ {1, ··· , k} requires messages (Ms, ··· , Mk). We established the capacity region for this class of broadcast channels by showing that superposition coding is optimal. In the process of proving the achievability, we showed a general superposition coding region for any broadcast channels with degraded message requirement. / The main contributions in this thesis consist of the following three parts: The first part studied the existing inner and outer bounds to the capacity region for 3-receiver broadcast channels with 2-degraded message sets, in an attempt to find the deficiencies with the current techniques of establishing the bounds. We produced a simple example where we were able to explicitly evaluate these bounds to show that they are indeed different. For a class of channels where the bounds differ, we used a new argument to show that the inner bound is tight and outer bound is weak. / The second part considered a broadcast channel consisting of k receivers that lie in a less noisy sequence. The capacity region for this scenario had been unknown since the mid 1970s, when k ≥ 3. We solved this open problem for the case k = 3. Indeed we proved that superposition coding is optimal for a class of broadcast channels with a sequence of less noisy receivers. This class contains the k = 3 case, thus resolving its capacity region. / This thesis focused on a fundamental problem of network information theory called broadcast channel, which models the communication from a single sender to multiple receivers (say, from a cellular tower to cell phone users in its coverage area). The goal is to determine the set of achievable communication data rates where each receiver can decode the messages it requires with high fidelity. From a purely theoretical standpoint, however, this problem of characterizing the feasible rate region (capacity region) had stumped researchers for over three decades. / Wang, Zizhou. / Advisers: Shua-Yen Robert Li; Nair Chandra M. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-70). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaf 73. / by Oliver Chukwudi Ibe. / M.S.