Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-06T12:23:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Eudes Henrique de Souza.pdf: 7448679 bytes, checksum: 21a524e88a7e5ffa87a94c44a5bba4f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-06T16:55:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Eudes Henrique de Souza.pdf: 7448679 bytes, checksum: 21a524e88a7e5ffa87a94c44a5bba4f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T16:55:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Eudes Henrique de Souza.pdf: 7448679 bytes, checksum: 21a524e88a7e5ffa87a94c44a5bba4f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Our research work aimed to investigate the possibilities of working with Comic Stories in the classroom, as presenting the production process of Comic Stories for pre-service Mathematics teachers, in analogical and digital forms. Our research work is linked to the Consolidation of Teacher Education Program PRODOCÊNCIA/CAPES/UEPB. The participant subjects of our research work were ten pre-service Mathematics teachers, students of the Mathematics Education Course at the State University of Paraíba UEPB, attending the curricular component Applied Computing to Education II. The pre-service teachers were organized in couples and received all information on the production of Comic Stories. For this, we used Eisner, one of the responsible authors for the creation and production of Comics. For the discussion on teaching and learning through digital technologies, we worked the twelve guiding principles of the Mayer Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (2001). In our qualitative approached research work, presented as case study, we used as instruments participant observation, questionnaires and field notes. The data triangulation method, proposed by Yin (2001), generated our case study. The first phase of our research work was to trace the pre-service Mathematics teachers initial profile related to the use of Comics in the classroom. Then, we presented to them the use of applications in the construction process of Comics. After the process of creation and production of Comics made by them, we discussed the pre-service Mathematics teachers final profile. From the data analysis, we concluded that it is possible to work with Comics in the classroom, in a way that teaching and learning mathematical concepts can become more easily understood by the students. We noted, along the research work, contributions in the education process of each one of the participant subject involved, that is, future Mathematics teachers. / Nossa pesquisa objetivou investigar possibilidades de se trabalhar com Histórias em Quadrinhos em sala de aula, ao apresentar o processo de produção de Histórias em Quadrinhos para professores de Matemática em Formação, de forma analógica e digital. Nossa pesquisa está vinculada ao Programa de Consolidação das Licenciaturas PRODOCÊNCIA/CAPES/UEPB. Os sujeitos de nossa pesquisa foram dez professores de Matemática em formação, alunos do Curso de Licenciatura Plena em Matemática da UEPB, cursando o componente curricular nomeado Informática Aplicada ao Ensino II. Os professores em formação foram divididos em duplas e receberam todas as informações acerca de produção de Histórias em Quadrinhos. Para isso, trouxemos Eisner, um dos teóricos responsável pela criação e produção de HQs. Para as discussões acerca do ensino e aprendizagem por meio das tecnologias digitais, trabalhamos os doze princípios norteadores da Teoria Cognitiva da Aprendizagem Multimídia de Mayer (2001). Em nossa pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, apresentada como estudo de caso, utilizamos como instrumentos observação participante, questionários e notas de campo. O método de triangulação de dados, proposto Yin (2001), gerou nosso estudo de caso. A primeira fase de nossa pesquisa se deu em delinear o perfil inicial dos professores em formação quanto ao uso de HQs em sala de aula. Em seguida, apresentamos o uso de aplicativos no processo de construção de HQs para professores. Após todo o processo de criação e produção de HQs por eles, discutimos o perfil final dos professores de Matemática em formação. Concluímos, a partir dos dados analisados, que é possível se trabalhar com HQs em sala de aula, de forma que o ensino e aprendizagem de conceitos matemáticos possam vir a ser entendidos mais facilmente pelos alunos. Pudemos notar, ao longo de nossa pesquisa, contribuições no processo de formação de cada um dos sujeitos envolvidos, isto é, futuros professores de Matemática.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This research study was designed to explore the effectiveness of pedagogical practices on student literacy learning within a student television context. The study was undertaken in response to practitioner inquiry into the value and worth of school television for student literacy learning. Over the research period this project evolved into a deeply reflective self-study of teaching practice within a technological environment. This research took place in a suburban primary school where school television had been created by students for the previous two years. Twenty-two students aged between 10 and 12 participated in three cycles of action research to investigate how pedagogy influences learning within this context. A range of pedagogical actions designed to influence students’ critical thinking were implemented into action research cycles. The selection of actions for intervention was influenced by an investigation into current literature from the field, and an analysis of existing multi-literacy learning, pedagogical conditions and student views of teaching and learning within student television at the beginning of the research cycles. This study gathered information during research cycles using student learning conversations and student interviews, which provided insight into learning from the point of view of students. Supporting this information were daily researcher observations and end-of-cycle interviews with classroom teachers. Through careful monitoring, analysis and reflection on each research cycle it was clear that strategic pedagogical interventions did positively influence multi-literacy learning. Rather than attempt to measure differences in student learning, this study explored how multi-literacy learning, strategic pedagogy and learning within student television inter-related with one another. This research study identified and explored the complex inter-relationships between pedagogies and multi-literacy learning.

The application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as supportive tool in teaching and learning within the framework of the radical change that Outcomes Based Education (OBE) has created, pervades and consequently alters the pedagogy and methodology of Geography teaching. Geography Is a subject in which ICT can make a definite and worthwhile contribution and it is, therefore, important that Geography educators know how to harness the benefits of ICT for their learners. Apart from the general availability of ICT to fulfil the requirements of the curricula, there are pressures from the world outside the classroom in the form of professionals who utilize Geography in their profession, such as town planners and meteorologists, who utilise new technology such as GIs, GPS, satellite images, radar summaries, air charts and meteograms as an integral part of their work. The Internet, the World Wide Web and CD-Rom are used progressively as resource-based and communication tools in teaching and learning throughout the world. The challenge to utilise ICT in Geography teaching and learning occurs in a world experiencing increasing disparities between the rich and poor, among and within nations. For example, while 72.7% of Americans currently use the Internet, only 6.4% of South Africans have access to and use the Internet. A solution for sufficient ICT support in teaching and learning for developing countries is to focus on ICT variants that are affordable and that will sustain movement toward fulfilling development objectives. Developing countries (such as the RSA) need to consider alternatives to ICT that maximise the Impact of ICT and that entail balancing investment in computers with investment in other technologies that might be cheaper and equally effective. The use of alternative ICT variants must, however, be globally competitive, but at the same time be cost-effective. The ability, versatility and low cost of an ICT variant such as the Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) suggest that it can serve this purpose. ICT supports teaching and learning in Geography in many ways and has an impact on the quality of learners' learning experience and the depth of their learning. It can be a tool for inquiry learning, a resource for obtaining secondary source material, an aid in measuring physical events and situations, models real-world situations, helps to communicate and present information, improves efficiency and pace of workload, provides resources and structure to support learning independently of the educator and improves the quality of task outcomes for learners. The introduction of OBE in South Africa since 1994 has also encouraged learner-centred teaching and learning and has required a paradigm shift away from the traditional content-based transmission model of teaching and learning. The purpose of this study is to: • determine whether or not the DVD method can support the teaching and learning of Geography teacher students effectively; • determine how the DVD alters the format, structure and number of traditional formal Geography lectures; • determine what the nature of the information on the DVD must be in order to be perceived by the students effectively; • Investigate the effect of the utilisation of the DVD on the academic performance of Geography teacher students; and • develop a model for the effective integration and utilisation of the DVD in fulltime Geography teaching and learning. An action research method constituted the backbone of this study. The action research included a combined qualitative and quantitative research method in the form of a cross-sectional study as part of a developmental research method, in order to develop and evaluate a proposed model for the effective integration and utilisation of the DVD in Geography teaching and learning. The participants in this study included the entire population of the full-time, second-year students of the Economic Geography module, GEOH251 of 2004, 2005 and 2006 of the B.Ed (teaching degree) of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus). The results of the study can be summarised as follows: This study indicated that the majority of the GEOH251 students were positive regarding the integration of the DVD in Geography teaching and learning. The DVD-method teaching approach challenges lecturers and students to fulfil new roles within the teaching and learning environment. The results of this study indicate the following: The integration of the DVD method can support the teaching and learning of Geography teacher students effectively. The utilisation of the DVD, together with a seminar format with a specific procedure, enhances the teaching and learning of Geography. The DVD with all the different types of information included thereon was well received by the Geography students and was deemed effective. The integration of the DVD into Geography teaching and learning evidently did not result in poorer academic performances of students in the GEOH251 module. The proposed model provides clear guidelines on how to integrate the DVD In Geography teaching and learning. It explains how the DVD should be compiled, what to include and how to employ it effectively in conjunction with seminars. It also describes the transition of formal contact sessions to seminars, which occur less frequently than traditional contact sessions, but with regular weekly intervals, as well as explains the seminar proceedings, interactions and timeframes. The DVD can be integrated into Geography teaching and learning effectively if the procedures, steps, and actions, as expounded in the proposed model, are applied. The advantages of the DVD as ICT variant in Geography teaching and learning can be clearly seen, especially if it can be implemented in developing countries. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This thesis reports on the development of a generic online system to support learning and teaching at the University of Melbourne. New online technologies, the fostering of innovation at national and university levels and my position within a central educational unit provided the opportunity in 1996 to adapt a previous software package for online use. My observations of the problematic nature of computer-facilitated learning (CFL) production led me to take an open approach to the development, seeking both a practical product and enhanced understanding. A series of formative questions defined the scope and goals of the study, which were to: *produce a generic online learning system; *increase understanding of the workplace experience of that development; and *develop an organisational model for the further development of generic CFL systems. Given this multi-disciplinary focus, many paradigms in the literature could potentially have guided the study. A number of these aligning with the research purposes, context and constructivist philosophy of the study, were reviewed from the perspectives of learning, CFL development and the organisation.

Este trabalho tem como propósito examinar o efeito da representação gráfica do tempo como meio para facilitar a construção de um esquema mental capaz de acomodar os usos do Present Perfect e de seu contraste com o Simple Past em um módulo de língua inglesa mediado por computador. O Present Perfect constitui-se, reconhecidamente, em um problema para professores e alunos de língua inglesa. Dowty (1979) observa que, “com exceção do progressivo, nenhum outro tempo da língua inglesa recebeu mais atenção dos lingüistas do que o Present Perfect e mesmo assim não há um consenso geral no que se refere à sua estrutura semântica.” Dois estudos foram realizados (2003 e 2005) nos quais os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma de duas condições experimentais: (1) Somente texto e (2) Texto+Gráficos. No segundo estudo foram incorporados gráficos interativos, seguindo a recomendação de Peeck (1993) e o princípio de interatividade de Mayer (2002). Os dados coletados através de um pré-teste, pósteste imediato e pós-teste deslocado, foram analisados através de análises de variância (ANOVAs) de um fator e análises de variância para medidas repetidas. Os resultados das ANOVAs, aliados às respostas de um questionário aplicado logo após o pós-teste imediato sugerem que os tratamentos tiveram pouca influência na compreensão e retenção de informações a curto prazo; o princípio de fatiamento de Sweller (1988), utilizando o modelo temporal de Declerck (1986) e o modelo aspectual de Godoi (1992), aliado com o princípio de multimídia da teoria de aprendizado por multimídia de Mayer (2002), mostraram-se eficazes na compreensão e retenção a longo prazo dos usos e contrastes entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past; e a inclusão de gráficos interativos no estudo de 2005, serviu para diminuir a confusão causada pelos gráficos estáticos, ocorrida no estudo de 2003. / The present study examined the effect of graphical representation of time in facilitating both interpretation and construction of schemata capable of accounting for the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past in an English intermediate course mediated by computer. The English Present Perfect is a wellknown troublemaker for EFL/ESL teachers and learners. Dowty (1979) observes that, “aside from the progressive, no English tense has received more attention from linguists and yet eluded a convincing analysis so completely as the Present Perfect.” Two studies were carried out (2003 and 2005) in which the students were randomly distributed between two treatments: (1) Text only and (2) Text+Graphics. In the second study, interactive graphics were added, following Peeck’s (1993) advice to improve active learning and Mayer’s (2002) interactivity principle to give students more control over the material. The data collected in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test were analyzed through analyses of variance (ANOVAs) of one factor and repeated measures ANOVAs. The results of the ANOVAs, together with the answers of the questionnaire applied right after the immediate post-test, suggest that the treatments had low influence over the comprehension and retention of information for the immediate post-test; Sweller’s (1988) chunking principle, utilizing Declerck’s (1986) temporal model and Godoi’s (1992) aspectual model, allied with Mayer’s (2002) principle of multimedia, were effective to promote long lasting comprehension and retention of the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past; the inclusion of interactive graphics in the second study (2005), was effective to diminish the confusion caused by the static graphics utilized in the first study (2003).

O contexto tecnológico percebido em vários setores da sociedade brasileira impulsiona a sua utilização em sala de aula que, por sua vez, não deve estar desconectada dessa realidade. Neste cenário, os materiais digitais no formato de multimídia interativa são reconhecidos como uma possibilidade educativa. Importantes avaliações reconhecem as dificuldades nas habilidades de leitura e escrita de alunos do Ensino Fundamental, como a Prova Brasil e o Indicador de Analfabetismo Funcional (INAF). O referencial teórico desta tese está ancorado na Teoria Cognitiva de Aprendizagem Multimídia, do inglês Cognitive Theory Multimedia Learning (CTML), principalmente nos princípios de interatividade e multimídia propostos por Richard Mayer, publicados em 2001 e 2011 e que constituem relevante orientação para projetos de Objetos de Aprendizagem Multimídia Interativos (OAMI) eficazes. Além disso, esta tese adota as taxonomias de Schwier e Misanchuk de 1993 e de Sims de 1997 e 2000, sobre interatividade em educação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, cujo objetivo é comprovar se e como os diferentes modelos de Objetos de Aprendizagem Multimídia Interativos possibilitam o aprimoramento da capacidade de leitura e escrita dos alunos nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Os experimentos foram realizados com alunos do quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública da periferia de Santa Maria - RS, durante as aulas em sala de Informática entre 2011 e 2013. Para testar as hipóteses deste estudo, foram realizadas diferentes etapas que incluem: estudo exploratório, estudo piloto, segundo estudo e o questionário sobre os objetos de aprendizagem multimídia, o qual foi aplicado em 2011 e 2013. Os dados levantados no estudo piloto de 2011 serviram como base para a proposição do segundo estudo em 2013 que definiu diferentes condições experimentais, com os tipos e níveis de interatividade, as mídias a serem utilizadas e as habilidades referentes ao conteúdo abordado nas multimídias. Inicialmente testou-se a normalidade dos dados, empregando-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e constatou-se que os dados não seguiam uma distribuição normal (p < 0,05). A partir desse resultado, optou-se pela realização de testes não paramétricos para a comparação entre os valores dos acertos e dos erros, das Multimídias do Grupo Teste e do Grupo Controle. As respostas dos questionários (2011 e 2013) foram analisadas (Teste Qui-quadrado). As análises estatísticas conjuntas indicam algumas versões de multimídia com resultados significativos e, através dos questionários, foi possível detectar algumas variáveis que provavelmente influenciaram positivamente no desempenho dos alunos, chegando-se à conclusão de que os modelos de Objetos de Aprendizagem Multimídia Interativos utilizados nos experimentos e a sequência / The technological context perceived in various sectors of Brazilian society drives its use in the classroom, which in turn should not be disconnected from this reality. In this scenario, the digital materials in an interactive multimedia format are recognized as an educational opportunity. Important assessments as Prova Brasil (Brazil Test) and the Functional Illiteracy Indicator (INAF - Indicador de Analfabetismo Funcional), acknowledge the reading and writing skills difficulties of elementary school students. The theoretical framework of this thesis is anchored in the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML), mainly on the interactivity and multimedia principles proposed by Richard Mayer, published in 2001 and 2011 and which are relevant guidance to effective projects of Interactive Multimedia Learning Objects. Moreover, this thesis adopts the interactivity education taxonomies proposed by Schwier and Misanchuk 1993 and Sims 1997 and 2000. This is a qualitative and quantitative research, whose goal is to prove whether and how the different models of Interactive Multimedia Learning Objects enable the improvement of reading and writing ability of students in the early years of elementary school. The experiments were conducted with students of the fifth grade of elementary school in a public school at the outskirts of Santa Maria – RS, during classes in Computer room between 2011 and 2013. In order to test the hypotheses of this study, different steps were performed including the following: exploratory study, pilot study, a second study and the multimedia learning objects questionnaire, which was applied in 2011 and 2013. The data collected during the 2011 pilot study, were the basis for the proposition of the second study performed in 2013 which defined the different experimental conditions with the types and levels of interactivity, media to be used and the skills related to the content addressed in multimedia. Initially, data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test and it was confirmed data did not follow a normal distribution (p<0.05). From this result, it was decided to perform non-parametric tests to compare the values of the successes and the mistakes between the Multimedia Test Group and Control Group. The surveys (2011 and 2013) answers were analyzed (chi–square test). Join statistical analyses indicate some versions of multimedia with significant results and through the questionnaires; it was possible to detect some variables that probably influenced positively on students’ performance. This supports the conclusion that the models of Interactive Multimedia Learning Objects and the didactic sequence used in the experiments enabled the researched people to improve their ability to read and write.

Este trabalho tem como propósito examinar o efeito da representação gráfica do tempo como meio para facilitar a construção de um esquema mental capaz de acomodar os usos do Present Perfect e de seu contraste com o Simple Past em um módulo de língua inglesa mediado por computador. O Present Perfect constitui-se, reconhecidamente, em um problema para professores e alunos de língua inglesa. Dowty (1979) observa que, “com exceção do progressivo, nenhum outro tempo da língua inglesa recebeu mais atenção dos lingüistas do que o Present Perfect e mesmo assim não há um consenso geral no que se refere à sua estrutura semântica.” Dois estudos foram realizados (2003 e 2005) nos quais os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma de duas condições experimentais: (1) Somente texto e (2) Texto+Gráficos. No segundo estudo foram incorporados gráficos interativos, seguindo a recomendação de Peeck (1993) e o princípio de interatividade de Mayer (2002). Os dados coletados através de um pré-teste, pósteste imediato e pós-teste deslocado, foram analisados através de análises de variância (ANOVAs) de um fator e análises de variância para medidas repetidas. Os resultados das ANOVAs, aliados às respostas de um questionário aplicado logo após o pós-teste imediato sugerem que os tratamentos tiveram pouca influência na compreensão e retenção de informações a curto prazo; o princípio de fatiamento de Sweller (1988), utilizando o modelo temporal de Declerck (1986) e o modelo aspectual de Godoi (1992), aliado com o princípio de multimídia da teoria de aprendizado por multimídia de Mayer (2002), mostraram-se eficazes na compreensão e retenção a longo prazo dos usos e contrastes entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past; e a inclusão de gráficos interativos no estudo de 2005, serviu para diminuir a confusão causada pelos gráficos estáticos, ocorrida no estudo de 2003. / The present study examined the effect of graphical representation of time in facilitating both interpretation and construction of schemata capable of accounting for the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past in an English intermediate course mediated by computer. The English Present Perfect is a wellknown troublemaker for EFL/ESL teachers and learners. Dowty (1979) observes that, “aside from the progressive, no English tense has received more attention from linguists and yet eluded a convincing analysis so completely as the Present Perfect.” Two studies were carried out (2003 and 2005) in which the students were randomly distributed between two treatments: (1) Text only and (2) Text+Graphics. In the second study, interactive graphics were added, following Peeck’s (1993) advice to improve active learning and Mayer’s (2002) interactivity principle to give students more control over the material. The data collected in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test were analyzed through analyses of variance (ANOVAs) of one factor and repeated measures ANOVAs. The results of the ANOVAs, together with the answers of the questionnaire applied right after the immediate post-test, suggest that the treatments had low influence over the comprehension and retention of information for the immediate post-test; Sweller’s (1988) chunking principle, utilizing Declerck’s (1986) temporal model and Godoi’s (1992) aspectual model, allied with Mayer’s (2002) principle of multimedia, were effective to promote long lasting comprehension and retention of the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past; the inclusion of interactive graphics in the second study (2005), was effective to diminish the confusion caused by the static graphics utilized in the first study (2003).

O contexto tecnológico percebido em vários setores da sociedade brasileira impulsiona a sua utilização em sala de aula que, por sua vez, não deve estar desconectada dessa realidade. Neste cenário, os materiais digitais no formato de multimídia interativa são reconhecidos como uma possibilidade educativa. Importantes avaliações reconhecem as dificuldades nas habilidades de leitura e escrita de alunos do Ensino Fundamental, como a Prova Brasil e o Indicador de Analfabetismo Funcional (INAF). O referencial teórico desta tese está ancorado na Teoria Cognitiva de Aprendizagem Multimídia, do inglês Cognitive Theory Multimedia Learning (CTML), principalmente nos princípios de interatividade e multimídia propostos por Richard Mayer, publicados em 2001 e 2011 e que constituem relevante orientação para projetos de Objetos de Aprendizagem Multimídia Interativos (OAMI) eficazes. Além disso, esta tese adota as taxonomias de Schwier e Misanchuk de 1993 e de Sims de 1997 e 2000, sobre interatividade em educação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, cujo objetivo é comprovar se e como os diferentes modelos de Objetos de Aprendizagem Multimídia Interativos possibilitam o aprimoramento da capacidade de leitura e escrita dos alunos nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Os experimentos foram realizados com alunos do quinto ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública da periferia de Santa Maria - RS, durante as aulas em sala de Informática entre 2011 e 2013. Para testar as hipóteses deste estudo, foram realizadas diferentes etapas que incluem: estudo exploratório, estudo piloto, segundo estudo e o questionário sobre os objetos de aprendizagem multimídia, o qual foi aplicado em 2011 e 2013. Os dados levantados no estudo piloto de 2011 serviram como base para a proposição do segundo estudo em 2013 que definiu diferentes condições experimentais, com os tipos e níveis de interatividade, as mídias a serem utilizadas e as habilidades referentes ao conteúdo abordado nas multimídias. Inicialmente testou-se a normalidade dos dados, empregando-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e constatou-se que os dados não seguiam uma distribuição normal (p < 0,05). A partir desse resultado, optou-se pela realização de testes não paramétricos para a comparação entre os valores dos acertos e dos erros, das Multimídias do Grupo Teste e do Grupo Controle. As respostas dos questionários (2011 e 2013) foram analisadas (Teste Qui-quadrado). As análises estatísticas conjuntas indicam algumas versões de multimídia com resultados significativos e, através dos questionários, foi possível detectar algumas variáveis que provavelmente influenciaram positivamente no desempenho dos alunos, chegando-se à conclusão de que os modelos de Objetos de Aprendizagem Multimídia Interativos utilizados nos experimentos e a sequência / The technological context perceived in various sectors of Brazilian society drives its use in the classroom, which in turn should not be disconnected from this reality. In this scenario, the digital materials in an interactive multimedia format are recognized as an educational opportunity. Important assessments as Prova Brasil (Brazil Test) and the Functional Illiteracy Indicator (INAF - Indicador de Analfabetismo Funcional), acknowledge the reading and writing skills difficulties of elementary school students. The theoretical framework of this thesis is anchored in the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML), mainly on the interactivity and multimedia principles proposed by Richard Mayer, published in 2001 and 2011 and which are relevant guidance to effective projects of Interactive Multimedia Learning Objects. Moreover, this thesis adopts the interactivity education taxonomies proposed by Schwier and Misanchuk 1993 and Sims 1997 and 2000. This is a qualitative and quantitative research, whose goal is to prove whether and how the different models of Interactive Multimedia Learning Objects enable the improvement of reading and writing ability of students in the early years of elementary school. The experiments were conducted with students of the fifth grade of elementary school in a public school at the outskirts of Santa Maria – RS, during classes in Computer room between 2011 and 2013. In order to test the hypotheses of this study, different steps were performed including the following: exploratory study, pilot study, a second study and the multimedia learning objects questionnaire, which was applied in 2011 and 2013. The data collected during the 2011 pilot study, were the basis for the proposition of the second study performed in 2013 which defined the different experimental conditions with the types and levels of interactivity, media to be used and the skills related to the content addressed in multimedia. Initially, data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test and it was confirmed data did not follow a normal distribution (p<0.05). From this result, it was decided to perform non-parametric tests to compare the values of the successes and the mistakes between the Multimedia Test Group and Control Group. The surveys (2011 and 2013) answers were analyzed (chi–square test). Join statistical analyses indicate some versions of multimedia with significant results and through the questionnaires; it was possible to detect some variables that probably influenced positively on students’ performance. This supports the conclusion that the models of Interactive Multimedia Learning Objects and the didactic sequence used in the experiments enabled the researched people to improve their ability to read and write.

Este trabalho tem como propósito examinar o efeito da representação gráfica do tempo como meio para facilitar a construção de um esquema mental capaz de acomodar os usos do Present Perfect e de seu contraste com o Simple Past em um módulo de língua inglesa mediado por computador. O Present Perfect constitui-se, reconhecidamente, em um problema para professores e alunos de língua inglesa. Dowty (1979) observa que, “com exceção do progressivo, nenhum outro tempo da língua inglesa recebeu mais atenção dos lingüistas do que o Present Perfect e mesmo assim não há um consenso geral no que se refere à sua estrutura semântica.” Dois estudos foram realizados (2003 e 2005) nos quais os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma de duas condições experimentais: (1) Somente texto e (2) Texto+Gráficos. No segundo estudo foram incorporados gráficos interativos, seguindo a recomendação de Peeck (1993) e o princípio de interatividade de Mayer (2002). Os dados coletados através de um pré-teste, pósteste imediato e pós-teste deslocado, foram analisados através de análises de variância (ANOVAs) de um fator e análises de variância para medidas repetidas. Os resultados das ANOVAs, aliados às respostas de um questionário aplicado logo após o pós-teste imediato sugerem que os tratamentos tiveram pouca influência na compreensão e retenção de informações a curto prazo; o princípio de fatiamento de Sweller (1988), utilizando o modelo temporal de Declerck (1986) e o modelo aspectual de Godoi (1992), aliado com o princípio de multimídia da teoria de aprendizado por multimídia de Mayer (2002), mostraram-se eficazes na compreensão e retenção a longo prazo dos usos e contrastes entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past; e a inclusão de gráficos interativos no estudo de 2005, serviu para diminuir a confusão causada pelos gráficos estáticos, ocorrida no estudo de 2003. / The present study examined the effect of graphical representation of time in facilitating both interpretation and construction of schemata capable of accounting for the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past in an English intermediate course mediated by computer. The English Present Perfect is a wellknown troublemaker for EFL/ESL teachers and learners. Dowty (1979) observes that, “aside from the progressive, no English tense has received more attention from linguists and yet eluded a convincing analysis so completely as the Present Perfect.” Two studies were carried out (2003 and 2005) in which the students were randomly distributed between two treatments: (1) Text only and (2) Text+Graphics. In the second study, interactive graphics were added, following Peeck’s (1993) advice to improve active learning and Mayer’s (2002) interactivity principle to give students more control over the material. The data collected in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test were analyzed through analyses of variance (ANOVAs) of one factor and repeated measures ANOVAs. The results of the ANOVAs, together with the answers of the questionnaire applied right after the immediate post-test, suggest that the treatments had low influence over the comprehension and retention of information for the immediate post-test; Sweller’s (1988) chunking principle, utilizing Declerck’s (1986) temporal model and Godoi’s (1992) aspectual model, allied with Mayer’s (2002) principle of multimedia, were effective to promote long lasting comprehension and retention of the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past; the inclusion of interactive graphics in the second study (2005), was effective to diminish the confusion caused by the static graphics utilized in the first study (2003).